Difference between revisions of "Cyperus polystachyos"
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| − | Common name: | + | Common name: Manyspike Flatsedge <ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/>, Coast Flatsedge <ref name= "Weakley 2015"/> |
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==Taxonomic Notes== | ==Taxonomic Notes== | ||
| − | Synonyms: ''C. polystachyos'' Rottbøll var. ''texensis'' (Torrey) Fernald; ''C. polystachyos'' var. ''paniculatus'' (Rottbøll) C.B. Clarke; ''C. microdontus'' Torrey; ''C. paniculatus'' Rottbøll | + | Synonyms: ''C. polystachyos'' Rottbøll var. ''texensis'' (Torrey) Fernald; ''C. polystachyos'' Rottbøll var. ''paniculatus'' (Rottbøll) C.B. Clarke; ''C. microdontus'' Torrey; ''C. paniculatus'' Rottbøll; ''C. odoratus''.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> |
| − | Varieties: | + | Varieties: none.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> |
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| − | ''C. polystachyos'' is an annual/perennial graminoid of the ''Cyperaceae'' family | + | ''C. polystachyos'' is an annual/perennial graminoid of the ''Cyperaceae'' family.<ref name= "USDA Plant Database"> USDA Plant Database [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CYPO https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CYPO] </ref> Leaves are simple and alternate, with linear shape and parallel leaf venation. Flowers are unisexual and bisexual, and developing fruit is an achene. Flowers are borne in a single dense cluster that have linear-ovately shaped spikelets, and 2 stamens. Fruit is dark to light brown in color and develops between summer and early fall. Roots are fibrous, and overall plant can reach a height between 1 and 3 feet.<ref name= "lady bird">[[https://www.wildflower.org/plants/search.php?search_field=&newsearch=true]] Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Accessed: April 25, 2019</ref> |
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| − | ''C. polystachyos'' can be found along the southeastern coast from Texas to Maine, Hawaii, the Pacific Belt, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. <ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/> | + | ''C. polystachyos'' is pantropical can be found along the southeastern coast from Texas to Maine, Hawaii, the Pacific Belt, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.<ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/><ref name= "Weakley 2015"/> |
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | ''C. polystachyos'' proliferates in low fields, ditches and marshes, as well as | + | ''C. polystachyos'' proliferates in low fields, ditches and marshes, as well as warm temperate environments. <ref name= "Weakley 2015"> Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium. </ref> It is also present in sandy areas. <ref name = "FSU herbarium"> URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, R. Kral, Gil Nelson, R.K. Godfrey, Gwynn W. Ramsey, R.S. Mitchell, S.W. Leonard, Leo L. Minasian Jr., J. Sincock, William P. Adams, Paul O. Schallert, Grady W. Reinert, O. Lakela, A.F. Clewell, Cecil R. Slaughter, Richard D. Houk, Chas. C. Deam, Robert J. Lemaire, Sidney McDaniel, Jimmy Meeks, T. MacClendon, K. MacClendon, Richard Carter, John B. Nelson, Leah Garris, Frank Lee, R.A. Norris, Robert L. Lazor, Robt. Blaisdell, R.F. Christensen, William R. Stimson, S.M. Tracy, L.J. Brass, James D. Ray, Jackie Patman, Allen G. Shuey, Curtis R. Jackson, Jane Brockmann, Don Blake, George R. Cooley, Richard J. Eaton, Jean J. Wooten, Wm. G. Atwater, D.L. Martin, S.T. Cooper, J.P. Gillespie, H. Kurz, P.L. Redfearn Jr. States and counties: Wakulla County Florida, Franklin County Florida, Martin County Florida, Leon County Florida, Gadsden County Florida, Madison County Florida, Taylor County Florida, Escambia County Florida, Collier County Florida, Levy County Florida, Putnam County Florida, Sumter County Florida, Brevard County Florida, Glades County Florida, Seminole County Florida, Citrus County Florida, Manatee County Florida, Hillsborough County Florida, St. Johns County Florida, Polk County Florida, Lee County Florida, Santa Rosa County Florida, Charlotte County Florida, Indian River County Florida, Bay County Florida, Marion County Florida, Nassau County Florida, Osceola County Florida, Calhoun County Florida, Jefferson County Florida, Madison County Florida, Holmes