Difference between revisions of "Aureolaria pectinata"
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{{taxobox | {{taxobox | ||
| name = Aureolaria pectinata | | name = Aureolaria pectinata | ||
| − | | image = | + | | image = Aureolaria pectinata_Gil.jpg |
| − | | image_caption = | + | | image_caption = Photo was taken by Gil Nelson |
| regnum = Plantae | | regnum = Plantae | ||
| divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants | | divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants | ||
| classis = Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons | | classis = Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons | ||
| − | | ordo = | + | | ordo = Lamiales |
| − | | familia = | + | | familia = Orobanchaceae |
| genus = ''Aureolaria'' | | genus = ''Aureolaria'' | ||
| species = '''''A. pectinata''''' | | species = '''''A. pectinata''''' | ||
| Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
| binomial_authority = (Nutt.) Pennell | | binomial_authority = (Nutt.) Pennell | ||
| range_map = AURE_PECT_dist.jpg | | range_map = AURE_PECT_dist.jpg | ||
| − | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Aureolaria pectinata'' from USDA NRCS [http://www.plants.usda.gov Plants Database]. | + | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Aureolaria pectinata'' from USDA NRCS [http://www.plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=AUPE Plants Database]. |
}} | }} | ||
| + | Common name: Combleaf yellow false foxglove, southern oak-leech | ||
| + | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| + | Synonyms: ''A. pedicularia'' (Linnaeus) Rafinesque var. ''pectinata'' (Nuttall) Gleason; ''Gerardia pectinata'' (Nuttall) Bentham<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Varieties: none<ref name=weakley/> | ||
| + | |||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| + | In the genus ''Aureolaria'', the plants are either annual or perennial. They are parasitic on the roots of ''Quercus'' (oaks) and turn black when dried. The leaves are opposite or subopposite and branch from the upper portion of the stem (cauline). The flowers are showy, the calyx is 5-parted, the lobes can be shorter or longer than the tube. The flower is yellow in color, bilabiate, and 5-parted. The tube is bell-shaped with spreading lobes. There are 4 stamens, didynamous, and the filaments are flattened with the 2 longer more or less lanose. The anther sacs are basally awned. The stigma is capitate and protruding.<ref name="radford">Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 957-8. Print.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Specifically, ''A. pectinata'' has opposite, fern like leaves which are pinnately incised with sticky glandular hairs.<ref name="NativeandNaturalized">[[http://www.namethatplant.net/plantdetail.shtml?plant=2563 Native and Naturalized Plants of the Carolinas and Georgia]] Accessed November 30, 2015. </ref> It is a hemiparasitic plant that attaches modified roots to the roots of host plants, such as oaks.<ref name="Arkansas">[[http://anps.org/2014/10/03/know-your-natives-yellow-false-foxgloves/ Arkansas Native Plant Society]] Accessed November 30, 2015</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | According to Radford (1964) ''A. pectinata'' is very similar to ''A. pedicularia''. Wunderlin and Hansen (2011) recognize ''A. pectinata'' and do not recognize ''A. pedicularia''. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ''A. pectinata'' is described to be very similar to and integrated with ''A. pedicularia''. ''A. pectinata'' species usually have glandular-pubescent throughout the plant. The leaves are pubescent to villous, and some of the trichomes can be glandular. The capsule is ovoid and the base is enclosed in the calyx tube.<ref name="radford"/> | ||
| + | |||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| + | Eastern Texas and Oklahoma to Missouri and eastward to the Atlantic Coast.<ref name="Arkansas"/> | ||
| + | |||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
| − | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | + | This is a hemiparasitic species that has green tissue and preforms photosynthesis, but also obtains sugars and minerals from a host plant using modified roots (haustoria) to attach to the host.<ref name="anps">[[http://anps.org/2014/10/03/know-your-natives-yellow-false-foxgloves/]]Arkansas Native Plant Society. Accessed: April 1, 2016</ref> |
| − | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting | + | ===Habitat===<!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> |
| − | === | + | ''A. pectinata'' can occur in turkey oak sandhills, longleaf pine communities, upland hardwood forests, savannas, glades, stream banks and slash pineland.<ref name="MissouriConservation">[[http://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/combleaf-yellow-false-foxglove Missouri Department of Conservation]] Accessed November 30, 2015</ref> <ref name="NativeandNaturalized"/> |
| − | + | ||
| − | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | + | Associated species include ''[[Pinus elliottii]], [[Serenoa repens]], [[Quercus geminata]], [[Quercus myrtifolia]], [[Quercus chapmanii]], [[Liatris elegans]], [[Liatris tenuifolia]]'', and ''[[Salvia azurea]]'' (UF Herbarium). |
| − | ===Pollination=== | + | |
| − | === | + | ===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> |
| − | ===Diseases and parasites=== | + | ''A. pectinata'' has bisexual, yellow flowers that bloom spring, summer, and fall<ref name="Arkansas"/> from May to September; and from September to October.<ref name="radford"/> The ovary is superior and fruits in a capsule summer and fall.<ref name="NativeandNaturalized"/> The flower buds have a reddish tip, while the calyx is densely hairy.<ref name="Arkansas"/> |
| − | ==Conservation and | + | |
