Difference between revisions of "Agalinis obtusifolia"

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| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Agalinis obtusifolia'' from USDA NRCS [http://www.plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=AGOB Plants Database].
 
| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Agalinis obtusifolia'' from USDA NRCS [http://www.plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=AGOB Plants Database].
 
}}
 
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Common names: Tenlobe False Foxglove
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Common name: Tenlobe false foxglove
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==Taxonomic notes==
 
==Taxonomic notes==
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Synonyms: ''A. decemloba'' (Greene) Pennell; ''A. tenella'' Pennell; ''Gerardia obstusifolia'' (Rafinesque) Pennell
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Synonyms: ''Gerardia obtusifolia'' (Rafinesque) Pennell.<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref>
  
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==Description==<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->  
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==Description==<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perennial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->  
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Annual. Parasitic to the roots of grasses and other herbs. Leaves are opposite, linear to filiform, and sometimes will have tufts on the shoots. Flowers are showy, in terminal racemes; the calyx is 5-parted, the lobes are shorter than the tube; the corolla is 5-parted. The flowers are rose-lavender in color and are rarely white. There are usually 2 yellow lines and numerous purple spots in the throat on the tube. The tube is broad, campanulate, and the lobes are shorter than the tube. The throat is usually lanose at the base of the 2 upper corolla lobes. There are 4 stamens, didynamous, that include filaments and anthers that are also lanose. The stigmas are elongated. The capsules are globose or subglobose, loculicidal<ref name="Radford 1964">Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 960. Print.</ref>.
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''Agalinis obtusifolia'' is a light yellow-green annual plant that is parasitic to the roots of grasses and other herbs. The stems are slender, stiff, and branched from the upper half and grow between 30 - 90 cm tall. The leaves are opposite, narrowly linear to filiform growing 5 - 15 mm long and 1 mm wide, rough to the touch (scabrous) and sometimes will have tufts on the shoots. The flowers are showy, in terminal racemes with 5 sepals and 5 rose-lavender or (rarely) white petals; the petal lobes are shorter than the broad, bell-shaped, veiny 2 - 3 mm tube. There are usually 2 yellow lines and numerous purple spots in the throat on the tube. The throat is usually lanose (covered in wooly hairs) at the base of the 2 upper petal lobes. There are 4 stamens, didynamous, that include filaments and anthers that are also lanose. The stigmas are elongated. The capsules (dry fruit) are globose or subglobose and will open in a loculicidal (split down the length) fashion.<ref name="radford">Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 960. Print.</ref>
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Is a light yellow-green colored annual. It does not blacken when being dried. The stems are slender, stiff, puberulent or glabrous, and striate-angled. Growing 3-9dm tall. The stems are moderately to profusely branched form the upper half of the stem. The leaves are linear to narrowly linear-obovate or spatulate, about 5-15mm long, ca. 1mm wide, and are scaberulous above. The terminal racemes are distinct. The pedicels are mostly 10-25mm long. The calyx tube is 2-3mm long, are reticulate veined, truncated. The lobes are reduced to mucronate tips that are less man 0.3mm long. The corolla is pale in color, 1-1.5cm long. The throat is not yellow striate. The corolla is lanose at the base of the 2 upper corolla lobes. The capsules are globose, are 2-3mm in diameter. Flowers from September to October<ref name="Radford 1964"/>.
 
  
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
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It is infrequent in all of Florida. Found west to Mississippi and north to Pennsylvania <ref name="Hall 1993">Hall, David W. Illustrated Plants of Florida and the Coastal Plain: based on the collections of Leland and Lucy Baltzell. 1993. A Maupin House Book. Gainesville. 342. Print.</ref>. It's found within the Coastal Plain, from Delaware to the Florida Keys, westward to southeastern Louisiana <ref name="Godfrey 1981">Godfrey, Robert K. and Jean W. Wooten. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Southeastern United States: Dicotyledons. 1981. University of Georgia Press. 663, 665. Print.</ref>.
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''A. obtusifolia'' is infrequent in all of Florida. It is found across the southeastern Coastal Plain north to Delaware, south to the Florida Keys, and westward to southeastern Louisiana,<ref name="Godfrey 1981">Godfrey, Robert K. and Jean W. Wooten. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Southeastern United States: Dicotyledons. 1981. University of Georgia Press. 663, 665. Print.</ref> with disjunct populations in the Eastern Highland Rim and Cumberland Plateau regions of Tennessee and Kentucky.<ref>Sorrie, B. A. and A. S. Weakley 2001. Coastal Plain valcular plant endemics: Phytogeographic patterns. Castanea 66: 50-82.</ref>
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Louisiana= vulnerable
 