County Florida, Gulf County Florida, Pinellas County Florida, Jackson County Florida, Richland County South Carolina, Lafayette County Florida, Glynn County Georgia, Palm Beach County Florida, Broward County Florida, Highlands County Florida, Walton County Florida, De Soto County Florida, Duval County, Hernando County Florida, Monroe County Florida, Suwannee County Florida, Pasco County Florida, Dade County Florida, Hamilton County Florida, Thomas County Georgia, Camden County Georgia, Clinch County Georgia, Decatur County Georgia, Lowndes County Georgia. </ref> It is listed as a facultative wetland species, meaning it commonly can be found in wetlands but can also sometimes be found in non-wetlands.<ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/> It is most commonly found in wet to mesic prairies.<ref>Orzell, S. L. and E. L. Bridges (2006). "Floristic composition of the south-central Florida dry prairie landscape." Florida Ecosystem 1(3): 123-133.</ref> |
| + | |||
| + | ''Cyperus polystachyos'' is an indicator species for the Calcareous Savannas community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).<ref>Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Associated species include ''Echinochola walteri'', ''Leptochloa fusca'', ''Alternanthera'' sp., ''Bidens'' sp., ''Commelina'' sp., ''Ludwigia'' sp., ''Sacciolepis'' sp., ''[[Cyperus strigosus]]'', ''C. surinamensis'', ''C. lanceolatus'', ''[[Magnolia virginiana]]'', ''[[Salix caroliniana]]'', ''[[Morella cerifera]]'', ''[[Quercus hemisphaerica]]'', ''[[Quercus virginiana]]'', ''[[Quercus laevis]]'', ''Osmunda regalis'', ''Blechnum serrulatum'', ''Typha'' sp., ''Persicaria densiflora'', ''Sesbania versicaria'', ''Lindernia crustacea'', and ''Phynchospora macrostachya''.<ref name= "FSU herbarium"/> | ||
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | ''C. polystachyos'' has been observed to flower between June and September. <ref name= "PanFlora"> Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 18 MAY 2018 </ref> | + | ''C. polystachyos'' has been observed to flower between June and September.<ref name= "PanFlora"> Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 18 MAY 2018 </ref> It is also known to flower in October additionally.<ref name= "Weakley 2015"/> |
<!--===Seed dispersal===--> | <!--===Seed dispersal===--> | ||
| − | + | ||
| + | ===Seed bank and germination=== | ||
| + | Seeds of ''C. polystachyos'' were found in a study to persist in abundance in the seed bank after a fire disturbance.<ref name= "Kalmbacher"/> Another study found their seeds to be in highest abundance in the seed bank at low dunes, rather than other dunes or marshes.<ref>Looney, P. B. and D. J. Gibson (1995). "The Relationship between the Soil Seed Bank and Above-Ground Vegetation of a Coastal Barrier Island." Journal of Vegetation Science 6(6): 825-836.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | An early 2000s study on seed bank composition found ''C. polystachyos'' to be one of five ''Cyperus'' species that were most common in both restoration and flatwoods soils; these species dominated restoration soils, accounting for 83% of new seedlings. However, the species did not appear in flatwoods seedbanks.<ref name= Jenkins> Jenkins, Amy Miller. Seed banking and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in pasture restoration in central Florida. University of Florida. 2003.</ref> | ||
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | ''C. polystachyos'' is not fire resistant, and has no fire tolerance. <ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/> | + | ''C. polystachyos'' is not fire resistant, and has no fire tolerance.<ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/> However, it is commonly found in calcareous savannas that are fire dependent ecosystems.<ref>Carr, S. C., et al. (2010). "A Vegetation Classification of Fire-Dependent Pinelands of Florida." Castanea 75(2): 153-189.</ref> A study also found seeds of ''C. polystachyos'' to persist in the seed bank after fire disturbance.<ref name= "Kalmbacher">Kalmbacher, R., et al. (2005). "Seeds obtained by vacuuming the soil surface after fire compared with soil seedbank in a flatwoods plant community." Native Plants Journal 6: 233-241.</ref> |
| + | |||
<!--===Pollination===--> | <!--===Pollination===--> | ||
| − | + | ||
| + | ===Herbivory and toxicology===<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.--> | ||
