Difference between revisions of "Aristida lanosa"

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{{italic title}}
 
{{italic title}}
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Common names: Woollysheath threeawn
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Common name: Woollysheath Three-awn
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<!-- Get the taxonomy information from the NRCS Plants database -->
 
<!-- Get the taxonomy information from the NRCS Plants database -->
 
{{taxobox
 
{{taxobox
 
| name = Aristida lanosa
 
| name = Aristida lanosa
 
| image = Aris_lano.jpg
 
| image = Aris_lano.jpg
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| image_caption = Photo by James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, [http://www.forestryimages.org/index.cfm Bugwood.org]
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| image_caption = Photo by James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, [http://www.forestryimages.org Bugwood.org]
 
| regnum = Plantae
 
| regnum = Plantae
 
| divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
 
| divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
 
| classis = Liliopsida – Monocotyledons
 
| classis = Liliopsida – Monocotyledons
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| ordo = Cyperales
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| ordo = Poales
 
| familia = Poaceae ⁄ Gramineae  
 
| familia = Poaceae ⁄ Gramineae  
 
| genus = ''Aristida''
 
| genus = ''Aristida''
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}}
 
}}
 
==Taxonomic notes==
 
==Taxonomic notes==
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Synonyms: ''A. lanosa'' var. ''lanosa'' Muhl. ex Elliott; ''A. lanosa'' var. ''macera'' Fernald & Griscom
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Synonyms: none<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref>
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Varieties: ''Aristida lanosa'' var. ''lanosa''; ''A. lanosa'' var. ''macera'' Fernald & Griscom<ref name=weakley/>
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==Description==  
 
==Description==  
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
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Tufted perennials. Culms are frequently geniculate, growing 7-12 dm tall. Nodes are glabrous or floccose; branches form lower nodes. Internodes are glabrous. Leaves are mostly low cauline; blades scaberulous beneath on margins and grow up to 4 dm long and 0.5 mm wide. Sheath margins usually scarious and longer than internodes, floccose are lanose. Ligules are short ciliate and 0.1-0.2 mm long. Panicles or racemes are narrow. Panicles are brownish, 3-4.5 dm long. Branches ascending and are scaberulous. Pedicels are unequal and scaberulous. Spikelets are 1-flowered and up to 10-18 mm long, and are frequently in 3’s. The spikelets are disarticulating above glumes. The pedicels are 1-6 mm long. Glumes are 1-nerved or first faintly 3-5 nerve and are scaberulous, margins are usually scarious, acuminate to short-awned, the first glume 10-18 mm long, the second is 9-12 mm long. Lemmas are faintly 3-nerved, spotted-papillose, margins scarious, and frequently enrolled in awns of 3. The lemma body is 8-9 mm long and the awns are ascending to divergent, they are twisted or straight basally, unequal, 5-30 mm long. Paleas are absent. The callus bearded and grow up to 1 mm long. The grain is linear, are yellowish in color, and grow up to 6.5 mm long. Plants are abundant in dry, sterile soils. Flowers from August to October<ref name="radford">Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 97-98. Print.</ref>.
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Tufted perennials. Culms are frequently geniculate, growing 0.7-1.2m tall. Nodes are glabrous or floccose; branches form lower nodes. Internodes are glabrous. Leaves are mostly low cauline; blades scaberulous beneath on margins and grow up to 40cm long and 0.5 mm wide. Sheath margins usually scarious and longer than internodes, floccose are lanose. Ligules are short ciliate and 0.1-0.2 mm long. Panicles or racemes are narrow. Panicles are brownish, 30-45cm long. Branches ascending and are scaberulous. Pedicels are unequal and scaberulous. Spikelets are 1-flowered and up to 10-18 mm long, and are frequently in 3’s. The spikelets are disarticulating above glumes. The pedicels are 1-6 mm long. Glumes are 1-nerved or first faintly 3-5 nerve and are scaberulous, margins are usually scarious, acuminate to short-awned, the first glume 10-18 mm long, the second is 9-12 mm long. Lemmas are faintly 3-nerved, spotted-papillose, margins scarious, and frequently enrolled in awns of 3. The lemma body is 8-9 mm long and the awns are ascending to divergent, they are twisted or straight basally, unequal, 5-30 mm long. Paleas are absent. The callus bearded and grow up to 1 mm long. The grain is linear, are yellowish in color, and grow up to 6.5 mm long. Plants are abundant in dry, sterile soils. Flowers from August to October.<ref name="radford">Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 97-98. Print.</ref>
  