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North Carolina= imperiled
 
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Delaware= possibly extirpated<ref name="natureserve">[[http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Agalinis+obtusifolia]]NatureServe. Accessed: March 22, 2016</ref>.
 
  
 
==Ecology==
 
==Ecology==
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
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In the Coastal Plain it occurs in frequently burned upland pine communities (Ultisols), flatwoods (Spodosols), and wet meadows, savannas, and seepage slopes (pitcher plant bogs) including peaty areas (Histosols). It is also occurs on shallow calcareous soils of limestone glades of northern Florida and oolitic limerock of slash pine rocklands in sothern Florida <ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker,  W. C. Brumbach, J.M. Canne, Robert K. Godfrey, J. Hays, Richard D. Houk, Ann F. Johnson, Nancy E. Jordan, R. Kral, R. Komarek, S.W. Leonard, Sidney McDaniel, and Alfred Schotz. States and Counties: Florida: Calhoun, Gadsden, Holmes, Jackson, Liberty, Monroe, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, and Walton. Georgia: Baker, Thomas, and Worth.</ref>. It occurs in primarily high light areas maintained by fire or edaphic conditions but also partial shade adjacent to open areas.  It is tolerant of competition with dense grass and often occurs in conjuction in areas dominated by bunch grasses and sedges. It seems to be limited to native pine and wet prairie communities with minimal soil disturbance, although it can occur on roadsides <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>. It is found in pine savannas, flatwoods, and bog margins<ref name="wunderlin">Wunderlin, Richard P. and Bruce F. Hansen. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida. Second edition. 2003. University Press of Florida: Gainesville/Tallahassee/Tampa/Boca Raton/Pensacola/Orlando/Miami/Jacksonville/Ft. Myers. 547. Print.</ref>. It is also found in seasonally wet pine savannas and flatwoods, hillside bogs in pinelands, in shallow soil on oolitic limestone in pinelands <ref name="Godfrey 1981"/>.
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In the Coastal Plain it occurs in frequently burned upland pine communities (Ultisols), flatwoods (Spodosols), and wet meadows, savannas, and seepage slopes (pitcher plant bogs) including peaty areas (Histosols). ''A. obtusifolia'' also occurs on the margins of these communities,<ref name="wunderlin">Wunderlin, Richard P. and Bruce F. Hansen. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida. Second edition. 2003. University Press of Florida: Gainesville/Tallahassee/Tampa/Boca Raton/Pensacola/Orlando/Miami/Jacksonville/Ft. Myers. 547. Print.</ref> seasonally on shallow calcareous soils of limestone glades in northern Florida, and in oolitic limerock of slash pine rocklands in southern Florida.<ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker,  W. C. Brumbach, J.M. Canne, Robert K. Godfrey, J. Hays, Richard D. Houk, Ann F. Johnson, Nancy E. Jordan, R. Kral, R. Komarek, S.W. Leonard, Sidney McDaniel, and Alfred Schotz. States and Counties: Florida: Calhoun, Gadsden, Holmes, Jackson, Liberty, Monroe, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, and Walton. Georgia: Baker, Thomas, and Worth.</ref><ref name="Godfrey 1981"/>
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''A. obtusifolia'' occurs primarily in high light areas maintained by fire or edaphic conditions but will tolerate the partial shade adjacent to open areas.  It is tolerant of competition with dense grass and often occurs in conjunction with bunch grasses and sedges. It seems to be limited to native pine and wet prairie communities with minimal soil disturbance, although it can occur on roadsides.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>
  
