Difference between revisions of "Calopogon tuberosus"

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''C. tuberosus'' is common in savannas, sandhill seeps, floating peat mats, and other regions during April to September. <ref name= "Weakley"/> A variety of other habitats that this orchid can been found include, marl prairies, pine flatwoods, roadsides, fens, and bogs. <ref name= "kauth">Kauth, P. J., et al. (2011). "Comparative in vitro germination ecology of Calopogon tuberosus var. tuberosus (Orchidaceae) across its geographic range." The Society for In Vitro Biology: 148-156. </ref> Specimens of ''C. tuberosus'' have been collected from moist loamy sand of savanna like longleaf pine regions, and wet seepage areas. <ref name = "FSU herbarium"> Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: March 2019. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Robert K. Godfrey, R. Komarek, R. A. Norris, and Rodie White. States and Counties: Florida: Franklin, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Taylor, and Wakulla. Georgia: Grady and Thomas.</ref>
 
''C. tuberosus'' is common in savannas, sandhill seeps, floating peat mats, and other regions during April to September. <ref name= "Weakley"/> A variety of other habitats that this orchid can been found include, marl prairies, pine flatwoods, roadsides, fens, and bogs. <ref name= "kauth">Kauth, P. J., et al. (2011). "Comparative in vitro germination ecology of Calopogon tuberosus var. tuberosus (Orchidaceae) across its geographic range." The Society for In Vitro Biology: 148-156. </ref> Specimens of ''C. tuberosus'' have been collected from moist loamy sand of savanna like longleaf pine regions, and wet seepage areas. <ref name = "FSU herbarium"> Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: March 2019. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Robert K. Godfrey, R. Komarek, R. A. Norris, and Rodie White. States and Counties: Florida: Franklin, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Taylor, and Wakulla. Georgia: Grady and Thomas.</ref>
  
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Associated species: ''Arnoglossum'' sp., ''Lycopodiella'' sp., ''Rhynchospora'' sp., ''Juncus'' sp., ''Utricularia'' sp., ''Cliftonia monophylla'', ''Sarracenia leucophylla'', ''Syngonanthus flavidulus'', ''Eriocaulon compressum'', ''Lachnocaulon anceps'', ''Drosera capillaris'', and ''Drosera tracyi''.<ref name= "FSU herbarium"/>
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Associated species: ''Arnoglossum'' sp., ''Lycopodiella'' sp., ''Rhynchospora'' sp., ''Juncus'' sp., ''Utricularia'' sp., ''Cliftonia monophylla'', ''Sarracenia leucophylla'', ''Syngonanthus flavidulus'', ''Eriocaulon compressum'', ''Lachnocaulon anceps'', ''Drosera capillaris'', ''Drosera tracyi'', ''Xyris torta'', ''Solidago patula'', ''Chasmanthium laxum'', ''Pyrus arbutifolia'', and ''Rhododendron canescens''.<ref name= "FSU herbarium"/><ref name= "Morris"> Morris, M. W. (1989). "Noteworthy vascular plants from Grenada county, Mississippi." SIDA, Contributions to Botany 13(2):177-186.</ref>
  
 
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
 
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->

Revision as of 13:47, 29 March 2019

Common Names: Tuberosus Grasspink[1]; Grass Pink Orchid[2]; Common Grass-pink[3]

Calopogon tuberosus
Calopogon tuberosus AFP.jpg
Photo by the Atlas of Florida Plants Database
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
Class: Liliopsida - Moncots
Order: Orchidales
Family: Orchidaceae
Genus: Calopogon
Species: C. tuberosus
Binomial name
Calopogon tuberosus
L
CALO TUBE DIST.JPG
Natural range of Calopogon tuberosus from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Taxonomic Notes

Synonyms: Calopogon pulchellus R. Brown; Limodorum tuberosum Linnaeus

Varieties: Calopogon tuberosus (Linnaeus) Britton, Sterns, & Poggenburg var. tuberosus; Calopogon tuberosus (Linnaeus) Britton, Sterns, & Poggenburg var. simpsonii (Chapman) Magrath

The genus Calopogon is derived from the Greek words meaning beautiful beard.[4]

