Difference between revisions of "Chasmanthium laxum"

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Common name: Slender Woodoats<ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/>; Slender Spikegrass<ref name= "Weakley 2015"/>
 
<!-- Get the taxonomy information from the NRCS Plants database -->
 
<!-- Get the taxonomy information from the NRCS Plants database -->
 
{{taxobox
 
{{taxobox
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| name = Genus species
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| name = Chasmanthium laxum
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| image =  
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| image = Chasmanthium_laxum_NRCS.jpg
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| image_caption = Photo by
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| image_caption = Photo from USDA NRCS [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CHLA6 Plants Database].
 
| regnum = Plantae
 
| regnum = Plantae
 
| divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
 
| divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
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| classis = Liliopsida - Moncots or Magnoliopsida - Dicots
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| classis = Liliopsida - Moncots
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| ordo = Order
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| ordo = Cyperales
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| familia = Family
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| familia = Poaceae
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| genus = ''Genus''
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| genus = ''Chasmanthium''
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| species = '''''G. species'''''
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| species = '''''C. laxum'''''
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| binomial = ''Genus species''
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| binomial = ''Chasmanthium laxum''
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| binomial_authority = Authority
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| binomial_authority = (L) Yates
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| range_map =  
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| range_map = CHAS_LAXU_DIST.JPG
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| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Genus species'' from USDA NRCS [http://www.plants.usda.gov Plants Database].
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| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Chasmanthium laxum'' from USDA NRCS [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CHLA6 Plants Database].
 
}}
 
}}
 
==Taxonomic Notes==
 
==Taxonomic Notes==
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Synonyms:  ''Uniola laxa'' (Linnaeus) Britton, Sterns, & Poggenburg<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref>
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Varieties: none<ref name=weakley/>
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==Description==  
 
==Description==  
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
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''C. laxum'' is a perennial grass of the ''Poaceae'' family native to North America.<ref name= "USDA Plant Database"> USDA Plant Database [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CHLA6 https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CHLA6] </ref> The leaves are alternate and simple with parallel venation. The fruit is a caryopsis (dry, one-seeded, with the ovary wall and seed coat attached), and the overall root growth is fibrous.<ref name= "lady bird">[[https://www.wildflower.org/plants/search.php?search_field=&newsearch=true]] Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Accessed: April 5, 2019</ref>
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''C. sessiliflorum'' is mostly morphologically similar to ''C. laxum'' and they often grow side by side.<ref name= "Weakley 2015"/>
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==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
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''C. laxum'' can be found along the southeastern coast from Texas to New York<ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/> with disjunct populations in the Eastern Highland Rim and Cumberland Plateau regions of Tennessee and Kentucky.<ref>Sorrie, B. A. and A. S. Weakley 2001. Coastal Plain valcular plant endemics: Phytogeographic patterns. Castanea 66: 50-82.</ref>
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==Ecology==
 
