Difference between revisions of "Carphephorus corymbosus"

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{{taxobox
 
{{taxobox
 
| name = Carphephorus corymbosus
 
| name = Carphephorus corymbosus
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| image = Insert.jpg
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| image = Carps_cory.jpg
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| image_caption =
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| image_caption = Photo by Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, [http://www.forestryimages.org  Bugwood.org]
 
| regnum = Plantae
 
| regnum = Plantae
 
| divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
 
| divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
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| binomial_authority = (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray
 
| binomial_authority = (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray
 
| range_map = CARP_CORY_dist.jpg
 
| range_map = CARP_CORY_dist.jpg
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| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Carphephorus corymbosus'' from USDA NRCS [http://www.plants.usda.gov Plants Database].
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| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Carphephorus corymbosus'' from USDA NRCS [http://www.plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CACO37 Plants Database].
 
}}
 
}}
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Common names: Coastal Plain Chaffhead; Flatwood Chaffhead
 +
==Taxonomic notes==
 +
Synonyms: none<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref>
 +
 +
Varieties: none<ref name=weakley/>
 +
 
==Description==  
 
==Description==  
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
−
Common Name: coastal plain chaffhead
+
A description of ''Carphephorus corymbosus''  is provided in [http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250066290 The Flora of North America].
 +
 
 +
''Carphephorus corymbosus'' is a perennial herb consisting of an stemless rosette of spatulate to oblanceolate leaves from thickened, fibrous roots, and a long, green, cylindrical stem which branches into an inflorescence with purple to lavender flowers. Those stems have alternate leaves which distally become progressively smaller.<ref name="corey">Corey, D. T. (1992). Comments on the phenology of Carphephorus corymbosus (Compositae). Rhodora 94(879): 323-325.</ref>
 +
 
 +
The root system of ''Carphephorus corymbosus'' includes root tubers which store non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) important for both resprouting following fire and persisting during long periods of fire exclusion.<ref name="Diaz"> Diaz-Toribio, M.H. and F. E. Putz 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire-maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108: 432-442.</ref>. Diaz-Toribio and Putz (2021) recorded this species to have an NSC concentration of 170.7 mg/g (ranking 29 out of 100 species studied).<ref name = "Diaz"/>
  
−
This species has been described as scattered from occasional to abundant in numbers (FSU Herbarium).
+
According to Diaz-Torbio and Putz (2021), ''Carphephorus corymbosus'' has root tubers with a below-ground to above-ground biomass ratio of 1.46 and nonstructural carbohydrate concentration of 170.7 mg g<sup>-1</sup>.<ref>Diaz-Torbio, M. H. and F. E. Putz. 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire-maintained longleaf pine savannahs in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108(3):432-442.</ref>
  
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
−
Upland sandy habitats of Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina.<ref name="Hammer, Roger L.">Hammer, Roger L. Everglades Wildflowers: A Field Guide to Wildflowers of the Historic Everglades: Including Big Cypress, Corkscrew and Fakahatchee Swamps. Guilford: Falcon, 2002. 17. Print.</ref>
+
It can be found in upland sandy habitats of Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina.<ref name="Hammer, Roger L.">Hammer, Roger L. Everglades Wildflowers: A Field Guide to Wildflowers of the Historic Everglades: Including Big Cypress, Corkscrew and Fakahatchee Swamps. Guilford: Falcon, 2002. 17. Print.</ref> It occurs in open, sandy areas in sand pine scrub, sandhills, and open pinewood barrens from southeastern Georgia, throughout most of peninsular Florida.<ref name="corey"/> In Florida, it is considered endemic to dry prairies and pine flatwoods or savannas in south to south-central Florida.<ref name= "Orzell">Orzell, S. L. and E. L. Bridges (2006). "Floristic composition of the south-central Florida dry prairie landscape." Florida Ecosystem 1(3): 123-133.</ref>
 +
 
