Difference between revisions of "Lachnanthes caroliniana"
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| − | Common name: Carolina | + | Common name: Redroot<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> |
==Taxonomic notes== | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| + | Synonyms: ''Lachnanthes tinctoria'' (J.F. Gmelin) Elliott; ''Gyrotheca tinctoria'' (J.F. Gmelin) Salisbury.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Varieties: none.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| − | ''L. caroliniana'' is a perennial monocot with slender rhizomes and notable red roots. The flower stalk can reach up to three feet tall and has gray hairs along the top <ref name="dep">[[http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/wetlands/delineation/featuredplants/redroot.htm]]Florida Department of Environmental Protection Accessed: January 9, 2016</ref>. | + | ''L. caroliniana'' is a perennial monocot with slender rhizomes and notable red roots. The flower stalk can reach up to three feet tall and has gray hairs along the top.<ref name="dep">[[http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/wetlands/delineation/featuredplants/redroot.htm]]Florida Department of Environmental Protection Accessed: January 9, 2016</ref> |
| + | |||
| + | "Roots and rhizomes red. Stems pubescent only toward the inflorescence, glabrous below. Leaves 0.5-1.5 cm wide. Inflorescence convex. At first very compact and appearing head-like, expanding and become slightly open, the branches corymbosely arranged, each forming a compact helicoids cyme. Sepals 4-7 mm long, less than 1 mm wide, yellowish to brownish; petals 7-9 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, erect or slightly bent outward in age; stamens 3, exserted 1-2 mm, anthers at first straight, curling in age; styles slightly longer than the stamens; ovary inferior. Capsule oblate, 2-5 mm long, dehiscent to base. Seeds blackish brown, circular, 2-2.5 mm in diam., flat, surface uneven."<ref name="Radford et al 1964">Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 323. Print.</ref> | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| − | It can be found in coastal environments from Louisiana to Florida and north to Massachusetts, with disjunct populations in Tennessee, Virginia, and southern Novia Scotia, and can also be found in Cuba <ref name="wildflower">[[http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=LACA5]]Accessed January 9, 2016</ref> | + | It can be found in coastal environments from Louisiana to Florida and north to Massachusetts, with disjunct populations in Tennessee, Virginia, and southern Novia Scotia, and can also be found in Cuba.<ref name="wildflower">[[http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=LACA5]]Accessed January 9, 2016</ref> |
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | Habitats are typically wet, acidic, nutrient poor areas such as mesic and wet flatwoods, wet prairies, and seasonally inundated shorelines <ref name="sararegistry">[[http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/virtual_sara/files/cosewic/sr_Redroot_0810_e.pdf]]COSEWIC Accessed: January 9, 2016</ref> | + | Habitats are typically wet, acidic, nutrient-poor areas such as mesic and wet flatwoods, wet prairies, and seasonally inundated shorelines.<ref name="sararegistry">[[http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/virtual_sara/files/cosewic/sr_Redroot_0810_e.pdf]]COSEWIC Accessed: January 9, 2016</ref> It can commonly be found in disturbed areas such as trails, ditches, fire lanes.<ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: January 2016. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Kathleen Craddock Burks, R. Komarek, Thomas E. Miller, R.A. Norris, Cecil R. Slaughter, Rodie White. States and Counties: Florida: Duval, Lafayette, Osceola, Santa Rosa, St. Johns, St. Lucie, Volusia, Wakulla. Georgia: Grady. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref> and has been observed by Jean Huffman to form dense stands following hog-rooting. |
| + | |||
| + | It can become a serious weed in cranberry bogs and newly established pastures.<ref name="gobotany">[[https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/lachnanthes/caroliniana/]]Go Botany Accessed: January 10, 2016</ref><ref name="ifas">[[https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ag295]]University of Florida IFAS Extension Accessed: January 9, 2016</ref> | ||
| − | + | ''L. caroliniana'' does not respond to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests.<ref>Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.</ref> | |
| + | |||
| + | Associated species include ''Panicum hemitomon, Hypericum edisonianum'', and ''Panicum abscissum''.<ref name="George and Menges 1999">George, B. L. and E. S. Menges (1999). "Dynamics of Woody Bayhead Invasion into Seasonal Ponds in South Central Florida." Castanea 64(2): 130-137.</ref> | ||