==Ecology==
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
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<!--===Phenology===--> <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
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''C. laxum'' is listed as a facultative wetland species<ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/> and can be found in savanna-pocosin ecotones, sandhill-pocosin ecotones, moist hardwood swamps, bottomland hardwood forests, mesic hammocks, and other moist habitats,<ref name= "Weakley 2015"> Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium. </ref><ref name = "FNAI">Florida Natural Areas Inventory 2010. Guide to the natural communities of Florida: 2010 edition. Florida Natural Areas Inventory, Tallahassee, Florida, 228 pg.</ref> but this species can occur in non-wetland areas such as upland closed-canopy forests where fire is excluded, including slope forest and upland hardwood (beech-magnolia) forest<ref name = "FNAI"/>, and on disturbed sites such as roadside ditches, low pinewoods, stream banks, in shallow water, and other shaded areas.
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''Chasmanthium laxum'' is shade-tolerant, enabling it to thrive under the canopy of other plants<ref name= "Iglay 2010"> Iglay, R. B., et al. (2010). "Effect of plant community composition on plant response to fire and herbicide treatments." Forest Ecology and Management 260: 543-548.</ref>, and it primarily grows in soils such as sand, sandy loam, loam, and moist loam sand.<ref name= "herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: March 2019. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, A. F. Clewell, S. T. Cooper, M. Darst, R. F. Doren, R.K. Godfrey, J. Good, B. F. Hansen, J. M. Kane, Herbert Kessler, Tina Kessler, R. Komarek, Mabel Kral, R. Kral, - Kurz, H. Light, G. Mahon, D. L. Martin, R. Mattson, Sidney McDaniel, Robert A. Norris, R. E. Perdue, Paul Redfearn, Jr., George Robinson, Cecil Slaughter, and J. N. Triplett, Jr. States and Counties: Florida: Alachua, Baker, Clay, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Hernando, Holmes, Jefferson, Leon, Levy, Marion, Okaloosa, St Johns, Taylor, Wakulla, and Walton. Georgia: Atkinson, Grady, and Thomas.</ref>
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Japanese stiltgrass (''Microstegium vimineum'') has a negative effect on ''C. laxum'' and over-competes with the species when the canopy is opened.<ref name= "Brewer">Brewer, S. J., et al. (2012). "Do natural disturbances or the forestry practices that follow them convert forests to early-successional communities?" Ecological Applications 22: 442-458.</ref> ''C. laxum'' does not respond to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests.<ref>Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.</ref>
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Associated species include ''[[Pinus elliottii]]'', ''Chasmanthium nitidum'', ''Chasmanthium latifolium'', ''Chasmanthium ornithorhynchus'', ''Panicum'' sp., ''Pterocaulon'' sp., ''[[Vitis rotundifolia]]'', ''[[Toxicodendron radicans]]'', ''Gibasis pellucida'', ''[[Calopogon tuberosus]]'', ''[[Quercus geminata]]'', ''[[Quercus nigra]]'', ''Quercus'' sp., ''[[Liquidambar styraciflua]]'', and others.<ref name= "herbarium"/><ref name= "Morris">Morris, M. W. (1988). "Noteworthy vascular plants from Grenada County, Mississippi." SIDA Contributions to Botany 13(2): 177-186.</ref>
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===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
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''C. laxum'' has been observed to flower from June to August, and fruit during the same time period.<ref name= "PanFlora"> Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 18 MAY 2018 </ref><ref name= "herbarium"/>
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===Seed dispersal===
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This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity.<ref name= "Creech">Creech, M. N., et al. (2012). "Alteration and Recovery of Slash Pile Burn Sites in the Restoration of a Fire-Maintained Ecosystem." Restoration Ecology 20(4): 505-516.</ref>
 
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===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
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<!--===Use by animals===--> <!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->
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''C. laxum'' is not fire resistant and has no fire tolerance. <ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/>
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<!--===Pollination===-->
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===Herbivory and toxicology===<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->
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''C. laxum'' is highly palatable to browsing and grazing animals, including tame deer and cattle.<ref name= "USDA Plant Database"> USDA Plant Database [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CHLA6 https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CHLA6] </ref><ref name= "Thill">Thill, R. E. (1984). "Deer and cattle diets on Louisiana pine-hardwood sites." The Journal of Wildlife Management 48(3): 788-798.</ref> It consists of approximately 2-5% of the diet for large mammals and terrestrial birds.<ref name= "Miller">Miller, J.H., and K.V. Miller. 1999. Forest plants of the southeast and their wildlife uses. Southern Weed Science Society.</ref>
 
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<!--==Diseases and parasites==-->
  
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==Conservation and Management==
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==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration==
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''C. laxum'' is listed as an endangered species by the New York Department of Environmental Conservation Division of Land and Forests, and the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. <ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/>
  
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==Cultivation and restoration==
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==Cultural use==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
<gallery widths=180px>
 
<gallery widths=180px>
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
 
==References and notes==
 
==References and notes==

Latest revision as of 09:30, 23 May 2023

Common name: Slender Woodoats[1]; Slender Spikegrass[2]

Chasmanthium laxum
Chasmanthium laxum NRCS.jpg
Photo from USDA NRCS Plants Database.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
Class: Liliopsida - Moncots
Order: Cyperales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Chasmanthium
Species: C. laxum
Binomial name
Chasmanthium laxum
(L) Yates
CHAS LAXU DIST.JPG
Natural range of Chasmanthium laxum from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Taxonomic Notes

Synonyms: Uniola laxa (Linnaeus) Britton, Sterns, & Poggenburg[3]

Varieties: none[3]

Description

C. laxum is a perennial grass of the Poaceae family native to North America.[1] The leaves are alternate and simple with parallel venation. The fruit is a caryopsis (dry, one-seeded, with the ovary wall and seed coat attached), and the overall root growth is fibrous.[4]

