Difference between revisions of "Aristida stricta"

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==Conservation and management==
 
==Conservation and management==
 
''A. stricta'' has been observed to be negatively affected by soil disturbance.<ref name= Hebb> Hebb, E. A. (1971). Site preparation decreases game food plants in Florida sandhills. Journal of Wildlife Management 35: 155-162.</ref><ref> Kirkman, L. K., K. L. Coffey, et al. (2004). "Ground cover recovery patterns and life-history traits: implications for restoration obstacles and opportunities in a species-rich savanna." Journal of Ecology 92(3): 409-421.</ref> ''A. stricta'' has also been observed to have a negative association with agricultural history and a positive association with burning frequency.<ref> C. W. Hedman, S. L. G., and S.E. King (2000). Vegetation composition and structure of southern coastal plain pine forests: an ecological comparison. Forest Ecology and Management 134: 233-247.</ref> One study observed that ''A. stricta'' has lowest mortality when hexazinone (a herbicide) is used during dry times and when chopping is performed with high soil moisture when using these methods.<ref name= Outcalt> Outcalt, K. W. (1992). "Factors affecting wiregrass (Aristida stricta Michx.) cover on uncut and site prepared sandhills areas in Central Florida. Ecological Engineering 1: 245-251.</ref> During one study ''A. stricta'' was subject to double chopping which drastically reduced its numbers and did not allow it recover even several years after the damage.<ref>Hebb, E. A. (1971). "Site preparation decreases game food plants in Florida sandhills." Journal of Wildlife Management 35: 155-162.</ref> Aboveground damage to clones can be healed but serious root damage commonly leads to death.<ref name= Outcalt/>
 
''A. stricta'' has been observed to be negatively affected by soil disturbance.<ref name= Hebb> Hebb, E. A. (1971). Site preparation decreases game food plants in Florida sandhills. Journal of Wildlife Management 35: 155-162.</ref><ref> Kirkman, L. K., K. L. Coffey, et al. (2004). "Ground cover recovery patterns and life-history traits: implications for restoration obstacles and opportunities in a species-rich savanna." Journal of Ecology 92(3): 409-421.</ref> ''A. stricta'' has also been observed to have a negative association with agricultural history and a positive association with burning frequency.<ref> C. W. Hedman, S. L. G., and S.E. King (2000). Vegetation composition and structure of southern coastal plain pine forests: an ecological comparison. Forest Ecology and Management 134: 233-247.</ref> One study observed that ''A. stricta'' has lowest mortality when hexazinone (a herbicide) is used during dry times and when chopping is performed with high soil moisture when using these methods.<ref name= Outcalt> Outcalt, K. W. (1992). "Factors affecting wiregrass (Aristida stricta Michx.) cover on uncut and site prepared sandhills areas in Central Florida. Ecological Engineering 1: 245-251.</ref> During one study ''A. stricta'' was subject to double chopping which drastically reduced its numbers and did not allow it recover even several years after the damage.<ref>Hebb, E. A. (1971). "Site preparation decreases game food plants in Florida sandhills." Journal of Wildlife Management 35: 155-162.</ref> Aboveground damage to clones can be healed but serious root damage commonly leads to death.<ref name= Outcalt/>
−
The impact of site preparation on ''A. stricta'' can be reduced by using single-pass treatments, specifically with a single-drum chopper.<ref name= Outcalt90>Outcalt, K.W. and C.E. Lewis. 1990. Response of wiregrass (Aristida stricta) to mechanical site preparation. In L.C. Duever and R.F. Noss (Editors). Proceedings of a symposium on wiregrass biology and management, October 13, 1988, Valdosta, Georgia. KBN Engineering and Applied Sciences, Gainesville, Florida. 12 pages.</ref> Single pass treatments can still diminish ''A. stricta'' long-term but double chopping, rootraking, and disking practices can eradicate ''A. stricta'' from an area for decades.<ref name=Outcalt90/> One study observed five years after 1-2 disking treatments, ''A. stricta'' returned to its original amount.<ref name=Outcalt90/> These soil disturbances cause exposure and extreme dryness of roots which damage and kill ''A. stricta''.<ref name=Outcalt90/>
+
The impact of site preparation on ''A. stricta'' can be reduced by using single-pass treatments, specifically with a single-drum chopper.<ref name= Outcalt90>Outcalt, K.W. and C.E. Lewis. 1990. Response of wiregrass (Aristida stricta) to mechanical site preparation. In L.C. Duever and R.F. Noss (Editors). Proceedings of a symposium on wiregrass biology and management, October 13, 1988, Valdosta, Georgia. KBN Engineering and Applied Sciences, Gainesville, Florida. 12 pages.</ref> Single pass treatments can still diminish ''A. stricta'' in the long-term but double chopping, rootraking, and disking practices can eradicate ''A. stricta'' from an area for decades.<ref name=Outcalt90/> One study observed five years after 1-2 disking treatments, ''A. stricta'' returned to its original amount.<ref name=Outcalt90/> These soil disturbances cause exposure and extreme dryness of roots which damage and kill ''A. stricta''.<ref name=Outcalt90/>
 
