Difference between revisions of "Asimina obovata"
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{{taxobox | {{taxobox | ||
| name = Asimina obovata | | name = Asimina obovata | ||
| − | | image = | + | | image = Asim_obov.jpg |
| − | | image_caption = | + | | image_caption = Photo by Betty Wargo, [http://www.florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Default.aspx Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants] |
| regnum = Plantae | | regnum = Plantae | ||
| divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants | | divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants | ||
| Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | Common | + | Common name: Bigflower pawpaw |
| + | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| + | Synonym: ''Pityothamnus obovatus'' (Willdenow) Small.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | ||
| − | = | + | Varieties: none.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> |
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
| Line 26: | Line 28: | ||
A description of ''Asimina obovata'' is provided in [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500178 The Flora of North America]. | A description of ''Asimina obovata'' is provided in [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500178 The Flora of North America]. | ||
| − | ''Asimina obovata'' is a long-lived perennial.<ref name="FNPS">[[http://www.fnps.org/plants/plant/asimina-obovata Florida Native Plant Society. Accessed: November 24, 2015]]</ref> Such as other species in the Genus ''Asimina'', it has a deep taproot and resprouts from a lignotuber after fire or disturbance (Kral | + | ''Asimina obovata'' is a long-lived perennial.<ref name="FNPS">[[http://www.fnps.org/plants/plant/asimina-obovata Florida Native Plant Society. Accessed: November 24, 2015]]</ref> Such as other species in the Genus ''Asimina'', it has a deep taproot and resprouts from a lignotuber after fire or disturbance<ref name="Kral">Kral, Robert. 1960. A Revision of ''Asimina and Deeringothamnus'' (Annonaceae). Brittonia 12:233-278. |
| + | </ref> (Kral 1993). Leaves are alternate and simple with pinnate venation.<ref>[[http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ASOB6 Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Accessed: November 23, 2015.]]</ref> It can be a shrub or a small tree growing three meters or more.<ref name="Wild Florida Photo">[[http://www.wildflphoto.com/species.php?k=p&id=140]]Accessed: November 24, 2015.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ''Asimina obovata'' does not have specialized underground storage units apart from its taproot.<ref name="Diaz"> Diaz-Toribio, M.H. and F. E. Putz 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire-maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108: 432-442.</ref> Diaz-Toribio and Putz (2021) recorded this species to have an non-structural carbohydrate concentration of 72 mg/g (ranking 61 out of 100 species studied).<ref name="Diaz"/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | According to Diaz-Torbio and Putz (2021), ''Asimina obovata'' has taproots with a below-ground to above-ground biomass ratio of 6.57 and nonstructural carbohydrate concentration of 72 mg g<sup>-1</sup>.<ref>Diaz-Torbio, M. H. and F. E. Putz. 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire-maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108(3):432-442.</ref> | ||
| + | ==Distribution== | ||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
| − | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | + | ===Habitat===<!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> |
| − | ''Asimina obovata'' is endemic to the well drained sand of sand ridges, coastal dunes, hammocks and pine-turkey oak sand ridges that occur in southeastern to north central Florida | + | ''Asimina obovata'' is endemic to the well drained sand of sand ridges, coastal dunes, hammocks and pine-turkey oak sand ridges that occur in southeastern to north central Florida.<ref name="Kral"></ref> |
| − | + | ''A. obovata'' has been found in regularly burned sandhill habitats, pine savannas, and slash pine flatwood. Additionally, it is found in disturbed areas like fire suppressed, sandy, open roadsides.<ref name="Crummer">Crummer, Kathryn. Physiological Leaf Traits of Scrub Pawpaw, ''Asimina obovata'' (Willd.)Nash (Annonaceae). University of Florida, 2003.</ref> | |