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | The white flowers are perfect and actinomorphic with a homoclamydeous imbricate perianth, 3 basifixed stamens, and an inferior, globose, slightly 3-lobed ovary ( | + | The white flowers are perfect and actinomorphic with a homoclamydeous imbricate perianth, 3 basifixed stamens, and an inferior, globose, slightly 3-lobed ovary <ref name="Simpson 1988">Simpson, M. G. (1988). "Embryological Development of Lachnanthes caroliniana (Haemodoraceae)." American Journal of Botany 75(9): 1394-1408.</ref> and arranged in a corymb.<ref name="gobotany"/> The seed is a reddish 3 lobed capsule.<ref name="sararegistry"/> ''L. caroliniana'' has been observed to flower from May to July.<ref>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 12 DEC 2016</ref> |
===Seed dispersal=== | ===Seed dispersal=== | ||
| − | Seeds are dispersed locally by gravity <ref name="sararegistry"/> | + | Seeds are dispersed locally by gravity.<ref name="sararegistry"/> |
===Seed bank and germination=== | ===Seed bank and germination=== | ||
| − | In the southern part of its range, it is capable of producing a substantial seed bank <ref name="sararegistry"/> | + | In the southern part of its range, it is capable of producing a substantial seed bank.<ref name="sararegistry"/> In an ex-situ germination experiment in the marsh banks of southern Georgia, seedling germination was significantly increased by adding nitrogen plus phosphorus to a moist environment.<ref name="Gerritsen and Greening 1989">Gerritsen, J. and H.S. Greening. 1989. Marsh Seed Banks of the Okefenokee Swamp: . Floristic Synthesis of North America (CD-ROM, Draft). Biota of North America Program, Chapel Hill, NC.</ref> |
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | It | + | It is observed growing in a pond pine/titi peat swamp that was burned by a lightning-set wildfire four months previously.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> Hinman and Brewer (2007) observed ''L. caroliniana'' to have a reduction of flowering stalk density following a fire. This study also showed a significant decline between the initial and pre-fire census and a significant increase between the immediate and second post-fire census. |
| + | |||
| + | <!--===Pollination===--> | ||
| + | ===Herbivory and toxicology=== | ||
| + | ''L. caroliniana'' is an important food source to wigeons, gadwalls, pintails, sandhill cranes, and mallards, which eat the seeds and rhizomes (Landers et al. 1976). This species contains photodynamic toxins that limit herbivory by insects and some vertebrates but not waterfowl.<ref name="Kornfeld and Edwards 1972">Kornfeld, J.M. and Edwards, J.M. 1972. Investigation of photodynamic pigments in extracts of Lachnanthes tinctoria. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta 286:88.</ref> ''L. caroliniana'' has been observed to host assassin bugs such as ''Zelus cervicalis'' (family Reduviidae).<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref> | ||
| − | + | Additionally, ''L. caroliniana'' has been observed at the Archbold Biological Station to host the following species:<ref name="Deyrup 2015">Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.</ref> | |
| − | |||
| − | Apidae: ''Apis mellifera, Bombus impatiens, B. pennsylvanicus, Mellisodes communis'' | + | Bees from the family Apidae: ''Apis mellifera, Bombus impatiens, B. pennsylvanicus, Mellisodes communis'' |
| − | Halictidae: ''Agapostemon splendens, Augochloropsis metallica, A. sumptuosa, Lasioglossum coreopsis, L. nelumbonis'' | + | Sweat bees from the family Halictidae: ''Agapostemon splendens, Augochloropsis metallica, A. sumptuosa, Lasioglossum coreopsis, L. nelumbonis'' |
| − | Megachilidae: ''Anthidiellum perplexum, Anthidium maculifrons, Coelioxys mexicana, C. octodentata, C. sayi, Megachile albitarsis, M. brevis pseudobrevis, M. georgica, M. mendica, M. petulans, M. texana'' | + | Leafcutting bees from the family Megachilidae: ''Anthidiellum perplexum, Anthidium maculifrons, Coelioxys mexicana, C. octodentata, C. sayi, Megachile albitarsis, M. brevis pseudobrevis, M. georgica, M. mendica, M. petulans, M. texana'' |
| − | Sphecidae: ''Philanthus ventilabris'' | + | Thread-waisted wasps from the family Sphecidae: ''Philanthus ventilabris'' |
| − | Vespidae: ''Polistes bellicosus, P. fuscatus'' | + | Wasps from the family Vespidae: ''Polistes bellicosus, P. fuscatus'' |
| + | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
| − | === | + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== |
| − | + | Eutrophication from agriculture and urbanization has had a detrimental impact on Coastal Plain plant communities in Long Island and New Jersey.<ref name="Zaremba and Lamont 1993"> Zaremba, R.E. and E.E. Lamont. 1993. The status of the Coastal Plain Pondshore community in New York. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 120:180-187.</ref> | |
| − | + | In Nova Scotia, it is listed as a threatened species.<ref name="wildflower"/> | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | == | + | ==Cultural use== |