 
==Distribution==<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
 
==Distribution==<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
−
The distribution of ''Aristida lanosa'' is from New Jersey, south to Florida, and west to Texas<ref name="weakley">Weakley, Alan S. Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States: Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina Herbarium (NCU). PDF. 359.</ref>.
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The distribution of ''Aristida lanosa'' is from New Jersey, south to Florida, and west to Texas.<ref name="weakley"/> In Florida, its distribution is restricted to the north portion of the state.<ref name= "Carr">Carr, S. C., et al. (2010). "A Vegetation Classification of Fire-Dependent Pinelands of Florida." Castanea 75(2): 153-189.
 +
</ref>
  
 
==Ecology==
 
==Ecology==
 
===Habitat===<!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->  
 
===Habitat===<!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->  
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It occurs in frequently burned upland longleaf pine-wiregrass communities, longleaf and shortleaf pine-oak hickory communities, loblolly pine plantations on Ultisols, the higher parts of pine flatwoods, as well as edges of unburned hardwood foresets<ref name="fsu">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Gary R. Knight, George R. Cooley, H. Allan Gleason, R. Kral, R.K. Godfrey, A. F. Clewell, A. H. Curtiss, A. Gholson Jr., Wilson Baker, James R. Burkhalter, Angela M. Reid, K. M. Robertson, and Bill Boothe. States and Counties: Florida: Wakulla, Okaloosa, Jackson, Hernando, Washington, Liberty, Leon, Holmes, Duval, Gadsden, Santa Rosa, and Calhoun. Georgia: Baker.</ref><ref name="brockway">Brockway, D. G. and C. E. Lewis (1997). "Long-term effects of dormant-season precribed fire on plant community diversity, structure and productivity in a longleaf pine wiregrass ecosystem." Forest Ecology and Management 96: 167-183.</ref>. Soil conditions range from wet to very well drained and sand to loamy sands. It is found in dry sandy soils of sandhill habitats and fields<ref name="weakley"/>. It can also be found in human disturbed areas such as recreational areas, roadsides, longleaf pine clearings, dry sandy soil of campsites. This species grows in large clumps<ref name="fsu"/>.
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''A. lanosa'' occurs in frequently burned upland longleaf pine-wiregrass communities, longleaf and shortleaf pine-oak hickory communities, loblolly pine plantations on Ultisols, the higher parts of pine flatwoods, as well as edges of unburned hardwood forests.<ref name="fsu"> Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Gary R. Knight, George R. Cooley, H. Allan Gleason, R. Kral, R.K. Godfrey, A. F. Clewell, A. H. Curtiss, A. Gholson Jr., Wilson Baker, James R. Burkhalter, Angela M. Reid, K. M. Robertson, and Bill Boothe. States and Counties: Florida: Wakulla, Okaloosa, Jackson, Hernando, Washington, Liberty, Leon, Holmes, Duval, Gadsden, Santa Rosa, and Calhoun. Georgia: Baker.</ref><ref name="brockway">Brockway, D. G. and C. E. Lewis (1997). "Long-term effects of dormant-season prescribed fire on plant community diversity, structure and productivity in a longleaf pine wiregrass ecosystem." Forest Ecology and Management 96: 167-183.</ref> It can also be found in human disturbed areas such as recreational areas, roadsides, longleaf pine clearings, dry sandy soil of campsites. <ref name="fsu"/>
  
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Associated species include longleaf pine, oak, hickory, ''Pinus echinata, Cornus florida, Eupatorium campositifolium, Callicorpa americana, Quercus hemisphaerica, Homomelis virginiana, Rubus cuneifolius, Vitis rotundifolius,'' loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, and others<ref name="fsu"/>.
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Soil conditions range from wet to very well drained and sand to loamy sands. It is found in dry sandy soils of sandhill habitats and fields.<ref name="weakley"/>  ''A. lanosa'' is more prolific in longleaf pine communities historically disturbed by fire,<ref name="Brudvig and Damsch">Brudvig, L.A. and E.I. Damchen. (2011). Land-use history, historical connectivity, and land management interact to determine longleaf pine woodland understory richness and composition. Ecography 34: 257-266.</ref> but was found to occur less frequently in response to soil disturbance by agriculture in South Carolina. It has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished longleaf pine woodlands that were disturbed by agriculture, making it an indicator species of remnant woodland.<ref name="Brudvig and Damsch"/><ref>Brudvig, L.A., E Grman, C.W. Habeck, and J.A. Ledvina. (2013). Strong legacy of agricultural land use on soils and understory plant communities in longleaf pine woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management 310: 944-955.</ref> It also reduced its crown cover and biomass in response to heavy silvilculture in north Florida. Additionally, it has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished pine flatwoods in north Florida.<ref>Conde, L.F., B.F. Swindel, and J.E. Smith. (1986). Five Years of Vegetation Changes Following Conversion of Pine Flatwoods to ''Pinus elliottii'' Plantations. Forest Ecology and Management 15(4):295-300.</ref>. ''Aristida lanosa'' has been found to be a decreaser in its short-term response to single mechanical soil disturbances but neutral in its long-term response following cessation of repeated soil disturbance.<ref name=Dixon>Dixon, C. M., K. M. Robertson, A. M. Reid and M. T. Rother. 2024. Mechanical soil disturbance in a pine savanna has multiyear effects on plant species composition. Ecosphere 15(2):e4759.</ref>
 +
 