| + | This sedge is not known to have any foraging value.<ref>Hilman, J. B. (1964). "Plants of the Caloosa Experimental Range " U.S. Forest Service Research Paper SE-12 </ref> However, a study found flatsedges, including ''C. polystachyos'' to be consumed mostly by wigeons (''Anas americana'') and teals, but other ducks as well.<ref>Landers, J. L., et al. (1976). "Duck Foods in Managed Tidal Impoundments in South Carolina." The Journal of Wildlife Management 40(4): 721-728.</ref> | ||
<!--==Diseases and parasites==--> | <!--==Diseases and parasites==--> | ||
| − | ==Conservation and | + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== |
''C. polystachyos'' is listed as endangered by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy Office of Natural Lands Management, and as extirpated by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. <ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/> | ''C. polystachyos'' is listed as endangered by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy Office of Natural Lands Management, and as extirpated by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. <ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/> | ||
| − | + | ==Cultural use== | |
| − | == | ||
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
<gallery widths=180px> | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
Latest revision as of 09:44, 22 June 2022
Common name: Manyspike Flatsedge [1], Coast Flatsedge [2]
| Cyperus polystachyos | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by the Atlas of Florida Plants Database | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Liliopsida - Moncots |
| Order: | Cyperales |
| Family: | Cyperaceae |
| Genus: | Cyperus |
| Species: | C. polystachyos |
| Binomial name | |
| Cyperus polystachyos Rottb. | |
| |
| Natural range of Cyperus polystachyos from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Contents
Taxonomic Notes
Synonyms: C. polystachyos Rottbøll var. texensis (Torrey) Fernald; C. polystachyos Rottbøll var. paniculatus (Rottbøll) C.B. Clarke; C. microdontus Torrey; C. paniculatus Rottbøll; C. odoratus.[3]
Varieties: none.[3]
Description
C. polystachyos is an annual/perennial graminoid of the Cyperaceae family.[1] Leaves are simple and alternate, with linear shape and parallel leaf venation. Flowers are unisexual and bisexual, and developing fruit is an achene. Flowers are borne in a single dense cluster that have linear-ovately shaped spikelets, and 2 stamens. Fruit is dark to light brown in color and develops between summer and early fall. Roots are fibrous, and overall plant can reach a height between 1 and 3 feet.[4]
Distribution
C. polystachyos is pantropical can be found along the southeastern coast from Texas to Maine, Hawaii, the Pacific Belt, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.[1][2]
Ecology
Habitat
C. polystachyos proliferates in low fields, ditches and marshes, as well as warm temperate environments. [2] It is also present in sandy areas. [5] It is listed as a facultative wetland species, meaning it commonly can be found in wetlands but can also sometimes be found in non-wetlands.[1] It is most commonly found in wet to mesic prairies.[6]
Cyperus polystachyos is an indicator species for the Calcareous Savannas community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).[7]
Associated species include Echinochola walteri, Leptochloa fusca, Alternanthera sp., Bidens sp., Commelina sp., Ludwigia sp., Sacciolepis sp., Cyperus strigosus, C. surinamensis, C. lanceolatus, Magnolia virginiana, Salix caroliniana, Morella cerifera, Quercus hemisphaerica, Quercus virginiana, Quercus laevis, Osmunda regalis, Blechnum serrulatum, Typha sp., Persicaria densiflora, Sesbania versicaria, Lindernia crustacea, and Phynchospora macrostachya.[5]
Phenology
C. polystachyos has been observed to flower between June and September.[8] It is also known to flower in October additionally.[2]
Seed bank and germination
Seeds of C. polystachyos were found in a study to persist in abundance in the seed bank after a fire disturbance.[9] Another study found their seeds to be in highest abundance in the seed bank at low dunes, rather than other dunes or marshes.[10]
An early 2000s study on seed bank composition found C. polystachyos to be one of five Cyperus species that were most common in both restoration and flatwoods soils; these species dominated restoration soils, accounting for 83% of new seedlings. However, the species did not appear in flatwoods seedbanks.[11]