| − | Historically, it was used by Native Americans as a narcotic and to treat ailments | + | Historically, it was used by Native Americans as a narcotic and to treat ailments.<ref name="Millspaugh 1887">Millspaugh, C.F. 1887. American Medicinal Plants. Caxton Press of Sherman, Philadelphia.</ref> |
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
| Line 78: | Line 89: | ||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
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Hinman, S. E. and J. S. Brewer (2007). "Responses of Two Frequently-Burned Wet Pine Savannas to an Extended Period without Fire." The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 134(4): 512-526. | Hinman, S. E. and J. S. Brewer (2007). "Responses of Two Frequently-Burned Wet Pine Savannas to an Extended Period without Fire." The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 134(4): 512-526. | ||
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Landers, J. L., A. S. Johnson, et al. (1976). "Duck Foods in Managed Tidal Impoundments in South Carolina." The Journal of Wildlife Management 40(4): 721-728. | Landers, J. L., A. S. Johnson, et al. (1976). "Duck Foods in Managed Tidal Impoundments in South Carolina." The Journal of Wildlife Management 40(4): 721-728. | ||
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| − | |||
Nichols, G.E. 1934. The influence of exposure to winter temperatures on seed germination in various native North American plants. Ecology 15:364-373. | Nichols, G.E. 1934. The influence of exposure to winter temperatures on seed germination in various native North American plants. Ecology 15:364-373. | ||
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Latest revision as of 13:21, 14 July 2022
| Lachnanthes caroliniana | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo taken by Gil Nelson | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Liliopsida – Monocotyledons |
| Order: | Liliales |
| Family: | Haemodoraceae |
| Genus: | Lachnanthes |
| Species: | L. caroliniana |
| Binomial name | |
| Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy | |
| |
| Natural range of Lachnanthes caroliniana from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common name: Redroot[1]
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: Lachnanthes tinctoria (J.F. Gmelin) Elliott; Gyrotheca tinctoria (J.F. Gmelin) Salisbury.[1]
Varieties: none.[1]
Description
L. caroliniana is a perennial monocot with slender rhizomes and notable red roots. The flower stalk can reach up to three feet tall and has gray hairs along the top.[2]
"Roots and rhizomes red. Stems pubescent only toward the inflorescence, glabrous below. Leaves 0.5-1.5 cm wide. Inflorescence convex. At first very compact and appearing head-like, expanding and become slightly open, the branches corymbosely arranged, each forming a compact helicoids cyme. Sepals 4-7 mm long, less than 1 mm wide, yellowish to brownish; petals 7-9 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, erect or slightly bent outward in age; stamens 3, exserted 1-2 mm, anthers at first straight, curling in age; styles slightly longer than the stamens; ovary inferior. Capsule oblate, 2-5 mm long, dehiscent to base. Seeds blackish brown, circular, 2-2.5 mm in diam., flat, surface uneven."[3]
Distribution
It can be found in coastal environments from Louisiana to Florida and north to Massachusetts, with disjunct populations in Tennessee, Virginia, and southern Novia Scotia, and can also be found in Cuba.[4]
Ecology
Habitat
Habitats are typically wet, acidic, nutrient-poor areas such as mesic and wet flatwoods, wet prairies, and seasonally inundated shorelines.[5] It can commonly be found in disturbed areas such as trails, ditches, fire lanes.[6] and has been observed by Jean Huffman to form dense stands following hog-rooting.
It can become a serious weed in cranberry bogs and newly established pastures.[7][8]
L. caroliniana does not respond to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests.[9]
Associated species include Panicum hemitomon, Hypericum edisonianum, and Panicum abscissum.[10]
Phenology
The white flowers are perfect and actinomorphic with a homoclamydeous imbricate perianth, 3 basifixed stamens, and an inferior, globose, slightly 3-lobed ovary [11] and arranged in a corymb.[7] The seed is a reddish 3 lobed capsule.[5] L. caroliniana has been observed to flower from May to July.[12]
Seed dispersal
Seeds are dispersed locally by gravity.[5]
Seed bank and germination
In the southern part of its range, it is capable of producing a substantial seed bank.[5] In an ex-situ germination experiment in the marsh banks of southern Georgia, seedling germination was significantly increased by adding nitrogen plus phosphorus to a moist environment.[13]
Fire ecology
It is observed growing in a pond pine/titi peat swamp that was burned by a lightning-set wildfire four months previously.[6] Hinman and Brewer (2007) observed L. caroliniana to have a reduction of flowering stalk density following a fire. This study also showed a significant decline between the initial and pre-fire census and a significant increase between the immediate and second post-fire census.
