Buchnera americana
| Buchnera americana | |
|---|---|
| |
| photo by Gil Nelson | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Scrophulariales |
| Family: | Scrophulariaceae |
| Genus: | Buchnera |
| Species: | B. americana |
| Binomial name | |
| Buchnera americana L. | |
| |
| Natural range of Buchnera americana from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common names: American Bluehearts; Prairie Bluehearts; Plains Bluehearts
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: none.[1]
Varieties: none.[1]
Description
Buchnera americana is a hairy perennial plant with erect, simple stems growing between 40 - 80 cm tall. The leaves are oppositely arranged and elliptic to ovate-lanceolate in shape with entire or irregularly serrate margins and are noticeably 3-veined. The inflorescence is an open spike with the flowers in the axils of opposite bracts and supported by 2 bractlets. The calyx tube is cylindrical and grows up to 10 - 12 mm long with 5 lobes that are lanceolate in shape and roughly 5 - 8 mm long. The bilaterally symmetrical flowers are purple or white in color with 5 petals that form a narrow tube and abruptly bend out at right angles. There are up to 4 fertile stamens present with anthers with a single sac. The capsule seeds are ovoid or pyriform in shape and 5 - 6 mm long.[2]
Distribution
It is the most widely distributed North American Buchnera species, and is found historically in 24 states.[3]
Ecology
B. americana is a hemiparasitic species, meaning that it gets nourishment from the roots of other plants, but also produces its own nourishment through photosynthesis, and can survive with out a host. Hemiparasitic plants have modified roots called haustoria, that allow it to attach to a host plant and obtain nutrients. Host for this species include: Pinus clausa, Pinus echinata, Pinus elliottii, Pinus palustris, Pinus strobes, Pinus taeda, Celtis laevigata, Fraxinus pensylvanica, Liquidambar styraciflua, Liriodendron tulipifera, Nyssa aquatica, Nyssa sylvatica, Platanus occidentalis, Populus deltoids, Quercus alba, Quercus falcata, and Quercus shumardii[4]. However, one study found that B. americana can mature without ever attaching to a host plant.[5]
Habitat
B. americana is found in moist environments near ponds and low brackish marshes, at the edges of hammocks, and in hillside bogs. However, it can also appear in drier situations like savannas, pine flatwoods, dry open woods, hillside prairies, open prairies, coastal dunes, and shallow, grassy depressions. In addition, it can be found in disturbed areas such as roadsides, ditches, sandy fields, open pastures, and clearings that have become weedy. This species prefers open, sunny conditions, but occurs in a range of soil types, from dry loamy sand, to moist black sandy peat, seasonally damp areas, acidic sandy soils, and clay soils.[6]
Associated species includes slash pine, longleaf pine, saw palmetto, cypress, Hypericum opacum, Eryngium integrifolium, Xyris elliottii, Habenaria integra, Polygala ramosa, Polygala lutea, Ctenium aromaticus, Hibiscus aculeatus, Lobelia, Baccharis, Myrica, Erigeron strigosus, Polypremum procumbens, and others.[6]
Phenology
B. americana has been observed flowering as early as January, through October with peak inflorescence in April and May.[7] Fruiting has been observed February through November.[6]
Seed bank and germination
Seeds can remain viable in the soil for 3 years. Requires light for germination.[8]
Fire ecology
Fire kills plants that made shade out B. americana.
Pollination and use by animals
Buchnera americana is pollinated by butterflies.[8]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
It is listed as endangered by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada for Ontario, the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, the Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board, the Maryland Department of Natural Resources, and the New York Division of Land and Forests.[4][9][10] B. americana is also listed as threatened by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, as possibly extirpated by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, and as extirpated by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources and the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.[10] While B. americana is considered to be an abundant weed on roadsides in central and southern Florida, it was noted that it does not seem to do any damage.[11] This species is recommended for natural landscapes and habitat restorations, also recommended for butterfly gardens. Prefers moist to wet, well-drained to poorly drained sandy or limestone soils and does not tolerate long term flooding.[12]
Cultural use
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 954-5. Print.
- ↑ [[1]]Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Accessed: April 4, 2016
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 [[2]]NatureServe. Accessed: April 4, 2016
- ↑ Musselman, L. J. and W. F. Mann, Jr (1978). Root parasites of southern forests. , USDA Forest Service, Southern For. Exp. Station, New Orleans, LA. Gen. Tech. Rpt. SO-20. : 76.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: George R. Cooley, R. J. Eaton, O. Lakela, R. Kral, Elmer C. Prichard, Loran C. Anderson, Norlan C. Henderson, Mabel Kral, F. H. Sargent, Carroll E. Wood, Jr., Mary Atkinson, William P. Adams, C. Jackson, R.K. Godfrey, William Lindsey, W. P. Adams, Gary R. Knight, Jane Brockmann, Jackie Patman, James D. Ray, Gary R. Knight, Jean W. Wooten, Raymond Athey, Bruce Hansen, U. T. Waterfall, Paul L. Redfearn, Jr., Charles T. Bryson, A.F. Clewell, S.W. Leonard, Samuel B. Jones, Jr., John W. Thieret, Mary Margaret Williams, D. S. Correll, Chas. C. Deam, R. B. Channel, Josephine Skehan, Delzie Demaree, D.B. Ward, S.S. Ward, H.L. Blomquist, Baltzell, Kenneth A. Wilson, Grady W. Reinert, Julie Neel, R. A. Norris, R. Komarek, Thomas E. Miller, and James R. Burkhalter. States and Counties: Alabama: Wilcox. Arkansas: Prairie. Florida: Calhoun, Citrus, Charlotte, Collier, De Soto, Dixie, Escambia, Franklin, Hamilton, Hardee, Hernando, Highlands, Hillsborough, Jackson, Jasper, Lee, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Martin, Monroe, Osceola, Okaloosa, Pasco, Polk, Sarasota, St Johns, Taylor, Volusia, and Wakulla. Georgia: Charlton, Grady, McIntosh, and Thomas. Kentucky: Coffee and Lyon. Louisiana: Jefferson-Davis. Mississippi: Clay, Forrest, Jackson, and Newton. Missouri: Cambria, Cedar, Polk, and Vernon. North Carolina: Brunswick and Carteret. Oklahoma: Payne. South Carolina: Lee. Texas: Galveston.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 7 DEC 2016
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 [[3]]Accessed: April 4, 2016
- ↑ Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board. (2015). "Checklist of Illinois Endangered and Threatened Animals and Plants."
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 USDA, NRCS. (2016). The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 27 March 2019). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
- ↑ Musselman, L. J. (1996). "Parasitic weeds in the southern United States." Castanea 61: 271-292.
- ↑ [[4]]Regional Conservation. Accessed: April 4, 2016