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Associated species include ''Hypericum, Eupatorium; Agalinis divaricata, Agalinis filicaulis, Aristida stricta, Pinus palustris, Seymeria, Quercus; Aristida berichiana, Serenoa repens, Schoenus nigricans, Rhyncospora divergerns, Liatris, Schoenus nigricans, Pinus elliottii'' and others <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>.
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Associated species include ''[[Agalinis divaricata]]'', ''Agalinis filicaulis'', ''[[Aristida stricta]]'', ''[[Pinus palustris]]'', ''Aristida berichiana'', ''[[Serenoa repens]]'', ''Schoenus nigricans'', ''Rhyncospora divergerns'', ''Schoenus nigricans'', and ''[[Pinus elliottii]]''.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>
  
 
===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->  
 
===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->  
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It flowers in March through November<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>, mostly in September and October in northern Florida<ref>[[http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ PanFlora Plant Database Accessed 15 JAN 2016]]</ref>. This species also starts to fruit September through October <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>.
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''A. obtusifolia'' has been observed to flower in March through November,<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> with peak inflorescence in September and October in northern Florida.<ref>[http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/  Accessed: 15 JAN 2016</ref> It begins fruiting in September through October.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>
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===Seed dispersal===
 
===Seed dispersal===
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Seed dispersal and establishment are unknown<ref name="natureserve"/>. According to Kay Kirkman, a plant ecologist, this species disperses by gravity. <ref name="KK"> Kay Kirkman, unpublished data, 2015. </ref>
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This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity.<ref>Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.</ref>
  
 
===Seed bank and germination===
 
===Seed bank and germination===
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Length of seed viability within the seed bank is unknown<ref name="natureserve"/>.
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Length of seed viability within the seed bank is unknown.<ref name="natureserve">[[http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Agalinis+obtusifolia]]NatureServe. Accessed: March 22, 2016</ref>
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===Fire ecology===<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->  
 
===Fire ecology===<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->  
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It does well in frequently burned old growth longleaf pine and wiregrass savannas <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>.
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It persists in frequently burned old growth longleaf pine and wiregrass savannas.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>
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===Pollination===<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->
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Pollination occurs by selfing and out-crossing. Specific pollinators have not been documented.<ref name="natureserve"/>
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===Herbivory and toxicology=== ''Agalinis'' species generally host larvae of the common buckeye butterfly (''Junonia coenia'') in Florida.<ref name="Hammer 2016">Observation by Roger Hammer in Silver Springs State Park, Marion County, FL. September 2016, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group August 4, 2017.</ref>
  
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<!--===Seed dispersal===-->
 
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<!--===Seed bank and germination===-->
 
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===Pollination===
 
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Pollination occurs by selfing and out-crossing. Specific pollinators have not been documented<ref name="natureserve"/>.
 
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<!--===Use by animals===--><!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->
 
 
<!--===Diseases and parasites===-->
 
<!--===Diseases and parasites===-->
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==Conservation and Management==
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==Cultivation and restoration==
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==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration==
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''A. obtusifolia'' is listed as endangered in the states of Kentucky and Maryland, and is listed as extirpated in the state of Pennsylvania. <ref name= "USDA"> USDA Plants Database URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ANGE </ref>
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==Cultural use==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
<gallery widths=180px>
 
<gallery widths=180px>

Latest revision as of 13:16, 17 May 2023

Agalinis obtusifolia
Agalinis obtusifolia Gil.jpg
Photo was taken by Gil Nelson
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons
Order: Lamiales
Family: Orobanchaceae
Genus: Agalinis
Species: A. obtusifolia
Binomial name
Agalinis obtusifolia
Raf.
AGAL OBTU dist.jpg
Natural range of Agalinis obtusifolia from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Common name: Tenlobe false foxglove

Taxonomic notes

Synonyms: Gerardia obtusifolia (Rafinesque) Pennell.[1]