| − | + | Associated species include ''Befaria racemosa, [[Sabal etonia]], [[Carya floridana]], [[Cnidoscolus stimulosus]], Helianthemum nashii, Linaria canadensis, [[Mimosa quadrivalvis]], Pinus clausa, [[Palafoxia feayi]], [[Pinus elliottii]]'' var ''densa'', ''[[Polygonella polygama]], [[Polygonella robusta]], [[Quercus chapmanii]], [[Quercus geminata]], [[Quercus inopina]], [[Quercus myrtifolia]], Ceratiola ericoides, [[Ilex opaca]]'' var. ''arenicola'', [[Garberia heterophylla]], [[Quercus laevis]], [[Quercus geminata]], [[Serenoa repens]], [[Opuntia humifusa]], [[Pinus palustris]], [[Tephrosia chrysophylla]], [[Lyonia ferruginea]], [[Licania michauxii]], [[Asimina reticulata]], Stylisma abdita, [[Stylisma patens]], Krameria lanceolata, [[Asclepias verticillata]], [[Polygala polygama]], [[Smilax auriculata]], [[Stipulicida setacea]], [[Tillandsia usneoides]], & [[Vitis rotundifolia]]'', and ''Persea humilus.''<ref>Florida State University Herbarium Database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: May 2021. Collectors: J. Richard Abbott, Charlotte Germain-Aubrey, Doug Goldman, and Scott Zona. States and counties: Florida: Citrus County and Highlands County</ref> | |
| − | |||
| − | ''Asimina obovata'' is the only species in the genus ''Asimina'' to have flower buds that terminate the new shoot growth | + | ===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> |
| + | Flowers March to June<ref name="Kral"></ref> with white flowers and green fruit.<ref name="FNPS"/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ''Asimina obovata'' is the only species in the genus ''Asimina'' to have flower buds that terminate the new shoot growth.<ref name="Kral"></ref> This species can be identified by a bright red-hairy peduncle and a reddish pubescence on the shoots and lower leaf surface.<ref name="Kral"></ref> The stamens are pale green to beige at anthesis.<ref name="Archbold"/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | <!--===Seed dispersal===--> | ||
| − | |||
===Seed bank and germination=== | ===Seed bank and germination=== | ||
| − | Seedlings have been found in the shade of parent plants due to the importance of shade and seed burial to prevent seed desiccation after ripening | + | Seedlings have been found in the shade of parent plants due to the importance of shade and seed burial to prevent seed desiccation after ripening.<ref name="Crummer"></ref> |
| − | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | + | ===Fire ecology===<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> |
| − | In the year following a fire, ''A. obovata'' resprouts with more stems than were present pre-fire, however these stems are smaller and less woody with a higher chance of herbivory. The amount of flowers blooming is the greatest in the second flowering season post-fire with flower numbers decreasing as the fire interval becomes longer. <ref name="Archbold">[[http://www.archbold-station.org/html/research/plant/asiobosppacc.html]] Archbold Biological Station. Accessed: November 24, 2015</ref> | + | In the year following a fire, ''A. obovata'' resprouts with more stems than were present pre-fire, however these stems are smaller and less woody with a higher chance of herbivory. The amount of flowers blooming is the greatest in the second flowering season post-fire with flower numbers decreasing as the fire interval becomes longer.<ref name="Archbold">[[http://www.archbold-station.org/html/research/plant/asiobosppacc.html]] Archbold Biological Station. Accessed: November 24, 2015</ref> |
| − | The species responds to a disturbance such as fire or cutting vegetatively, sending up several leafy shoots which are forming flower buds that do not open until the following growing season | + | The species responds to a disturbance such as fire or cutting vegetatively, sending up several leafy shoots which are forming flower buds that do not open until the following growing season.<ref name="Kral"></ref> |
===Pollination=== | ===Pollination=== | ||
| − | Pollination occurs entomophily <ref name="EOL"/> with beetles such as ''Typocerus zebra, Trichotinus rufobruneus, T. lunulatus'' and ''Euphoria sepulchralis'' responsible for pollination | + | Pollination occurs entomophily <ref name="EOL"/> with beetles such as ''Typocerus zebra, Trichotinus rufobruneus, T. lunulatus'' and ''Euphoria sepulchralis'' responsible for pollination.<ref name="Norman">Norman, Elaine M. and David Clayton. Reproductive Biology of Two Florida Pawpaws: ''Asimina obovata'' and ''A. pygmaea'' (Annonaceae). 1986. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 113: 16-22.</ref> |
