Difference between revisions of "Bidens bipinnata"
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Common name: Spanish needles | Common name: Spanish needles | ||
==Taxonomic notes== | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| − | Synonyms: none | + | Synonyms: none<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> |
| − | Varieties: | + | Varieties: ''Bidens bipinnata'' var. ''bipinnata''; ''B. bipinnata'' var. ''biternatoides''<ref name=weakley/> |
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
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''B. bipinnata'' is found in marsh and island communities, river bluffs, and pine-oak woodlands. It has also been found in disturbed areas including campgrounds, roadsides, ditches, disturbed coastal hammocks, old fields, and fire line. This species prefers shaded environments and moist sandy soil types like sandy loam, red sandy clay, and loamy sand.<ref name="fsu"/> It does not respond to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests.<ref>Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.</ref> | ''B. bipinnata'' is found in marsh and island communities, river bluffs, and pine-oak woodlands. It has also been found in disturbed areas including campgrounds, roadsides, ditches, disturbed coastal hammocks, old fields, and fire line. This species prefers shaded environments and moist sandy soil types like sandy loam, red sandy clay, and loamy sand.<ref name="fsu"/> It does not respond to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests.<ref>Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.</ref> | ||
| − | Associated species | + | Associated species include ''[[Quercus geminata]], Desmodium ochroleucum, [[Desmodium rotundifolium]], Pinus,'' other ''Quercus'' sp., ''[[Cornus florida]], [[Liquidambar styraciflua]]'', and others.<ref name="fsu"/> |
| − | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting | + | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> |
This species has been observed flowering and fruiting from July to October.<ref name="fsu"/><ref>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 19 MAY 2021</ref> | This species has been observed flowering and fruiting from July to October.<ref name="fsu"/><ref>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 19 MAY 2021</ref> | ||
===Seed dispersal=== | ===Seed dispersal=== | ||
The barbed awns of the seeds allow for the seed to attach to animals and humans and be dispersed far distances.<ref name="illinois"/> | The barbed awns of the seeds allow for the seed to attach to animals and humans and be dispersed far distances.<ref name="illinois"/> | ||
| + | |||
<!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | <!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | ||
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''B. bipinnata'' is a seeder; 70% mortality when subjected to 100% leaf scorch<ref name="fire">[[http://www.firemanager.org.au/node/3870'']]Fire Manager. Accessed: April 4, 2016</ref>. It is fire tolerant and frequent in firebreaks.<ref name="fsu"/> | ''B. bipinnata'' is a seeder; 70% mortality when subjected to 100% leaf scorch<ref name="fire">[[http://www.firemanager.org.au/node/3870'']]Fire Manager. Accessed: April 4, 2016</ref>. It is fire tolerant and frequent in firebreaks.<ref name="fsu"/> | ||
| − | ===Pollination | + | ===Pollination=== |
| − | ''Bidens bipinnataby'' is pollinated by Honeybees, leaf-cutting bees (''Megachile'' spp., ''Coelioxys sayi, Heriades leavitti''), and the butterfly ''Pieris rapae.''<ref name="illinois"/> Additionally, this species has been observed to host pollinators in the | + | ''Bidens bipinnataby'' is pollinated by Honeybees, leaf-cutting bees (''Megachile'' spp., ''Coelioxys sayi, Heriades leavitti''), and the butterfly ''Pieris rapae.''<ref name="illinois"/> Additionally, this species has been observed to host pollinators in the Andrenidae family such as ''Andrena aliciae'' and ''Pseudopanurgus rugosus'', ''Lasioglossum pilosum'' (family Halictidae), as well as insects from the family Membracidae ''Acutalis tartarea'' and ''Entylia carinata''.<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref> |
| + | |||
| + | ===Herbivory and toxicology=== | ||