Fire ecology
C. polystachyos is not fire resistant, and has no fire tolerance.[1] However, it is commonly found in calcareous savannas that are fire dependent ecosystems.[12] A study also found seeds of C. polystachyos to persist in the seed bank after fire disturbance.[9]
Herbivory and toxicology
This sedge is not known to have any foraging value.[13] However, a study found flatsedges, including C. polystachyos to be consumed mostly by wigeons (Anas americana) and teals, but other ducks as well.[14]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
C. polystachyos is listed as endangered by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy Office of Natural Lands Management, and as extirpated by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. [1]
Cultural use
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 USDA Plant Database https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CYPO
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ [[1]] Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Accessed: April 25, 2019
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, R. Kral, Gil Nelson, R.K. Godfrey, Gwynn W. Ramsey, R.S. Mitchell, S.W. Leonard, Leo L. Minasian Jr., J. Sincock, William P. Adams, Paul O. Schallert, Grady W. Reinert, O. Lakela, A.F. Clewell, Cecil R. Slaughter, Richard D. Houk, Chas. C. Deam, Robert J. Lemaire, Sidney McDaniel, Jimmy Meeks, T. MacClendon, K. MacClendon, Richard Carter, John B. Nelson, Leah Garris, Frank Lee, R.A. Norris, Robert L. Lazor, Robt. Blaisdell, R.F. Christensen, William R. Stimson, S.M. Tracy, L.J. Brass, James D. Ray, Jackie Patman, Allen G. Shuey, Curtis R. Jackson, Jane Brockmann, Don Blake, George R. Cooley, Richard J. Eaton, Jean J. Wooten, Wm. G. Atwater, D.L. Martin, S.T. Cooper, J.P. Gillespie, H. Kurz, P.L. Redfearn Jr. States and counties: Wakulla County Florida, Franklin County Florida, Martin County Florida, Leon County Florida, Gadsden County Florida, Madison County Florida, Taylor County Florida, Escambia County Florida, Collier County Florida, Levy County Florida, Putnam County Florida, Sumter County Florida, Brevard County Florida, Glades County Florida, Seminole County Florida, Citrus County Florida, Manatee County Florida, Hillsborough County Florida, St. Johns County Florida, Polk County Florida, Lee County Florida, Santa Rosa County Florida, Charlotte County Florida, Indian River County Florida, Bay County Florida, Marion County Florida, Nassau County Florida, Osceola County Florida, Calhoun County Florida, Jefferson County Florida, Madison County Florida, Holmes County Florida, Gulf County Florida, Pinellas County Florida, Jackson County Florida, Richland County South Carolina, Lafayette County Florida, Glynn County Georgia, Palm Beach County Florida, Broward County Florida, Highlands County Florida, Walton County Florida, De Soto County Florida, Duval County, Hernando County Florida, Monroe County Florida, Suwannee County Florida, Pasco County Florida, Dade County Florida, Hamilton County Florida, Thomas County Georgia, Camden County Georgia, Clinch County Georgia, Decatur County Georgia, Lowndes County Georgia.
- ↑ Orzell, S. L. and E. L. Bridges (2006). "Floristic composition of the south-central Florida dry prairie landscape." Florida Ecosystem 1(3): 123-133.
- ↑ Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 18 MAY 2018
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Kalmbacher, R., et al. (2005). "Seeds obtained by vacuuming the soil surface after fire compared with soil seedbank in a flatwoods plant community." Native Plants Journal 6: 233-241.
- ↑ Looney, P. B. and D. J. Gibson (1995). "The Relationship between the Soil Seed Bank and Above-Ground Vegetation of a Coastal Barrier Island." Journal of Vegetation Science 6(6): 825-836.
- ↑ Jenkins, Amy Miller. Seed banking and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in pasture restoration in central Florida. University of Florida. 2003.
- ↑ Carr, S. C., et al. (2010). "A Vegetation Classification of Fire-Dependent Pinelands of Florida." Castanea 75(2): 153-189.
- ↑ Hilman, J. B. (1964). "Plants of the Caloosa Experimental Range " U.S. Forest Service Research Paper SE-12
- ↑ Landers, J. L., et al. (1976). "Duck Foods in Managed Tidal Impoundments in South Carolina." The Journal of Wildlife Management 40(4): 721-728.