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Revision as of 10:07, 19 December 2016

Aristida stricta
Aris stri.jpg
Photo by John R. Gwaltney, Southeastern Flora.com
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Tracheophyta - Vascular plants
Class: Lilianae - Monoctyledons
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Aristida
Species: A. stricta
Binomial name
Aristida stricta
L.
ARIS STRI 2 dist.jpg
Natural range of Aristida stricta from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Common names: Threeawn, Wiregrass

Taxonomic notes

Synonyms: A. beyrichiana Trin. & Rupr.; A. stricta var. stricta Michx.

Description

A. stricta is a cespitose (growing in dense clumps or mats) perennial bunch grass ranging in size up to 15 cm across at the base.[1] The blades are narrow, flat, involuted, and appear to be round like wire.[1] The leaves are rigid yet bendable and generally 0.5m long.[1] There are 2-3 leaves in each tiller.[2] The shallow, dense, wiry roots are adept at taking in nutrients.[1] It maintains an approximate density of five clumps per square meter.[1] The seeds are translucent brown, rough in texture, cylindrical like in shape but narrow at the ends, 4.5 mm in length and 0.4 mm in width.[1] Basal growth and flowering of A. stricta can be facilitated by surrounding groundcover and longleaf pines in sandhill and seepage slope habitats.[3] The closer A. stricta is to long leaf pines, the greater its potential reproductive output and biomass because of shade provided by long leafs which effects temperature, humidity, and water loss in the soil.[3][4][5][6][7]

Distribution

A. stricta is found in areas adjacent to the Coastal Plain, in the Piedmont areas in northeast North Carolina to northeast South Carolina and also in Florida, Georgia, southern Alabama, and southeast Mississippi.[8][9]

Ecology

A. stricta used to be the keystone species of the Coastal Plain in the Carolinas but is no longer due to loss of habitat.[8] The foliage of A. stricta helps lightning-set fires to spread and thereby maintain habitats, pine savannas, sandhills, and pine flatwoods.[8] Although, those habitats are not common due to agriculture, pine farms, and development.[8] Fire suppression and ground (soil) disturbance has led to a rapid decline in A. stricta’s population throughout the Coastal Plain.[8] Weakley mentions Ward (2001) proposes there is varietal status for A. stricta and A. beyrichiana, see Weakley’s most recently updated guide. Wunderlin and Hansen (2011) mention that the Aristida stricta, in Florida, is var. beyrichiana.[10] A. stricta is important in longleaf ecosystem restoration because of the critical role it serves by increasing water holding capacity, improving soil structure, and providing a fuel source for fire.[3] [11] [12]

Habitat

Aristida stricta is considered to be an indicator species for native plant communities of pine-grasslands in the Coastal Plain within its natural geographic and edaphic distribution due to its high sensitivity to soil disturbance.[13] It is present in infertile sands such as inadequately drained flatwoods soils and exceptionally drained sandhill soils.[1][14]

Phenology

A. stricta can flower throughout the year[15], although it typically flowers only following late spring-summer (April-August) fires, beginning in the late summer or autumn of the same year.[10] Flowering has also been observed to be induced by disturbances other than fire, including transplanting, partial damage to roots from ploughed firelines or track-laying vehicles, or defoliation (removal of leaves), but not defoliation alone.[2] The highest amount of inflorescence has been observed to occur in August and September following a May burn and after growing season fires.[2] [16]