Caterpillars of moths ''Cirrhophanus triangulifer, Condica confederata, Epiblema otiosana, Palthis asopialis, Platysenta mobilis,'' and ''Synchlora aerata'' feed on the foliage. Leaf beetles ''Calligrapha bidenticola'' and ''Calligrapha californica'' feed on the leaves. The aphid ''Aphis coreopsidis'' sucks juices from the flowering stalks. Seeds are eaten by birds such as the Ring-Necked Pheasant, Bobwhite, Wood Duck, Purple Finch, and Common Redpoll. The foliage is eaten by the cottontail rabbit.<ref name="illinois">[[(http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/spanish_needles.htm]]Illinois Wildflowers. Accessed: April 4, 2016</ref> | Caterpillars of moths ''Cirrhophanus triangulifer, Condica confederata, Epiblema otiosana, Palthis asopialis, Platysenta mobilis,'' and ''Synchlora aerata'' feed on the foliage. Leaf beetles ''Calligrapha bidenticola'' and ''Calligrapha californica'' feed on the leaves. The aphid ''Aphis coreopsidis'' sucks juices from the flowering stalks. Seeds are eaten by birds such as the Ring-Necked Pheasant, Bobwhite, Wood Duck, Purple Finch, and Common Redpoll. The foliage is eaten by the cottontail rabbit.<ref name="illinois">[[(http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/spanish_needles.htm]]Illinois Wildflowers. Accessed: April 4, 2016</ref> | ||
| + | |||
<!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
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==Cultural use== | ==Cultural use== | ||
| + | The plant can be used as a potherb and tends to be abundantly wild in the south.<ref> Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
<gallery widths=180px> | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
Latest revision as of 11:42, 22 May 2023
| Bidens bipinnata | |
|---|---|
| |
| photo by Gil Nelson | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae ⁄ Compositae |
| Genus: | Bidens |
| Species: | B. bipinnata |
| Binomial name | |
| Bidens bipinnata L. | |
| |
| Natural range of Bidens bipinnata from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common name: Spanish needles
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: none[1]
Varieties: Bidens bipinnata var. bipinnata; B. bipinnata var. biternatoides[1]
Description
A description of Bidens bipinnata is provided in The Flora of North America.
B. bipinnata is an annual herb. It tends to be a ruderal, weedy species.[2]
Distribution
Ecology
Habitat
B. bipinnata is found in marsh and island communities, river bluffs, and pine-oak woodlands. It has also been found in disturbed areas including campgrounds, roadsides, ditches, disturbed coastal hammocks, old fields, and fire line. This species prefers shaded environments and moist sandy soil types like sandy loam, red sandy clay, and loamy sand.[2] It does not respond to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests.[3]
Associated species include Quercus geminata, Desmodium ochroleucum, Desmodium rotundifolium, Pinus, other Quercus sp., Cornus florida, Liquidambar styraciflua, and others.[2]
Phenology
This species has been observed flowering and fruiting from July to October.[2][4]
Seed dispersal
The barbed awns of the seeds allow for the seed to attach to animals and humans and be dispersed far distances.[5]
Fire ecology
B. bipinnata is a seeder; 70% mortality when subjected to 100% leaf scorch[6]. It is fire tolerant and frequent in firebreaks.[2]
Pollination
Bidens bipinnataby is pollinated by Honeybees, leaf-cutting bees (Megachile spp., Coelioxys sayi, Heriades leavitti), and the butterfly Pieris rapae.[5] Additionally, this species has been observed to host pollinators in the Andrenidae family such as Andrena aliciae and Pseudopanurgus rugosus, Lasioglossum pilosum (family Halictidae), as well as insects from the family Membracidae Acutalis tartarea and Entylia carinata.[7]
Herbivory and toxicology
Caterpillars of moths Cirrhophanus triangulifer, Condica confederata, Epiblema otiosana, Palthis asopialis, Platysenta mobilis, and Synchlora aerata feed on the foliage. Leaf beetles Calligrapha bidenticola and Calligrapha californica feed on the leaves. The aphid Aphis coreopsidis sucks juices from the flowering stalks. Seeds are eaten by birds such as the Ring-Necked Pheasant, Bobwhite, Wood Duck, Purple Finch, and Common Redpoll. The foliage is eaten by the cottontail rabbit.[5]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
Cultivate in partial sunlight, moist to mesic conditions with fertile loamy soil.[5]
Cultural use
The plant can be used as a potherb and tends to be abundantly wild in the south.[8]
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Bian Tan, Loran C. Anderson, Ed Keppner, Lisa Keppner, Richard S. Mitchell, R.K. Godfrey, R. Kral, Wilson Baker, R. Komarek, Andre F. Clewell, R.A. Norris, and Andre F. Clewell. States and Counties: Florida: Columbia, Wakulla, Bay, Calhoun, Leon, Franklin, Jackson, Jefferson, and Liberty. Georgia: Grady.
- ↑ Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 19 MAY 2021
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 (http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/spanish_needles.htmIllinois Wildflowers. Accessed: April 4, 2016
- ↑ []Fire Manager. Accessed: April 4, 2016
- ↑ Discoverlife.org [1]
- ↑ Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.