| − | == | + | ===Fire ecology===<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> |
| + | Studies have observed that ''A. pectinata'' does not occur in unburned sites, but does occur in burned sites<ref>(Harrod et al. 2000; Kush et al. 2000)</ref>. Kush et al. (2000) found that ''A. pectinata'' occurred in biennially burned longleaf pine stands regardless of burning season. In Harrod et al. (2000) it was observed growing in a burned xeric hardwood site. Populations of ''Aureolaria pectinata'' have been known to persist through repeated annual burns on the Pebble Hill property in north Florida.<ref>Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Pollination=== | ||
| + | Hummingbirds and bumblebees pollinate ''Aureolaria pectinata.'' <ref name="Arkansas"/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Herbivory and toxicology===<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.--> | ||
| + | It is the larval host plant for the Baltimore checkerspot butterfly (''Euphydryas phaeton'').<ref name="Arkansas"/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== | ||
| + | Conservation status: Global: G5.<ref name="NatureServe">[[http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Aureolaria+pectinata NatureServe]] Accessed November 30, 2015</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Cultural use== | ||
| + | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
| + | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
| + | </gallery> | ||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
| − | |||
Latest revision as of 11:15, 22 May 2023
| Aureolaria pectinata | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo was taken by Gil Nelson | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Orobanchaceae |
| Genus: | Aureolaria |
| Species: | A. pectinata |
| Binomial name | |
| Aureolaria pectinata (Nutt.) Pennell | |
| |
| Natural range of Aureolaria pectinata from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common name: Combleaf yellow false foxglove, southern oak-leech
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: A. pedicularia (Linnaeus) Rafinesque var. pectinata (Nuttall) Gleason; Gerardia pectinata (Nuttall) Bentham[1]
Varieties: none[1]
Description
In the genus Aureolaria, the plants are either annual or perennial. They are parasitic on the roots of Quercus (oaks) and turn black when dried. The leaves are opposite or subopposite and branch from the upper portion of the stem (cauline). The flowers are showy, the calyx is 5-parted, the lobes can be shorter or longer than the tube. The flower is yellow in color, bilabiate, and 5-parted. The tube is bell-shaped with spreading lobes. There are 4 stamens, didynamous, and the filaments are flattened with the 2 longer more or less lanose. The anther sacs are basally awned. The stigma is capitate and protruding.[2]
Specifically, A. pectinata has opposite, fern like leaves which are pinnately incised with sticky glandular hairs.[3] It is a hemiparasitic plant that attaches modified roots to the roots of host plants, such as oaks.[4]
According to Radford (1964) A. pectinata is very similar to A. pedicularia. Wunderlin and Hansen (2011) recognize A. pectinata and do not recognize A. pedicularia.
A. pectinata is described to be very similar to and integrated with A. pedicularia. A. pectinata species usually have glandular-pubescent throughout the plant. The leaves are pubescent to villous, and some of the trichomes can be glandular. The capsule is ovoid and the base is enclosed in the calyx tube.[2]
Distribution
Eastern Texas and Oklahoma to Missouri and eastward to the Atlantic Coast.[4]
Ecology
This is a hemiparasitic species that has green tissue and preforms photosynthesis, but also obtains sugars and minerals from a host plant using modified roots (haustoria) to attach to the host.[5]
Habitat
A. pectinata can occur in turkey oak sandhills, longleaf pine communities, upland hardwood forests, savannas, glades, stream banks and slash pineland.[6] [3]
Associated species include Pinus elliottii, Serenoa repens, Quercus geminata, Quercus myrtifolia, Quercus chapmanii, Liatris elegans, Liatris tenuifolia, and Salvia azurea (UF Herbarium).
Phenology
A. pectinata has bisexual, yellow flowers that bloom spring, summer, and fall[4] from May to September; and from September to October.[2] The ovary is superior and fruits in a capsule summer and fall.[3] The flower buds have a reddish tip, while the calyx is densely hairy.[4]
Fire ecology
Studies have observed that A. pectinata does not occur in unburned sites, but does occur in burned sites[7]. Kush et al. (2000) found that A. pectinata occurred in biennially burned longleaf pine stands regardless of burning season. In Harrod et al. (2000) it was observed growing in a burned xeric hardwood site. Populations of Aureolaria pectinata have been known to persist through repeated annual burns on the Pebble Hill property in north Florida.[8]
Pollination
Hummingbirds and bumblebees pollinate Aureolaria pectinata. [4]
Herbivory and toxicology
It is the larval host plant for the Baltimore checkerspot butterfly (Euphydryas phaeton).[4]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
Conservation status: Global: G5.[9]
Cultural use
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 957-8. Print.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 [Native and Naturalized Plants of the Carolinas and Georgia] Accessed November 30, 2015.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 [Arkansas Native Plant Society] Accessed November 30, 2015
- ↑ [[1]]Arkansas Native Plant Society. Accessed: April 1, 2016
- ↑ [Missouri Department of Conservation] Accessed November 30, 2015
- ↑ (Harrod et al. 2000; Kush et al. 2000)
- ↑ Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.
- ↑ [NatureServe] Accessed November 30, 2015