Herbivory and toxicology
L. caroliniana is an important food source to wigeons, gadwalls, pintails, sandhill cranes, and mallards, which eat the seeds and rhizomes (Landers et al. 1976). This species contains photodynamic toxins that limit herbivory by insects and some vertebrates but not waterfowl.[14] L. caroliniana has been observed to host assassin bugs such as Zelus cervicalis (family Reduviidae).[15]
Additionally, L. caroliniana has been observed at the Archbold Biological Station to host the following species:[16]
Bees from the family Apidae: Apis mellifera, Bombus impatiens, B. pennsylvanicus, Mellisodes communis
Sweat bees from the family Halictidae: Agapostemon splendens, Augochloropsis metallica, A. sumptuosa, Lasioglossum coreopsis, L. nelumbonis
Leafcutting bees from the family Megachilidae: Anthidiellum perplexum, Anthidium maculifrons, Coelioxys mexicana, C. octodentata, C. sayi, Megachile albitarsis, M. brevis pseudobrevis, M. georgica, M. mendica, M. petulans, M. texana
Thread-waisted wasps from the family Sphecidae: Philanthus ventilabris
Wasps from the family Vespidae: Polistes bellicosus, P. fuscatus
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
Eutrophication from agriculture and urbanization has had a detrimental impact on Coastal Plain plant communities in Long Island and New Jersey.[17]
In Nova Scotia, it is listed as a threatened species.[4]
Cultural use
Historically, it was used by Native Americans as a narcotic and to treat ailments.[18]
Photo Gallery
Lachnanthes caroliana Photo by Michelle Smith
Pensacola, FL.
References and notes
Hinman, S. E. and J. S. Brewer (2007). "Responses of Two Frequently-Burned Wet Pine Savannas to an Extended Period without Fire." The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 134(4): 512-526.
Landers, J. L., A. S. Johnson, et al. (1976). "Duck Foods in Managed Tidal Impoundments in South Carolina." The Journal of Wildlife Management 40(4): 721-728.
Nichols, G.E. 1934. The influence of exposure to winter temperatures on seed germination in various native North American plants. Ecology 15:364-373.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ [[1]]Florida Department of Environmental Protection Accessed: January 9, 2016
- ↑ Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 323. Print.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 [[2]]Accessed January 9, 2016
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 [[3]]COSEWIC Accessed: January 9, 2016
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: January 2016. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Kathleen Craddock Burks, R. Komarek, Thomas E. Miller, R.A. Norris, Cecil R. Slaughter, Rodie White. States and Counties: Florida: Duval, Lafayette, Osceola, Santa Rosa, St. Johns, St. Lucie, Volusia, Wakulla. Georgia: Grady. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 [[4]]Go Botany Accessed: January 10, 2016
- ↑ [[5]]University of Florida IFAS Extension Accessed: January 9, 2016
- ↑ Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.
- ↑ George, B. L. and E. S. Menges (1999). "Dynamics of Woody Bayhead Invasion into Seasonal Ponds in South Central Florida." Castanea 64(2): 130-137.
- ↑ Simpson, M. G. (1988). "Embryological Development of Lachnanthes caroliniana (Haemodoraceae)." American Journal of Botany 75(9): 1394-1408.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 12 DEC 2016
- ↑ Gerritsen, J. and H.S. Greening. 1989. Marsh Seed Banks of the Okefenokee Swamp: . Floristic Synthesis of North America (CD-ROM, Draft). Biota of North America Program, Chapel Hill, NC.
- ↑ Kornfeld, J.M. and Edwards, J.M. 1972. Investigation of photodynamic pigments in extracts of Lachnanthes tinctoria. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta 286:88.
- ↑ Discoverlife.org [6]
- ↑ Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.
- ↑ Zaremba, R.E. and E.E. Lamont. 1993. The status of the Coastal Plain Pondshore community in New York. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 120:180-187.
- ↑ Millspaugh, C.F. 1887. American Medicinal Plants. Caxton Press of Sherman, Philadelphia.