| − | + | ''Asimina obovata'' was observed at the Archbold Biological Station with bees such as ''Apis mellifera'' (family Apidae) and wasps such as ''Polistes dorsalis hunteri'' (family Vespidae).<ref>Deyrup, M.A. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.</ref> | |
| − | + | ===Herbivory and toxicology=== | |
| + | In order to protect itself from herbivory, ''A. obovata'' contains a toxin called annonaceous acetogenins which inhibits mitochondrial respiration in predators.<ref name="EOL">[[http://eol.org/pages/1054822/overview Encyclopedia of Life]]Accessed November 24, 2015</ref> Gopher tortoises have been observed to eat the ripe fruit and spit out the seeds.<ref name="Norman"></ref> | ||
| − | + | <!--Diseases and parasites--> | |
| − | === | + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== |
| − | + | Global conservation status: G3-Vulnerable.<ref name="NatureServe">[[http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Asimina+obovata]] Nature Serve Explorer. Accessed November 24, 2015.]]</ref> | |
| + | State status: S3-Vulnerable.<ref name="NatureServe"/> | ||
| − | + | ==Cultural use== | |
| + | The fruit of ''A. triloba'' is known to be sweet and custard-like. It was often used in baking, pie filling, or eaten raw. The fruits fall from the tree early and must be harvested from the ground to ripen later.<ref> Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.</ref> For medicinal purposes, the seeds can be used to induce vomiting or to treat head lice when powdered, and the fruit juice can be a treatment for intestinal worms.<ref> Korchmal, Arnold & Connie. 1973. A Guide to the Medicinal Plants of the United States. The New York Times Book Company, New York.</ref> Caution should be exercised though, as some people exhibit an allergic reaction of dermatitis to the fruit.<ref> Burrows, G.E., Tyrl, R.J. 2001. Toxic Plants of North America. Iowa State Press.</ref> | ||
| − | == | + | ==Photo Gallery== |
| − | + | <gallery widths=180px> | |
| − | + | </gallery> | |
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==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
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Latest revision as of 13:16, 2 July 2024
| Asimina obovata | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by Betty Wargo, Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Magnoliales |
| Family: | Annonaceae |
| Genus: | Asimina |
| Species: | A. obovata |
| Binomial name | |
| Asimina obovata (Willd.) Nash | |
| |
| Natural range of Asimina obovata from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common name: Bigflower pawpaw
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonym: Pityothamnus obovatus (Willdenow) Small.[1]
Varieties: none.[1]
Description
A description of Asimina obovata is provided in The Flora of North America.
Asimina obovata is a long-lived perennial.[2] Such as other species in the Genus Asimina, it has a deep taproot and resprouts from a lignotuber after fire or disturbance[3] (Kral 1993). Leaves are alternate and simple with pinnate venation.[4] It can be a shrub or a small tree growing three meters or more.[5]
Asimina obovata does not have specialized underground storage units apart from its taproot.[6] Diaz-Toribio and Putz (2021) recorded this species to have an non-structural carbohydrate concentration of 72 mg/g (ranking 61 out of 100 species studied).[6]
According to Diaz-Torbio and Putz (2021), Asimina obovata has taproots with a below-ground to above-ground biomass ratio of 6.57 and nonstructural carbohydrate concentration of 72 mg g-1.[7]
Distribution
Ecology
Habitat
Asimina obovata is endemic to the well drained sand of sand ridges, coastal dunes, hammocks and pine-turkey oak sand ridges that occur in southeastern to north central Florida.[3] A. obovata has been found in regularly burned sandhill habitats, pine savannas, and slash pine flatwood. Additionally, it is found in disturbed areas like fire suppressed, sandy, open roadsides.[8]
Associated species include Befaria racemosa, Sabal etonia, Carya floridana, Cnidoscolus stimulosus, Helianthemum nashii, Linaria canadensis, Mimosa quadrivalvis, Pinus clausa, Palafoxia feayi, Pinus elliottii var densa, Polygonella polygama, Polygonella robusta, Quercus chapmanii, Quercus geminata, Quercus inopina, Quercus myrtifolia, Ceratiola ericoides, Ilex opaca var. arenicola, Garberia heterophylla, Quercus laevis, Quercus geminata, Serenoa repens, Opuntia humifusa, Pinus palustris, Tephrosia chrysophylla, Lyonia ferruginea, Licania michauxii, Asimina reticulata, Stylisma abdita, Stylisma patens, Krameria lanceolata, Asclepias verticillata, Polygala polygama, Smilax auriculata, Stipulicida setacea, Tillandsia usneoides, & Vitis rotundifolia, and Persea humilus.[9]