 +
''Aristida lanosa'' is an indicator species for the North Florida Longleaf Woodlands community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).<ref>Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.</ref>
 +
 
 +
Associated species include longleaf pine, oak, hickory, ''[[Pinus echinata]], [[Cornus florida]], Eupatorium compositifolium, [[Callicarpa americana]], [[Quercus hemisphaerica]], Hamamelis virginiana, [[Rubus cuneifolius]], Vitis rotundifolius,'' loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, and others.<ref name="fsu"/>
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 +
===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
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It flowers from August to October and has been seen fruiting from October to November.<ref name="fsu"/><ref name="weakley"/>
  
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===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
 
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It flowers from August to October and has been seen fruiting from October to November<ref name="fsu"/><ref name="weakley"/>.
 
 
<!--===Seed dispersal===-->
 
<!--===Seed dispersal===-->
 
<!--===Seed bank and germination===-->
 
<!--===Seed bank and germination===-->
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===Fire ecology===<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->  
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<!--===Fire ecology===-->  
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Burning during the growing season is thought to primarily stimulate seed production by important grass species in longleaf pine wiregrass communities, possibly including ''Aristida lanosa''<ref name="biswell">Biswell, H.H. and PC. Lemon, 1943. Effect of fire upon seed-stalk production of range grasses. Journal of Forestry, 41: 844.</ref><ref name="streng">Streng, D.R., Glitzenstein J.S. and Platt, W.J., 1993. Evaluating effects of season of bum in longleaf pine forests: a critical literature review and some results from an ongoing long-term study. In: S.M. Hermann (Editor), Proceedings of the Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference. Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, FL, 18: 227-263.</ref>. However, burning during winter is also beneficial.
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<!--===Pollination===-->
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<!--===Pollination=== -->
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<!--===Herbivory and toxicology===-->
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<!--===Use by animals===--><!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->
 
 
<!--===Diseases and parasites===-->
 
<!--===Diseases and parasites===-->
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<!--==Conservation and Management==-->
 
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<!--==Cultivation and restoration==-->
 
  
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==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration==
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''A. lanosa'' is listed as endangered in the states of Maryland and New Jersey.<ref name= "USDA">USDA, NRCS. (2016). The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 14 March 2019). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.</ref>
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==Cultural use==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
<gallery widths=180px>
 
<gallery widths=180px>

Latest revision as of 14:44, 10 July 2024

Common name: Woollysheath Three-awn

Aristida lanosa
Aris lano.jpg
Photo by James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
Class: Liliopsida – Monocotyledons
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae ⁄ Gramineae
Genus: Aristida
Species: A. lanosa
Binomial name
Aristida lanosa
Muhl. ex Elliott
ARIS LANO dist.jpg
Natural range of Aristida lanosa from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Taxonomic notes

Synonyms: none[1]

Varieties: Aristida lanosa var. lanosa; A. lanosa var. macera Fernald & Griscom[1]

Description

Tufted perennials. Culms are frequently geniculate, growing 0.7-1.2m tall. Nodes are glabrous or floccose; branches form lower nodes. Internodes are glabrous. Leaves are mostly low cauline; blades scaberulous beneath on margins and grow up to 40cm long and 0.5 mm wide. Sheath margins usually scarious and longer than internodes, floccose are lanose. Ligules are short ciliate and 0.1-0.2 mm long. Panicles or racemes are narrow. Panicles are brownish, 30-45cm long. Branches ascending and are scaberulous. Pedicels are unequal and scaberulous. Spikelets are 1-flowered and up to 10-18 mm long, and are frequently in 3’s. The spikelets are disarticulating above glumes. The pedicels are 1-6 mm long. Glumes are 1-nerved or first faintly 3-5 nerve and are scaberulous, margins are usually scarious, acuminate to short-awned, the first glume 10-18 mm long, the second is 9-12 mm long. Lemmas are faintly 3-nerved, spotted-papillose, margins scarious, and frequently enrolled in awns of 3. The lemma body is 8-9 mm long and the awns are ascending to divergent, they are twisted or straight basally, unequal, 5-30 mm long. Paleas are absent. The callus bearded and grow up to 1 mm long. The grain is linear, are yellowish in color, and grow up to 6.5 mm long. Plants are abundant in dry, sterile soils. Flowers from August to October.[2]