 +
The ''Carphephorus'' genera is endemic to the longleaf pine range from southeastern Virginia to central Florida and west to southeast Texas.<ref>Sorrie, B. A. and A. S. Weakley 2001. Coastal Plain valcular plant endemics: Phytogeographic patterns. Castanea 66: 50-82.</ref>
 +
 
 
==Ecology==
 
==Ecology==
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
−
This species can be found in upland sandhills, dry to relatively wet pinelands, flatwoods, pine-palmettos environments, prairies, and longleaf-scrub oak-wiregrass savannahs. <ref>http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/wetlands/delineation/featuredplants/carpheph.htm, more citations needed</ref> (FSU Herbarium, Kalmbacher et al 2005). It can also be found in human disturbed areas such as roadsides, clearings, around powerlines, bulldozed areas, and cut pine forests (FSU Herbarium). This species thrives in open light conditions in dry, loamy sand, drying sand, as well as moist sandy peat of pine-saw palmetto flats (FSU Herbarium).
+
This species has been found in upland sandhills, dry to relatively wet pinelands, flatwoods, pine-palmettos environments, prairies, and longleaf-scrub oak-wiregrass savannas. <ref>http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/wetlands/delineation/featuredplants/carpheph.htm, more citations needed</ref><ref name="Kalmbacher et al 2005">Kalmbacher, R., N. Cellinese, et al. (2005). Seeds obtained by vacuuming the soil surface after fire compared with soil seedbank in a flatwoods plant community. Native Plants Journal 6: 233-241.</ref> It can also be found in human disturbed areas such as roadsides, clearings, around powerlines, bulldozed areas, and cut pine forests. This species thrives in open light conditions in dry, loamy sand, drying sand, as well as moist sandy peat of pine-saw palmetto flats.<ref name="fsu">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: July 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, L. Baltzell , Tara Baridi, Robert Blaisdell, Boothes, Richard Carter, A.F. Clewell, George R. Cooley, D. B. Creager, D. B. Creager, F. C. Creager, R. J. Eaton, Nancy Edmonson, Rex Ellis, G. Fleming, P. Genelle, Robert K. Godfrey, S. C. Hood, Richard D. Houk, R. Kral, Kurz, O. Lakela , Bob Lazor, R. W. Long, S.W. Leonard, T. MacClendon, John Morrill, R. E. Perdue, J. E. Poppleton, A. G. Shuey, Cecil R. Slaughter, S. D. Todd, Wagner, R. P. Wunderlin States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Bradford, Brevard, Citrus, Clay, Collier, Dixie, Duval, Hernando, Highlands, Jackson, Lafayette, Levy, Madison, Manatee, Nassau, Osceola, Pinellas, Polk, Putnam , Sarasota, St. Johns, Suwannee, Taylor, Union Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref> It does not respond to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests.<ref>Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.</ref>
 +
 
 +
''Carphephorus corymbosus''is an indicator species for the Peninsula Xeric Sandhills community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).<ref>Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.</ref>
 +
 
 +
Associated species include ''[[Bigelowia nudata]], [[Liatris laevigata]], Coleorachis rugosa'', saw palmetto, turkey oak, ''[[Quercus virginiana]]'', longleaf pine, slash pine, sand pine, ''[[Quercus laevis]], [[Quercus geminata]], [[Quercus incana]],'' and ''Vaccinium elliottii.''<ref name="fsu"/>
 +
 
 +
===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
 +
In Suwannee River State Park, Florida, terete stems first appear in late May and reach full length by early June. Around mid-June buds develop on the ends of the corymbs; flowers appear in mid-August. Leaf fall occurs in December and the stems and corymbs dry out but remain standing well into the next year, and often may be seen alongside new basal rosettes with stems. On several occasions, a root mass was dug up; it bore a new basal rosette with a stem and an old dried stem from the previous year.<ref>Comments on the Phenology of Carphephorus corymbosus (Compositae) by David T. Corey. Journal: Rhodora, Vol. 94, No 879, pp. 323-325, 1992. </ref>
 +
''C. corymbosus'' has been observed flowering from June to November, with peak inflorescence in October.<ref name="Hammer, Roger L."/><ref>Nelson, G.  [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/  Accessed: 7 DEC 2016</ref>
 +
 