Seed dispersal

Aristida stricta disperses by gravity.[17]

Seed bank and germination

Seed viability falls out between 100–120˚C.[2] Typically seed viability can last up to four months.[18] Short-term seed persistence can occur in the soil.[19] Requires high temperature for germination (30–35˚C).[20] Successful germination occurs when seeds are buried less than 2 cm.[18] Following fire, seeds that are year old may germinate right away, whereas those four months old could take another hundred days to germinate.[2] Dry seed has a higher tolerance of heat than moist seed.[2] Summer burning triggers effective flowering.[1] The month of burn appears to affect the abundance of reproductive tiller (growth unit that gives rise to a stem, seedhead, roots, and leaves),[21] with May having the highest amount.[2] One study found that seedlings only occurred when the area was burned in the lightning season.[18] Germination rate and seedling count are highest in July and May.[22]

Fire ecology

A. stricta is very flammable because of its highly fibrous leaf structure, vast amount of leaves, and duration of dead leaves which do not detach quickly.[1] A. stricta can withstand fire suppression for 20 or 40 years.[1] However, the sexual reproduction of A. stricta relies on fire for its persistence.[23] A. stricta grows up to 2.5 cm per day following fire.[2] Low intensity fires cause production of more culms (stems) per clump of A. stricta.[16] The spatial variation of fire intensity may have a high impact on A. stricta recruitment patterns.[16] With the correct fire regime a population of A. stricta can survive indefinitely, possibly germinating from seeds thousands of years ago,[1] although they can be killed by unusually severe fires.[24]

Use by animals

A few weeks following fire, newly resprouted blades are palatable to cattle but afterwards become unappealing to grazers as they mature.[2][25]

Conservation and management

A. stricta has been observed to be negatively affected by soil disturbance.[26][27] A. stricta has also been observed to have a negative association with agricultural history and a positive association with burning frequency.[28] One study observed that A. stricta has lowest mortality when hexazinone (a herbicide) is used during dry times and when chopping is performed with high soil moisture when using these methods.[11] During one study A. stricta was subject to double chopping which drastically reduced its numbers and did not allow it recover even several years after the damage.[29] Aboveground damage to clones can be healed but serious root damage commonly leads to death.[11] The impact of site preparation on A. stricta can be reduced by using single-pass treatments, specifically with a single-drum chopper.[14] Single pass treatments can still diminish A. stricta in the long-term but double chopping, rootraking, and disking practices can eradicate A. stricta from an area for decades.[14] One study observed five years after 1-2 disking treatments, A. stricta returned to its original amount.[14] These soil disturbances cause exposure and extreme dryness of roots which damage and kill A. stricta.[14]