C. sessiliflorum is mostly morphologically similar to C. laxum and they often grow side by side.[2]

Distribution

C. laxum can be found along the southeastern coast from Texas to New York[1] with disjunct populations in the Eastern Highland Rim and Cumberland Plateau regions of Tennessee and Kentucky.[5]

Ecology

Habitat

C. laxum is listed as a facultative wetland species[1] and can be found in savanna-pocosin ecotones, sandhill-pocosin ecotones, moist hardwood swamps, bottomland hardwood forests, mesic hammocks, and other moist habitats,[2][6] but this species can occur in non-wetland areas such as upland closed-canopy forests where fire is excluded, including slope forest and upland hardwood (beech-magnolia) forest[6], and on disturbed sites such as roadside ditches, low pinewoods, stream banks, in shallow water, and other shaded areas.

Chasmanthium laxum is shade-tolerant, enabling it to thrive under the canopy of other plants[7], and it primarily grows in soils such as sand, sandy loam, loam, and moist loam sand.[8]

Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) has a negative effect on C. laxum and over-competes with the species when the canopy is opened.[9] C. laxum does not respond to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests.[10]

Associated species include Pinus elliottii, Chasmanthium nitidum, Chasmanthium latifolium, Chasmanthium ornithorhynchus, Panicum sp., Pterocaulon sp., Vitis rotundifolia, Toxicodendron radicans, Gibasis pellucida, Calopogon tuberosus, Quercus geminata, Quercus nigra, Quercus sp., Liquidambar styraciflua, and others.[8][11]

Phenology

C. laxum has been observed to flower from June to August, and fruit during the same time period.[12][8]

Seed dispersal

This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity.[13]

Fire ecology

C. laxum is not fire resistant and has no fire tolerance. [1]


Herbivory and toxicology

C. laxum is highly palatable to browsing and grazing animals, including tame deer and cattle.[1][14] It consists of approximately 2-5% of the diet for large mammals and terrestrial birds.[15]

Conservation, cultivation, and restoration

C. laxum is listed as an endangered species by the New York Department of Environmental Conservation Division of Land and Forests, and the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. [1]

Cultural use

Photo Gallery

References and notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 USDA Plant Database https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CHLA6
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
  4. ↑ [[1]] Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Accessed: April 5, 2019
  5. ↑ Sorrie, B. A. and A. S. Weakley 2001. Coastal Plain valcular plant endemics: Phytogeographic patterns. Castanea 66: 50-82.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Florida Natural Areas Inventory 2010. Guide to the natural communities of Florida: 2010 edition. Florida Natural Areas Inventory, Tallahassee, Florida, 228 pg.
  7. ↑ Iglay, R. B., et al. (2010). "Effect of plant community composition on plant response to fire and herbicide treatments." Forest Ecology and Management 260: 543-548.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: March 2019. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, A. F. Clewell, S. T. Cooper, M. Darst, R. F. Doren, R.K. Godfrey, J. Good, B. F. Hansen, J. M. Kane, Herbert Kessler, Tina Kessler, R. Komarek, Mabel Kral, R. Kral, - Kurz, H. Light, G. Mahon, D. L. Martin, R. Mattson, Sidney McDaniel, Robert A. Norris, R. E. Perdue, Paul Redfearn, Jr., George Robinson, Cecil Slaughter, and J. N. Triplett, Jr. States and Counties: Florida: Alachua, Baker, Clay, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Hernando, Holmes, Jefferson, Leon, Levy, Marion, Okaloosa, St Johns, Taylor, Wakulla, and Walton. Georgia: Atkinson, Grady, and Thomas.
  9. ↑ Brewer, S. J., et al. (2012). "Do natural disturbances or the forestry practices that follow them convert forests to early-successional communities?" Ecological Applications 22: 442-458.
  10. ↑ Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.
  11. ↑ Morris, M. W. (1988). "Noteworthy vascular plants from Grenada County, Mississippi." SIDA Contributions to Botany 13(2): 177-186.
  12. ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 18 MAY 2018
  13. ↑ Creech, M. N., et al. (2012). "Alteration and Recovery of Slash Pile Burn Sites in the Restoration of a Fire-Maintained Ecosystem." Restoration Ecology 20(4): 505-516.
  14. ↑ Thill, R. E. (1984). "Deer and cattle diets on Louisiana pine-hardwood sites." The Journal of Wildlife Management 48(3): 788-798.
  15. ↑ Miller, J.H., and K.V. Miller. 1999. Forest plants of the southeast and their wildlife uses. Southern Weed Science Society.
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