 +
<!--===Seed dispersal===-->
  
−
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
 
−
"Carphephorus corymbosus is a perennial herbaceous composite. Plants of this species consist of an acaulescent rosette of spatulate to oblanceolate leaves from thickened, fibrous roots, and a long green terete stem which branches into an inflorescence with purple to lavender flowers (Correa and Wilbur, 1969). Plants have alternatve leaves which become progressively smaller distally. C. corymbosus grows in open, sandy areas in sand pine scrub, sandhills, and open pinewood barrens from southeastern Georgia, throughout most of peninsular Florida (Correa and Wilbur 1969; Wunderlin, 1982). The species is an indicator species of sandhills. I examined 3848 basal rosettes at 12 sandhill communities in north and central Florida from 24 August to 8 November 1988 (Figure 1). C. corymbosus was absent from 2 of these study sites (Suwannee River State Park, Suwannee Co. and San Felasco Hammock Preserve, Alachua Co.). its density at the 10 remaining sites ranged from .004 basal rosettes per m2 at Wekiwa Springs State Park, Orange Co. to .470 at Spruce Creek Preserve, Volusia Co. (mean =.086 basal rosettes per m2 for the 10 study sites). Density was determined in late summer and early fall. “
 
−
“of the 3838 basal rosettes examined, 9.25% produced inflorescences. Terete stems first appear in late May and reach full length by early June. Around mid-June buds develop on the ends of the corymbs; flowers apper in mid-August. Leaf fall occurs in December and the stems and corymbs dry out but remain standing well into the next year, and often may be seen alongside new basal rosettes with stems. On several occasions, a root mass was dug up (rebuired after examination); it bore a new basal rosette with a stem and an old dried stem from the previous year.”<ref>Comments on the Phenology of Carphephorus corymbosus (Compositae) by David T. Corey. Journal: Rhodora, Vol. 94, No 879, pp. 323-325, 1992. </ref>
 
−
Bloom season: June to November<ref name="Hammer, Roger L."/>
 
−
===Seed dispersal===
 
 
===Seed bank and germination===
 
===Seed bank and germination===
−
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
+
Plants in this genus (not identified to species) were found viable in the seed bank of a flatwoods habitat in Florida after more than 30 years of fire exclusion.<ref>Maliakal, S.K., E.S. Menges and J.S. Denslow. 2000. Community composition and regeneration of Lake Wales Ridge wiregrass flatwoods in retlation to time-since-fire. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 127:125-138.</ref>
−
It is fire-tolerant.<ref name="Kalmbacher et al 2005">Kalmbacher, R., N. Cellinese, et al. (2005). "Seeds obtained by vacuuming the soil surface after fire compared with soil seedbank in a flatwoods plant community." Native Plants Journal 6: 233-241.</ref> Heuberger observed that the duration of flowering for C. corymbosus was longer in burned patches.<ref name="Heuberger et al 2003">Heuberger, K. A. and F. E. Putz (2003). "Fire in the suburbs: ecological impacts of prescribed fire in small remnants of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) sandhill." Restoration Ecology 11: 72-81.</ref> Fires directly and indirectly effect insect abundance –grasshopper densities on the flowering plants(including Carphephrous corymbosus) were significantly affected by burn frequency with higher numbers in one, two and five year plots.<ref name="Kerstyn et al 1999"/>
+
 
 +
===Fire ecology===<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->  
 +
It is fire-tolerant.<ref name="Kalmbacher et al 2005">Kalmbacher, R., N. Cellinese, et al. (2005). Seeds obtained by vacuuming the soil surface after fire compared with soil seedbank in a flatwoods plant community. Native Plants Journal 6: 233-241.</ref> Heuberger observed that the duration of flowering for ''C. corymbosus'' was longer in burned patches.<ref name="Heuberger et al 2003">Heuberger, K. A. and F. E. Putz (2003). "Fire in the suburbs: ecological impacts of prescribed fire in small remnants of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) sandhill." Restoration Ecology 11: 72-81.</ref> Fires directly and indirectly effect insect abundance –grasshopper densities on the flowering plants (including ''Carphephrous corymbosus'') were significantly affected by burn frequency with higher numbers in one, two and five year plots.<ref name="Kerstyn et al 1999"/>
 +
 
