Difference between revisions of "Agalinis obtusifolia"
(→Distribution) |
|||
| (92 intermediate revisions by 14 users not shown) | |||
| Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
| binomial_authority = Raf. | | binomial_authority = Raf. | ||
| range_map = AGAL_OBTU_dist.jpg | | range_map = AGAL_OBTU_dist.jpg | ||
| − | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Agalinis obtusifolia'' from USDA NRCS [http://www.plants.usda.gov Plants Database]. | + | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Agalinis obtusifolia'' from USDA NRCS [http://www.plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=AGOB Plants Database]. |
}} | }} | ||
| − | == | + | Common name: Tenlobe false foxglove |
| − | < | + | ==Taxonomic notes== |
| − | + | Synonyms: ''Gerardia obtusifolia'' (Rafinesque) Pennell.<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | |
| − | + | ==Description==<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perennial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | |
| − | + | ''Agalinis obtusifolia'' is a light yellow-green annual plant that is parasitic to the roots of grasses and other herbs. The stems are slender, stiff, and branched from the upper half and grow between 30 - 90 cm tall. The leaves are opposite, narrowly linear to filiform growing 5 - 15 mm long and 1 mm wide, rough to the touch (scabrous) and sometimes will have tufts on the shoots. The flowers are showy, in terminal racemes with 5 sepals and 5 rose-lavender or (rarely) white petals; the petal lobes are shorter than the broad, bell-shaped, veiny 2 - 3 mm tube. There are usually 2 yellow lines and numerous purple spots in the throat on the tube. The throat is usually lanose (covered in wooly hairs) at the base of the 2 upper petal lobes. There are 4 stamens, didynamous, that include filaments and anthers that are also lanose. The stigmas are elongated. The capsules (dry fruit) are globose or subglobose and will open in a loculicidal (split down the length) fashion.<ref name="radford">Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 960. Print.</ref> | |
| − | |||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| − | + | ''A. obtusifolia'' is infrequent in all of Florida. It is found across the southeastern Coastal Plain north to Delaware, south to the Florida Keys, and westward to southeastern Louisiana,<ref name="Godfrey 1981">Godfrey, Robert K. and Jean W. Wooten. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Southeastern United States: Dicotyledons. 1981. University of Georgia Press. 663, 665. Print.</ref> with disjunct populations in the Eastern Highland Rim and Cumberland Plateau regions of Tennessee and Kentucky.<ref>Sorrie, B. A. and A. S. Weakley 2001. Coastal Plain valcular plant endemics: Phytogeographic patterns. Castanea 66: 50-82.</ref> | |
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | + | In the Coastal Plain it occurs in frequently burned upland pine communities (Ultisols), flatwoods (Spodosols), and wet meadows, savannas, and seepage slopes (pitcher plant bogs) including peaty areas (Histosols). ''A. obtusifolia'' also occurs on the margins of these communities,<ref name="wunderlin">Wunderlin, Richard P. and Bruce F. Hansen. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida. Second edition. 2003. University Press of Florida: Gainesville/Tallahassee/Tampa/Boca Raton/Pensacola/Orlando/Miami/Jacksonville/Ft. Myers. 547. Print.</ref> seasonally on shallow calcareous soils of limestone glades in northern Florida, and in oolitic limerock of slash pine rocklands in southern Florida.<ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker, W. C. Brumbach, J.M. Canne, Robert K. Godfrey, J. Hays, Richard D. Houk, Ann F. Johnson, Nancy E. Jordan, R. Kral, R. Komarek, S.W. Leonard, Sidney McDaniel, and Alfred Schotz. States and Counties: Florida: Calhoun, Gadsden, Holmes, Jackson, Liberty, Monroe, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, and Walton. Georgia: Baker, Thomas, and Worth.</ref><ref name="Godfrey 1981"/> | |
| − | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | + | ''A. obtusifolia'' occurs primarily in high light areas maintained by fire or edaphic conditions but will tolerate the partial shade adjacent to open areas. It is tolerant of competition with dense grass and often occurs in conjunction with bunch grasses and sedges. It seems to be limited to native pine and wet prairie communities with minimal soil disturbance, although it can occur on roadsides.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> |
| − | + | ||
| + | Associated species include ''[[Agalinis divaricata]]'', ''Agalinis filicaulis'', ''[[Aristida stricta]]'', ''[[Pinus palustris]]'', ''Aristida berichiana'', ''[[Serenoa repens]]'', ''Schoenus nigricans'', ''Rhyncospora divergerns'', ''Schoenus nigricans'', and ''[[Pinus elliottii]]''.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| + | ''A. obtusifolia'' has been observed to flower in March through November,<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> with peak inflorescence in September and October in northern Florida.<ref>[http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 15 JAN 2016</ref> It begins fruiting in September through October.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> | ||
===Seed dispersal=== | ===Seed dispersal=== | ||
| + | This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity.<ref>Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
===Seed bank and germination=== | ===Seed bank and germination=== | ||
| − | == | + | Length of seed viability within the seed bank is unknown.<ref name="natureserve">[[http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Agalinis+obtusifolia]]NatureServe. Accessed: March 22, 2016</ref> |
| − | |||
| − | === | + | ===Fire ecology===<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> |
| − | + | It persists in frequently burned old growth longleaf pine and wiregrass savannas.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | ===Pollination===<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.--> | |
