Euthamia caroliniana
| Euthamia caroliniana | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo taken by Gil Nelson | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae ⁄ Compositae |
| Genus: | Euthamia |
| Species: | E. caroliniana |
| Binomial name | |
| Euthamia caroliniana (L.) Greene ex Porter & Britton | |
| |
| Natural range of Euthamia caroliniana from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common names: Slender goldentop; Slender flattop goldenrod; Coastal Plain goldentop
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: Solidago microcephala (Nuttall) Bush; Solidago tenuifolia Pursh; Euthamia tenuifolia (Pursh) Nuttall var. microcephala Nuttall; E. tenuifolia var. tenuifolia; Solidago tenuifolia var. tenuifolia; Solidago tenuifolia; E. tenuifolia; E. minor (Michaux) Greene; E. minor; E. tenuifolia (Pursh) Nuttall
Description
A description of Euthamia caroliniana is provided in The Flora of North America. Overall, it has grass-like leaves that contain tiny resin dots as well as only one vein or rib.[1] It grows up to a meter tall from a branched and creeping rhizome. Inflorescence contains 10 to 20 flowers.[2]
Distribution
E. caroliniana is distributed from southern Maine south to southern Florida and west to southeastern Louisiana, and mainly along the southeast coastal plain. However, its distribution does extend into the Piedmont in some areas.[3] It is also native to the Nova Scotia province in Canada.[4]
Ecology
Habitat
Generally, E. caroliniana is found in moist forests, pine savannas, pastures, ditches, and other disturbed areas.[3] It has been observed in a range of habitats including roadsides, pine flatwoods, barren sandhills, poorly drained areas, boggy margins, exposed sand in sparse woods, and other disturbed areas like roadside ditches. Soils observed are dry sand and various sandy loam.[5]
Associated species include Liatris laevigata, Liatris gracilis, Polygonella polygama, Polygonella gracilis, Diodia teres, Diodia virginiana, Croptilion sp., Sisyrinchium sp., Dalea sp., Solidago sp., Acalypha gracilens, Chrysopsis lanuginosa, Rubus cuneifolius, Hypericum gentianoides, Trichostema dichotomum, Eupatorium compositifolium, and others.[5]
Phenology
It generally flowers from September to December as well as sometimes in August.[3] E. caroliniana has been observed to flower in September and October.[6]
Seed dispersal
This species is thought to be dispersed by wind. [7]
Seed bank and germination
Forms a persistent soil seed bank. [8]
Pollination
The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of Euthamia caroliniana at Archbold Biological Station. [9]
Andrenidae: Andrena fulvipennis
Apidae: Apis mellifera, Bombus impatiens, Epeolus carolinus
Colletidae: Colletes mandibularis, C. simulans, C. thysanellae, Hylaeus confluens
Halictidae: Agapostemon splendens, Augochlorella aurata, Halictus poeyi, Lasioglossum nymphalis, L. placidensis, L. puteulanum, Sphecodes heraclei
Leucospidae: Leucospis affinis, L. affinis, L. robertsoni, L. slossonae
Megachilidae: Anthidiellum perplexum, Coelioxys dolichos, C. octodentata, C. sayi, Megachile albitarsis, M. mendica
Pompilidae: Anoplius atrox, A. marginalis, Paracyphonyx funereus
Sphecidae: Ammophila pictipennis, Anacrabro ocellatus, Bembix sayi, Cerceris blakei, Ectemnius rufipes ais, Epinysson mellipes, Isodontia exornata, Liris beata, Microbembex monodonta, Palmodes dimidiatus, Philanthus politus, P. ventilabris, Prionyx thomae, Tachysphex similis, Tachytes validus
Vespidae: Euodynerus boscii boharti, E. hidalgo, Pachodynerus erynnis, Parancistrocerus salcularis rufulus, Polistes bellicosus, P. carolina, P. dorsalis hunteri, P. fuscatus, P. perplexus, Zethus slossonae, Z. spinipes
Other members of the Hymenoptera order observed to pollinate E. caroliniana include Dialictus nymphalis, D. placidensis, D. tegulairs, Halictus ligatus, Tripeolus georgicus, and Xylocopa micans.[10][11] Overall, this species is recognized by pollination ecologists to be of special value for native bees since it attracts large numbers of native bees for pollination.[1]
Use by animals
It consists of approximately 2-5% of the diet for large mammals, small mammlas, and various terrestrial birds.[12]
Conservation and management
This species is listed as threatened by the Maine Department of Conservation, Natural Areas Program, and by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.[4]
Cultivation and restoration
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 [[1]] Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Accessed: May 13, 2019
- ↑ [[2]] NatureServe Explorer. Accessed: May 13, 2019
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 USDA, NRCS. (2016). The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 13 May 2019). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: May 2019. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker, - Boothes, Andre F. Clewell, Angus Gholson, Robert K. Godfrey, Faith Jackson, R. Komarek, T. MacClendon, Leon Neel, and R. A. Norris. States and Counties: Florida: Calhoun, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Jackson, Lafayette, Leon, Liberty, Nassau, Wakulla, and Washington. Georgia: Baker, Grady, and Thomas. South Carolina: Richland.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 9 DEC 2016
- ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
- ↑ Navarra, J. J., N. Kohfeldt, et al. (2011). "Seed bank changes with time since fire in Florida rosemary scrub." Fire Ecology 7(2).
- ↑ Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.
- ↑ Deyrup, M. J. E., and Beth Norden (2002). "The diversity and floral hosts of bees at the Archbold Biological Station, Florida (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)." Insecta mundi 16(1-3).
- ↑ Hall, H. G. a. J. S. A. (2010). "Surveys of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) in natural areas of Alachua County in north-central Florida." The Florida Entomologist 93(4): 609-629.
- ↑ Miller, J.H., and K.V. Miller. 1999. Forest plants of the southeast and their wildlife uses. Southern Weed Science Society.