 
===Pollination===  
 
===Pollination===  
−
Mark Deyrup at Archbold Biological Station observed these Hymenoptera species on ''Carphephorus corymbosus''
+
''Carphephorus corymbosus'' is visited by sweat bees such as ''Halictus poeyi'' (family Halictidae), which were observed visiting flowers of ''C. corymbosus'' at the Archbold Biological Station:<ref>Deyrup, M.A. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.</ref> It is also visited by ''Papilio glaucus'' (eastern tiger swallowtail butterfly).<ref>Leary, Patrick R. Photograph in Northeast Florida State Forest, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group October 3, 2016.</ref>
 +
 
 +
===Herbivory and toxicology===
 +
Kerstyn found that grasshopper densities on ''Carphephorus corymbosus'' were highest on one year, two year, and five year plots. Densities were lowest on the control (unburned) plots and seven year plots. It is possible that burning, which serves to replenish nutrients, results in better plant quality, which would explain why grasshopper densities are greater on more frequently burned plots.<ref name="Kerstyn et al 1999">Kerstyn, A. and P. Stiling (1999). "The effects of burn frequency on the density of some grasshoppers and leaf miners in a Florida sandhill community." Florida Entomologist 82: 499-505.</ref> Bees, ''Halictus ligatus'' Say and ''Bumelia tenax'' L. were found on ''C. corymbosus''.<ref name="Deyrup et al 2002">Deyrup, M. J. E., and Beth Norden (2002). "The diversity and floral hosts of bees at the Archbold Biological Station, Florida (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)." Insecta mundi 16(1-3).</ref> ''C. corymbosus'' attracts many species of butterflies when in flower. Green lynx spiders are pollinator predators and are often found on the flower heads waiting for a hapless insect to visit.<ref name="Hammer, Roger L."/>
 +
 
 +
<!--===Diseases and parasites===-->
 +
 
 +
==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration==
  
−
Halictidae: Halictus poeyi
+
==Cultural use==
  
−
===Use by animals=== <!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->
 
−
Kerstyn found that grasshopper densities on Carphephorus corymbosus were highest on one year, two year, and five year plots. Densities were lowest on the control (unburned) plots and seven year plots. It is possible that burning, which serves to replenish nutrients, results in better plant quality, which would explain why grasshopper densities are greater on more frequently burned plots.<ref name="Kerstyn et al 1999">Kerstyn, A. and P. Stiling (1999). "The effects of burn frequency on the density of some grasshoppers and leaf miners in a Florida sandhill community." Florida Entomologist 82: 499-505.</ref> Bees, Halictus ligatus Say and Bumelia tenax L. were found on C. corymbosus.<ref name="Deyrup et al 2002">Deyrup, M. J. E., and Beth Norden (2002). "The diversity and floral hosts of bees at the Archbold Biological Station, Florida (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)." Insecta mundi 16(1-3).</ref> “C. corymbosus attracts many species of butterflies when in flower. Green lynx spiders are pollinator predaotrs and are often found on the floer heads waiting for a hapless insect to visit.”<ref name="Hammer, Roger L."/>
 
−
===Diseases and parasites===
 
−
==Conservation and Management==
 
−
==Cultivation and restoration==
 
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 +
<gallery widths=180px>
 +
</gallery>
 +
 
==References and notes==
 
==References and notes==

Latest revision as of 14:16, 2 July 2024

Carphephorus corymbosus
Carps cory.jpg
Photo by Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae ⁄ Compositae
Genus: Carphephorus
Species: C. corymbosus
Binomial name
Carphephorus corymbosus
(Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray
CARP CORY dist.jpg
Natural range of Carphephorus corymbosus from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Common names: Coastal Plain Chaffhead; Flatwood Chaffhead

Taxonomic notes

Synonyms: none[1]

Varieties: none[1]

Description

A description of Carphephorus corymbosus  is provided in The Flora of North America.