Description

Agalinis obtusifolia is a light yellow-green annual plant that is parasitic to the roots of grasses and other herbs. The stems are slender, stiff, and branched from the upper half and grow between 30 - 90 cm tall. The leaves are opposite, narrowly linear to filiform growing 5 - 15 mm long and 1 mm wide, rough to the touch (scabrous) and sometimes will have tufts on the shoots. The flowers are showy, in terminal racemes with 5 sepals and 5 rose-lavender or (rarely) white petals; the petal lobes are shorter than the broad, bell-shaped, veiny 2 - 3 mm tube. There are usually 2 yellow lines and numerous purple spots in the throat on the tube. The throat is usually lanose (covered in wooly hairs) at the base of the 2 upper petal lobes. There are 4 stamens, didynamous, that include filaments and anthers that are also lanose. The stigmas are elongated. The capsules (dry fruit) are globose or subglobose and will open in a loculicidal (split down the length) fashion.[2]

Distribution

A. obtusifolia is infrequent in all of Florida. It is found across the southeastern Coastal Plain north to Delaware, south to the Florida Keys, and westward to southeastern Louisiana,[3] with disjunct populations in the Eastern Highland Rim and Cumberland Plateau regions of Tennessee and Kentucky.[4]

Ecology

Habitat

In the Coastal Plain it occurs in frequently burned upland pine communities (Ultisols), flatwoods (Spodosols), and wet meadows, savannas, and seepage slopes (pitcher plant bogs) including peaty areas (Histosols). A. obtusifolia also occurs on the margins of these communities,[5] seasonally on shallow calcareous soils of limestone glades in northern Florida, and in oolitic limerock of slash pine rocklands in southern Florida.[6][3]

A. obtusifolia occurs primarily in high light areas maintained by fire or edaphic conditions but will tolerate the partial shade adjacent to open areas. It is tolerant of competition with dense grass and often occurs in conjunction with bunch grasses and sedges. It seems to be limited to native pine and wet prairie communities with minimal soil disturbance, although it can occur on roadsides.[6]

Associated species include Agalinis divaricata, Agalinis filicaulis, Aristida stricta, Pinus palustris, Aristida berichiana, Serenoa repens, Schoenus nigricans, Rhyncospora divergerns, Schoenus nigricans, and Pinus elliottii.[6]

Phenology

A. obtusifolia has been observed to flower in March through November,[6] with peak inflorescence in September and October in northern Florida.[7] It begins fruiting in September through October.[6]

Seed dispersal

This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity.[8]

Seed bank and germination

Length of seed viability within the seed bank is unknown.[9]

Fire ecology

It persists in frequently burned old growth longleaf pine and wiregrass savannas.[6]


Pollination

Pollination occurs by selfing and out-crossing. Specific pollinators have not been documented.[9]

===Herbivory and toxicology=== Agalinis species generally host larvae of the common buckeye butterfly (Junonia coenia) in Florida.[10]


Conservation, cultivation, and restoration

A. obtusifolia is listed as endangered in the states of Kentucky and Maryland, and is listed as extirpated in the state of Pennsylvania. [11]

Cultural use

Photo Gallery

References and notes

  1. ↑ Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
  2. ↑ Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 960. Print.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Godfrey, Robert K. and Jean W. Wooten. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Southeastern United States: Dicotyledons. 1981. University of Georgia Press. 663, 665. Print.
  4. ↑ Sorrie, B. A. and A. S. Weakley 2001. Coastal Plain valcular plant endemics: Phytogeographic patterns. Castanea 66: 50-82.
  5. ↑ Wunderlin, Richard P. and Bruce F. Hansen. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida. Second edition. 2003. University Press of Florida: Gainesville/Tallahassee/Tampa/Boca Raton/Pensacola/Orlando/Miami/Jacksonville/Ft. Myers. 547. Print.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker, W. C. Brumbach, J.M. Canne, Robert K. Godfrey, J. Hays, Richard D. Houk, Ann F. Johnson, Nancy E. Jordan, R. Kral, R. Komarek, S.W. Leonard, Sidney McDaniel, and Alfred Schotz. States and Counties: Florida: Calhoun, Gadsden, Holmes, Jackson, Liberty, Monroe, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, and Walton. Georgia: Baker, Thomas, and Worth.
  7. ↑ PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 15 JAN 2016
  8. ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 [[1]]NatureServe. Accessed: March 22, 2016
  10. ↑ Observation by Roger Hammer in Silver Springs State Park, Marion County, FL. September 2016, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group August 4, 2017.
  11. ↑ USDA Plants Database URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ANGE
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