Photo Gallery

References and notes

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 Clewell, A. F. (1989). Natural History of Wiregrass (Aristida stricta Michx., Gramineae). Natural Areas Journal 9: 223-233.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Parrott, R. T. (1967). A study of wiregrass (Aristida stricta Mitchx.) with particular reference to fire, MA Thesis, Duke University: 137.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Wallett, W. D. (2015). Neighborhood interactions of an understory dominant, Aristida stricta, along a soil resource gradient of the long leaf pine ecosystem. Biological Sciences Murray, Murray State University Master of Science 74.
  4. ↑ Callaway, R.M. (2007) Positive Interactions and Interdependence in Plant Communities. Springer, Dordrecht.
  5. ↑ Callaway, R.M., & Walker, L.R. (1997) Competition and facilitation: a synthetic approach to Interactions in plant communities. Ecology, 78, 1958–1965.
  6. ↑ Espeleta, J., West, J., & Donovan, L. (2004). Species-specific patterns of hydraulic lift in co-occurring adult trees and grasses in a sandhill community. Oecologia, 138, 341-349.
  7. ↑ McGuire, J.P., Mitchell, R.J., Moser, E.B., Pecot, S.D., Gjerstad, D.H., & Hedman, C.W. (2001). Gaps in a gappy forest: plant resources, longleaf pine regeneration, and understory response to tree removal in longleaf pine savannas. Can. J. For. Res. 31, 765–778.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Weakley, Alan S. Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States: Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina Herbarium (NCU). PDF. 358; 360.
  9. ↑ USDA, NRCS. 2016. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 5 December 2016). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Wunderlin, Richard P. and Bruce F. Hansen. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida. Third edition. 2011. University Press of Florida: Gainesville/Tallahassee/Tampa/Boca Raton/Pensacola/Orlando/Miami/Jacksonville/Ft. Myers. 178. Print.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Outcalt, K. W. (1992). "Factors affecting wiregrass (Aristida stricta Michx.) cover on uncut and site prepared sandhills areas in Central Florida. Ecological Engineering 1: 245-251.
  12. ↑ Clewell, A. F. (1989). "Natural History of Wiregrass (Aristida stricta Michx., Gramineae)." Natural Areas Journal 9: 223-233.
  13. ↑ Ostertag, T.E., and K.M. Robertson. 2007. A comparison of native versus old-field vegetation in upland pinelands managed with frequent fire, South Georgia, USA. Pages 109–120 in R.E. Masters and K.E.M. Galley (eds.). Proceedings of the 23rd Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference: Fire in Grassland and Shrubland Ecosystems.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Outcalt, K.W. and C.E. Lewis. 1990. Response of wiregrass (Aristida stricta) to mechanical site preparation. In L.C. Duever and R.F. Noss (Editors). Proceedings of a symposium on wiregrass biology and management, October 13, 1988, Valdosta, Georgia. KBN Engineering and Applied Sciences, Gainesville, Florida. 12 pages.
  15. ↑ Nelson, G. Panflora: Plant database for the eastern United States with an emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida pandhandle. Accessed 5 DEC 2016.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Jeff S. Glitzenstein, D. R. S., William J. Platt (1995). Evaluating the effects of season burn on vegetation in longleaf pine savannas Tallahassee, Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Comission.
  17. ↑ Kay Kirkman, unpublished data, 2015.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 McGee, A. J. (1997). Seed ecology of bunchgrasses of longleaf pine - wiregrass communities at Fort Stewart, Georgia. Biology. Statesboro, Georgia Southern University. Master of Science: 85.
  19. ↑ Coffey, K. L. and L. K. Kirkman (2006). "Seed germination strategies of species with restoration potential in a fire-maintained pine savanna." Natural Areas Journal 26: 289-299.
  20. ↑ Andreu, M. G., C. W. Hedman, et al. 2009. "Can managers bank on seed banks when restoring Pinus taeda L. plantations in Southwest Georgia?" Restoration Ecology. Vol 17. pgs 586-596.
  21. ↑ Trlica, M. J. (1999). "Grass growth and response to grazing ". from http://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/natural-resources/grass-growth-and-response-to-grazing-6-108/.
  22. ↑ Eerden, B. P. V. (1997). Studies on the reproductive biology of wiregrass (Aristida stricta Michaux) in the Carolina sandhills. Athens, University of Georgia. Master of Science: 89.
  23. ↑ Jennifer M. Fill, et al. (2012). The reproductive response of an endemic bunchgrass indicates historical timing of a keystone process. Ecosphere 3: 1-12.
  24. ↑ Robertson, Kevin M. 2015. Unpublished data from the Pebble Hill Fire Plots (Pebble Hill Plantation, near Thomasville, Georgia) indicating death of some genetic individuals of A. stricta after a prescribed burn in June after five years without fire.
  25. ↑ Lewis, C. E. (1970). Responses to chopping and rock phosphate on south Florida ranges. Journal of Range Management 23: 276-282.
  26. ↑ Hebb, E. A. (1971). Site preparation decreases game food plants in Florida sandhills. Journal of Wildlife Management 35: 155-162.
  27. ↑ Kirkman, L. K., K. L. Coffey, et al. (2004). "Ground cover recovery patterns and life-history traits: implications for restoration obstacles and opportunities in a species-rich savanna." Journal of Ecology 92(3): 409-421.
  28. ↑ C. W. Hedman, S. L. G., and S.E. King (2000). Vegetation composition and structure of southern coastal plain pine forests: an ecological comparison. Forest Ecology and Management 134: 233-247.
  29. ↑ Hebb, E. A. (1971). "Site preparation decreases game food plants in Florida sandhills." Journal of Wildlife Management 35: 155-162.
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