Carphephorus corymbosus is a perennial herb consisting of an stemless rosette of spatulate to oblanceolate leaves from thickened, fibrous roots, and a long, green, cylindrical stem which branches into an inflorescence with purple to lavender flowers. Those stems have alternate leaves which distally become progressively smaller.[2]

The root system of Carphephorus corymbosus includes root tubers which store non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) important for both resprouting following fire and persisting during long periods of fire exclusion.[3]. Diaz-Toribio and Putz (2021) recorded this species to have an NSC concentration of 170.7 mg/g (ranking 29 out of 100 species studied).[3]

According to Diaz-Torbio and Putz (2021), Carphephorus corymbosus has root tubers with a below-ground to above-ground biomass ratio of 1.46 and nonstructural carbohydrate concentration of 170.7 mg g-1.[4]

Distribution

It can be found in upland sandy habitats of Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina.[5] It occurs in open, sandy areas in sand pine scrub, sandhills, and open pinewood barrens from southeastern Georgia, throughout most of peninsular Florida.[2] In Florida, it is considered endemic to dry prairies and pine flatwoods or savannas in south to south-central Florida.[6]

The Carphephorus genera is endemic to the longleaf pine range from southeastern Virginia to central Florida and west to southeast Texas.[7]

Ecology

Habitat

This species has been found in upland sandhills, dry to relatively wet pinelands, flatwoods, pine-palmettos environments, prairies, and longleaf-scrub oak-wiregrass savannas. [8][9] It can also be found in human disturbed areas such as roadsides, clearings, around powerlines, bulldozed areas, and cut pine forests. This species thrives in open light conditions in dry, loamy sand, drying sand, as well as moist sandy peat of pine-saw palmetto flats.[10] It does not respond to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests.[11]

Carphephorus corymbosusis an indicator species for the Peninsula Xeric Sandhills community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).[12]

Associated species include Bigelowia nudata, Liatris laevigata, Coleorachis rugosa, saw palmetto, turkey oak, Quercus virginiana, longleaf pine, slash pine, sand pine, Quercus laevis, Quercus geminata, Quercus incana, and Vaccinium elliottii.[10]

Phenology

In Suwannee River State Park, Florida, terete stems first appear in late May and reach full length by early June. Around mid-June buds develop on the ends of the corymbs; flowers appear in mid-August. Leaf fall occurs in December and the stems and corymbs dry out but remain standing well into the next year, and often may be seen alongside new basal rosettes with stems. On several occasions, a root mass was dug up; it bore a new basal rosette with a stem and an old dried stem from the previous year.[13] C. corymbosus has been observed flowering from June to November, with peak inflorescence in October.[5][14]


Seed bank and germination

Plants in this genus (not identified to species) were found viable in the seed bank of a flatwoods habitat in Florida after more than 30 years of fire exclusion.[15]

Fire ecology

It is fire-tolerant.[9] Heuberger observed that the duration of flowering for C. corymbosus was longer in burned patches.[16] Fires directly and indirectly effect insect abundance –grasshopper densities on the flowering plants (including Carphephrous corymbosus) were significantly affected by burn frequency with higher numbers in one, two and five year plots.[17]

Pollination

Carphephorus corymbosus is visited by sweat bees such as Halictus poeyi (family Halictidae), which were observed visiting flowers of C. corymbosus at the Archbold Biological Station:[18] It is also visited by Papilio glaucus (eastern tiger swallowtail butterfly).[19]