| + | Pollination occurs by selfing and out-crossing. Specific pollinators have not been documented.<ref name="natureserve"/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Herbivory and toxicology=== ''Agalinis'' species generally host larvae of the common buckeye butterfly (''Junonia coenia'') in Florida.<ref name="Hammer 2016">Observation by Roger Hammer in Silver Springs State Park, Marion County, FL. September 2016, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group August 4, 2017.</ref> | ||
| − | + | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | |
| − | + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== | |
| + | ''A. obtusifolia'' is listed as endangered in the states of Kentucky and Maryland, and is listed as extirpated in the state of Pennsylvania. <ref name= "USDA"> USDA Plants Database URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ANGE </ref> | ||
| − | + | ==Cultural use== | |
| + | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
| + | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
| + | </gallery> | ||
| − | + | ==References and notes== | |
Latest revision as of 14:16, 17 May 2023
| Agalinis obtusifolia | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo was taken by Gil Nelson | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Orobanchaceae |
| Genus: | Agalinis |
| Species: | A. obtusifolia |
| Binomial name | |
| Agalinis obtusifolia Raf. | |
| |
| Natural range of Agalinis obtusifolia from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common name: Tenlobe false foxglove
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: Gerardia obtusifolia (Rafinesque) Pennell.[1]
Description
Agalinis obtusifolia is a light yellow-green annual plant that is parasitic to the roots of grasses and other herbs. The stems are slender, stiff, and branched from the upper half and grow between 30 - 90 cm tall. The leaves are opposite, narrowly linear to filiform growing 5 - 15 mm long and 1 mm wide, rough to the touch (scabrous) and sometimes will have tufts on the shoots. The flowers are showy, in terminal racemes with 5 sepals and 5 rose-lavender or (rarely) white petals; the petal lobes are shorter than the broad, bell-shaped, veiny 2 - 3 mm tube. There are usually 2 yellow lines and numerous purple spots in the throat on the tube. The throat is usually lanose (covered in wooly hairs) at the base of the 2 upper petal lobes. There are 4 stamens, didynamous, that include filaments and anthers that are also lanose. The stigmas are elongated. The capsules (dry fruit) are globose or subglobose and will open in a loculicidal (split down the length) fashion.[2]
Distribution
A. obtusifolia is infrequent in all of Florida. It is found across the southeastern Coastal Plain north to Delaware, south to the Florida Keys, and westward to southeastern Louisiana,[3] with disjunct populations in the Eastern Highland Rim and Cumberland Plateau regions of Tennessee and Kentucky.[4]
Ecology
Habitat
In the Coastal Plain it occurs in frequently burned upland pine communities (Ultisols), flatwoods (Spodosols), and wet meadows, savannas, and seepage slopes (pitcher plant bogs) including peaty areas (Histosols). A. obtusifolia also occurs on the margins of these communities,[5] seasonally on shallow calcareous soils of limestone glades in northern Florida, and in oolitic limerock of slash pine rocklands in southern Florida.[6][3]
A. obtusifolia occurs primarily in high light areas maintained by fire or edaphic conditions but will tolerate the partial shade adjacent to open areas. It is tolerant of competition with dense grass and often occurs in conjunction with bunch grasses and sedges. It seems to be limited to native pine and wet prairie communities with minimal soil disturbance, although it can occur on roadsides.[6]
Associated species include Agalinis divaricata, Agalinis filicaulis, Aristida stricta, Pinus palustris, Aristida berichiana, Serenoa repens, Schoenus nigricans, Rhyncospora divergerns, Schoenus nigricans, and Pinus elliottii.[6]
Phenology
A. obtusifolia has been observed to flower in March through November,[6] with peak inflorescence in September and October in northern Florida.[7] It begins fruiting in September through October.[6]
Seed dispersal
This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity.[8]
Seed bank and germination
Length of seed viability within the seed bank is unknown.[9]
Fire ecology
It persists in frequently burned old growth longleaf pine and wiregrass savannas.[6]
Pollination
Pollination occurs by selfing and out-crossing. Specific pollinators have not been documented.[9]
===Herbivory and toxicology=== Agalinis species generally host larvae of the common buckeye butterfly (Junonia coenia) in Florida.[10]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
A. obtusifolia is listed as endangered in the states of Kentucky and Maryland, and is listed as extirpated in the state of Pennsylvania. [11]
Cultural use
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 960. Print.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Godfrey, Robert K. and Jean W. Wooten. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Southeastern United States: Dicotyledons. 1981. University of Georgia Press. 663, 665. Print.
- ↑ Sorrie, B. A. and A. S. Weakley 2001. Coastal Plain valcular plant endemics: Phytogeographic patterns. Castanea 66: 50-82.
- ↑ Wunderlin, Richard P. and Bruce F. Hansen. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida. Second edition. 2003. University Press of Florida: Gainesville/Tallahassee/Tampa/Boca Raton/Pensacola/Orlando/Miami/Jacksonville/Ft. Myers. 547. Print.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker, W. C. Brumbach, J.M. Canne, Robert K. Godfrey, J. Hays, Richard D. Houk, Ann F. Johnson, Nancy E. Jordan, R. Kral, R. Komarek, S.W. Leonard, Sidney McDaniel, and Alfred Schotz. States and Counties: Florida: Calhoun, Gadsden, Holmes, Jackson, Liberty, Monroe, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, and Walton. Georgia: Baker, Thomas, and Worth.
- ↑ PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 15 JAN 2016
- ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 [[1]]NatureServe. Accessed: March 22, 2016
- ↑ Observation by Roger Hammer in Silver Springs State Park, Marion County, FL. September 2016, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group August 4, 2017.
- ↑ USDA Plants Database URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ANGE