Phenology
Flowers March to June[3] with white flowers and green fruit.[2]
Asimina obovata is the only species in the genus Asimina to have flower buds that terminate the new shoot growth.[3] This species can be identified by a bright red-hairy peduncle and a reddish pubescence on the shoots and lower leaf surface.[3] The stamens are pale green to beige at anthesis.[10]
Seed bank and germination
Seedlings have been found in the shade of parent plants due to the importance of shade and seed burial to prevent seed desiccation after ripening.[8]
Fire ecology
In the year following a fire, A. obovata resprouts with more stems than were present pre-fire, however these stems are smaller and less woody with a higher chance of herbivory. The amount of flowers blooming is the greatest in the second flowering season post-fire with flower numbers decreasing as the fire interval becomes longer.[10]
The species responds to a disturbance such as fire or cutting vegetatively, sending up several leafy shoots which are forming flower buds that do not open until the following growing season.[3]
Pollination
Pollination occurs entomophily [11] with beetles such as Typocerus zebra, Trichotinus rufobruneus, T. lunulatus and Euphoria sepulchralis responsible for pollination.[12] Asimina obovata was observed at the Archbold Biological Station with bees such as Apis mellifera (family Apidae) and wasps such as Polistes dorsalis hunteri (family Vespidae).[13]
Herbivory and toxicology
In order to protect itself from herbivory, A. obovata contains a toxin called annonaceous acetogenins which inhibits mitochondrial respiration in predators.[11] Gopher tortoises have been observed to eat the ripe fruit and spit out the seeds.[12]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
Global conservation status: G3-Vulnerable.[14] State status: S3-Vulnerable.[14]
Cultural use
The fruit of A. triloba is known to be sweet and custard-like. It was often used in baking, pie filling, or eaten raw. The fruits fall from the tree early and must be harvested from the ground to ripen later.[15] For medicinal purposes, the seeds can be used to induce vomiting or to treat head lice when powdered, and the fruit juice can be a treatment for intestinal worms.[16] Caution should be exercised though, as some people exhibit an allergic reaction of dermatitis to the fruit.[17]
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 [Florida Native Plant Society. Accessed: November 24, 2015]
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Kral, Robert. 1960. A Revision of Asimina and Deeringothamnus (Annonaceae). Brittonia 12:233-278.
- ↑ [Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Accessed: November 23, 2015.]
- ↑ [[1]]Accessed: November 24, 2015.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Diaz-Toribio, M.H. and F. E. Putz 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire-maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108: 432-442.
- ↑ Diaz-Torbio, M. H. and F. E. Putz. 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire-maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108(3):432-442.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Crummer, Kathryn. Physiological Leaf Traits of Scrub Pawpaw, Asimina obovata (Willd.)Nash (Annonaceae). University of Florida, 2003.
- ↑ Florida State University Herbarium Database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: May 2021. Collectors: J. Richard Abbott, Charlotte Germain-Aubrey, Doug Goldman, and Scott Zona. States and counties: Florida: Citrus County and Highlands County
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 [[2]] Archbold Biological Station. Accessed: November 24, 2015
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 [Encyclopedia of Life]Accessed November 24, 2015
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Norman, Elaine M. and David Clayton. Reproductive Biology of Two Florida Pawpaws: Asimina obovata and A. pygmaea (Annonaceae). 1986. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 113: 16-22.
- ↑ Deyrup, M.A. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 [[3]] Nature Serve Explorer. Accessed November 24, 2015.]]
- ↑ Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.
- ↑ Korchmal, Arnold & Connie. 1973. A Guide to the Medicinal Plants of the United States. The New York Times Book Company, New York.
- ↑ Burrows, G.E., Tyrl, R.J. 2001. Toxic Plants of North America. Iowa State Press.