Description

C. tuberosus is a perennial forb/herb in the Orchidaceae family native to North America.[1] The prominent hairs, called the Beard, on the lip of the petal as well as the sweet fragrance from the flower are the main identifying features.[4] The plant originates from a small ovoid corm that has many fibrous roots. Leaves 1 to rarely 2, basal and grass-like, linear, and ribbed. Flower inflorescence a loose terminal raceme between 1 to 8 blossoms, buds sickle-shaped, bracts ovate-lanceolate and acuminate. Flower a deep magenta or rose-purple color, and middle sepal oblong-elliptic and acute. Lip uppermost, linear, and dilate into rounded or triangular apex.[5] The corolla has been observed to vary in color from purple to light rose pink.[6] Average maximum root depth is 7 cm with 23.1% root porosity.[7]

Distribution

Found along the east coast of the United States and Canada into the center of North America, the C. tuberosus is common in savannas, sandhill seeps, and in bogs within mountain regions. C. tuberosus var. simpsonii can be found in south peninsular Florida, the West Indies, and Cuba.[3]

Ecology

Habitat

C. tuberosus is common in savannas, sandhill seeps, floating peat mats, and other regions during April to September. [3] A variety of other habitats that this orchid can been found include, marl prairies, pine flatwoods, roadsides, fens, and bogs. [8] Specimens of C. tuberosus have been collected from moist loamy sand of savanna like longleaf pine regions, and wet seepage areas. [6]

Associated species: Arnoglossum sp., Lycopodiella sp., Rhynchospora sp., Juncus sp., Utricularia sp., Cliftonia monophylla, Sarracenia leucophylla, Syngonanthus flavidulus, Eriocaulon compressum, Lachnocaulon anceps, Drosera capillaris, Drosera tracyi, Xyris torta, Solidago patula, Chasmanthium laxum, Pyrus arbutifolia, and Rhododendron canescens.[6][9]

Phenology

Common bloom time is between March and August.[4] It has been observed to flower in the southeast coastal plain from April to June with peak inflorescence in April.[10]

Seed bank and germination

Generally, warmer temperatures produce more seedling germination for the C. tuberosus with the exception of Michigan where cooler temperatures resulted in more germination. Also, fluctuating temperatures are more beneficial than stagnant temperatures. [11]

Fire ecology

C. tuberosus has been observed in previously burned sites and burned wet pinelands.[6]

Pollination

C. tuberosus does not provide a benefit to pollinators, due to this aspect they use deceit to get pollinators to come. Bees land on fake stamens which causes the structure to collapse and transfer pollen to the bee.[12] With this, it has been shown for bumblebees to avoid these flowers after sampling it in search for flowers that do offer rewards.[13]

Conservation and Management

C. tuberosus is listed as endangered by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, the Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission, and the Maryland Department of Natural Resources. It is also listed as a species of special concern by the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, and listed as exploitably vulnerable by the New York Division of Land and Forests.[1]

Cultivation and restoration

Photo Gallery

References and notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 USDA Plant Database Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "USDA" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Board, I. E. S. P. (2015). "CHECKLIST OF ILLINOIS ENDANGERED AND THREATENED ANIMALS AND PLANTS." Illinois List of Endangered and Threatened Species: 1-16.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 [[1]] Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Accessed: March 29, 2019
  5. ↑ Brackley, F. E. (1985). "The Orchids of New Hampshire." Rhodora 87(849): 1-117.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: March 2019. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Robert K. Godfrey, R. Komarek, R. A. Norris, and Rodie White. States and Counties: Florida: Franklin, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Taylor, and Wakulla. Georgia: Grady and Thomas.
  7. ↑ Brewer, J. S., et al. (2011). "Carnivory in plants as a beneficial trait in wetlands." Aquatic Botany 94: 62-70.
  8. ↑ Kauth, P. J., et al. (2011). "Comparative in vitro germination ecology of Calopogon tuberosus var. tuberosus (Orchidaceae) across its geographic range." The Society for In Vitro Biology: 148-156.
  9. ↑ Morris, M. W. (1989). "Noteworthy vascular plants from Grenada county, Mississippi." SIDA, Contributions to Botany 13(2):177-186.
  10. ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 29 MAR 2019
  11. ↑ Kauth, P. J., et al. (2011). "Comparative in vitro germination ecology of Calopogon tuberosus var. tuberosus (Orchidaceae) across its geographic range." The Society for In Vitro Biology: 148-156.
  12. ↑ Explained by Roger Hammer, May 2018, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group May 20, 2018.
  13. ↑ Davis, R. W. (1986). "The pollination biology of Cypripedium acaule (Orchidaceae)." Rhodora 88: 445-450.
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