Distribution

The distribution of Aristida lanosa is from New Jersey, south to Florida, and west to Texas.[1] In Florida, its distribution is restricted to the north portion of the state.[3]

Ecology

Habitat

A. lanosa occurs in frequently burned upland longleaf pine-wiregrass communities, longleaf and shortleaf pine-oak hickory communities, loblolly pine plantations on Ultisols, the higher parts of pine flatwoods, as well as edges of unburned hardwood forests.[4][5] It can also be found in human disturbed areas such as recreational areas, roadsides, longleaf pine clearings, dry sandy soil of campsites. [4]

Soil conditions range from wet to very well drained and sand to loamy sands. It is found in dry sandy soils of sandhill habitats and fields.[1] A. lanosa is more prolific in longleaf pine communities historically disturbed by fire,[6] but was found to occur less frequently in response to soil disturbance by agriculture in South Carolina. It has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished longleaf pine woodlands that were disturbed by agriculture, making it an indicator species of remnant woodland.[6][7] It also reduced its crown cover and biomass in response to heavy silvilculture in north Florida. Additionally, it has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished pine flatwoods in north Florida.[8]. Aristida lanosa has been found to be a decreaser in its short-term response to single mechanical soil disturbances but neutral in its long-term response following cessation of repeated soil disturbance.[9]

Aristida lanosa is an indicator species for the North Florida Longleaf Woodlands community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).[10]

Associated species include longleaf pine, oak, hickory, Pinus echinata, Cornus florida, Eupatorium compositifolium, Callicarpa americana, Quercus hemisphaerica, Hamamelis virginiana, Rubus cuneifolius, Vitis rotundifolius, loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, and others.[4]

Phenology

It flowers from August to October and has been seen fruiting from October to November.[4][1]


Conservation, cultivation, and restoration

A. lanosa is listed as endangered in the states of Maryland and New Jersey.[11]

Cultural use

Photo Gallery

References and notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
  2. ↑ Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 97-98. Print.
  3. ↑ Carr, S. C., et al. (2010). "A Vegetation Classification of Fire-Dependent Pinelands of Florida." Castanea 75(2): 153-189.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Gary R. Knight, George R. Cooley, H. Allan Gleason, R. Kral, R.K. Godfrey, A. F. Clewell, A. H. Curtiss, A. Gholson Jr., Wilson Baker, James R. Burkhalter, Angela M. Reid, K. M. Robertson, and Bill Boothe. States and Counties: Florida: Wakulla, Okaloosa, Jackson, Hernando, Washington, Liberty, Leon, Holmes, Duval, Gadsden, Santa Rosa, and Calhoun. Georgia: Baker.
  5. ↑ Brockway, D. G. and C. E. Lewis (1997). "Long-term effects of dormant-season prescribed fire on plant community diversity, structure and productivity in a longleaf pine wiregrass ecosystem." Forest Ecology and Management 96: 167-183.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Brudvig, L.A. and E.I. Damchen. (2011). Land-use history, historical connectivity, and land management interact to determine longleaf pine woodland understory richness and composition. Ecography 34: 257-266.
  7. ↑ Brudvig, L.A., E Grman, C.W. Habeck, and J.A. Ledvina. (2013). Strong legacy of agricultural land use on soils and understory plant communities in longleaf pine woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management 310: 944-955.
  8. ↑ Conde, L.F., B.F. Swindel, and J.E. Smith. (1986). Five Years of Vegetation Changes Following Conversion of Pine Flatwoods to Pinus elliottii Plantations. Forest Ecology and Management 15(4):295-300.
  9. ↑ Dixon, C. M., K. M. Robertson, A. M. Reid and M. T. Rother. 2024. Mechanical soil disturbance in a pine savanna has multiyear effects on plant species composition. Ecosphere 15(2):e4759.
  10. ↑ Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.
  11. ↑ USDA, NRCS. (2016). The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 14 March 2019). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
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