Herbivory and toxicology

Kerstyn found that grasshopper densities on Carphephorus corymbosus were highest on one year, two year, and five year plots. Densities were lowest on the control (unburned) plots and seven year plots. It is possible that burning, which serves to replenish nutrients, results in better plant quality, which would explain why grasshopper densities are greater on more frequently burned plots.[17] Bees, Halictus ligatus Say and Bumelia tenax L. were found on C. corymbosus.[20] C. corymbosus attracts many species of butterflies when in flower. Green lynx spiders are pollinator predators and are often found on the flower heads waiting for a hapless insect to visit.[5]


Conservation, cultivation, and restoration

Cultural use

Photo Gallery

References and notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Corey, D. T. (1992). Comments on the phenology of Carphephorus corymbosus (Compositae). Rhodora 94(879): 323-325.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Diaz-Toribio, M.H. and F. E. Putz 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire-maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108: 432-442.
  4. ↑ Diaz-Torbio, M. H. and F. E. Putz. 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire-maintained longleaf pine savannahs in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108(3):432-442.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Hammer, Roger L. Everglades Wildflowers: A Field Guide to Wildflowers of the Historic Everglades: Including Big Cypress, Corkscrew and Fakahatchee Swamps. Guilford: Falcon, 2002. 17. Print.
  6. ↑ Orzell, S. L. and E. L. Bridges (2006). "Floristic composition of the south-central Florida dry prairie landscape." Florida Ecosystem 1(3): 123-133.
  7. ↑ Sorrie, B. A. and A. S. Weakley 2001. Coastal Plain valcular plant endemics: Phytogeographic patterns. Castanea 66: 50-82.
  8. ↑ http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/wetlands/delineation/featuredplants/carpheph.htm, more citations needed
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Kalmbacher, R., N. Cellinese, et al. (2005). Seeds obtained by vacuuming the soil surface after fire compared with soil seedbank in a flatwoods plant community. Native Plants Journal 6: 233-241.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: July 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, L. Baltzell , Tara Baridi, Robert Blaisdell, Boothes, Richard Carter, A.F. Clewell, George R. Cooley, D. B. Creager, D. B. Creager, F. C. Creager, R. J. Eaton, Nancy Edmonson, Rex Ellis, G. Fleming, P. Genelle, Robert K. Godfrey, S. C. Hood, Richard D. Houk, R. Kral, Kurz, O. Lakela , Bob Lazor, R. W. Long, S.W. Leonard, T. MacClendon, John Morrill, R. E. Perdue, J. E. Poppleton, A. G. Shuey, Cecil R. Slaughter, S. D. Todd, Wagner, R. P. Wunderlin States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Bradford, Brevard, Citrus, Clay, Collier, Dixie, Duval, Hernando, Highlands, Jackson, Lafayette, Levy, Madison, Manatee, Nassau, Osceola, Pinellas, Polk, Putnam , Sarasota, St. Johns, Suwannee, Taylor, Union Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
  11. ↑ Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.
  12. ↑ Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.
  13. ↑ Comments on the Phenology of Carphephorus corymbosus (Compositae) by David T. Corey. Journal: Rhodora, Vol. 94, No 879, pp. 323-325, 1992.
  14. ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 7 DEC 2016
  15. ↑ Maliakal, S.K., E.S. Menges and J.S. Denslow. 2000. Community composition and regeneration of Lake Wales Ridge wiregrass flatwoods in retlation to time-since-fire. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 127:125-138.
  16. ↑ Heuberger, K. A. and F. E. Putz (2003). "Fire in the suburbs: ecological impacts of prescribed fire in small remnants of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) sandhill." Restoration Ecology 11: 72-81.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Kerstyn, A. and P. Stiling (1999). "The effects of burn frequency on the density of some grasshoppers and leaf miners in a Florida sandhill community." Florida Entomologist 82: 499-505.
  18. ↑ Deyrup, M.A. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.
  19. ↑ Leary, Patrick R. Photograph in Northeast Florida State Forest, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group October 3, 2016.
  20. ↑ Deyrup, M. J. E., and Beth Norden (2002). "The diversity and floral hosts of bees at the Archbold Biological Station, Florida (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)." Insecta mundi 16(1-3).
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