Difference between revisions of "Helianthus radula"
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| − | Common | + | Common names: rayless sunflower; stiff sunflower; roundleaf sunflower |
==Taxonomic notes== | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| + | Synonyms: none<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Varieties: none<ref name=weakley/> | ||
| + | |||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
A description of ''Helianthus radula'' is provided in [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250066898 The Flora of North America]. | A description of ''Helianthus radula'' is provided in [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250066898 The Flora of North America]. | ||
| − | ''Helianthus radula'' is a perennial herbaceous species. | + | ''Helianthus radula'' is a perennial herbaceous species. It is very distinguishable by its rosette of orbicular and nearly round leaves, which are borne basally to the ground.<ref name=weakley/> |
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| + | ''Helianthus radula'' is found along the southeastern coastal plain from southern South Carolina south to southern peninsular Florida and west to southeastern Louisiana.<ref name=weakley/> | ||
| + | |||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | ''H. radula'' can live in loblolly or slash pine communities,<ref name="Yager et al 2007">Yager, L. Y., M. G. Hinderliter, et al. (2007). "Gopher tortoise response to habitat management by prescribed burning." The Journal of Wildlife Management 71: 428-434.</ref> upland longleaf pine communities, <ref>Kirkman, L. K., M. B. Drew, et al. (1998). "Effects of experimental fire regimes on the population dynamics of Schwalbea americana L." Plant Ecology 137: 115-137.</ref><ref name="Gilliam et al 2006"/> pine-oak sandhill woodlands, near the edges of bogs, limestone glades, and mixed oak-cabbage palm hammocks | + | Generally, ''H. radula'' can be found in dryish savannas and sandhills as well as dry pine flatwoods.<ref name=weakley/> It can live in loblolly or slash pine communities,<ref name="Yager et al 2007">Yager, L. Y., M. G. Hinderliter, et al. (2007). "Gopher tortoise response to habitat management by prescribed burning." The Journal of Wildlife Management 71: 428-434.</ref> upland longleaf pine communities, <ref>Kirkman, L. K., M. B. Drew, et al. (1998). "Effects of experimental fire regimes on the population dynamics of Schwalbea americana L." Plant Ecology 137: 115-137.</ref><ref name="Gilliam et al 2006"/> pine-oak sandhill woodlands, near the edges of bogs, limestone glades, and mixed oak-cabbage palm hammocks. Additionally, it occurs in disturbed areas such as roadsides, old fields, power line corridors, by trails, and in lawn and waste areas. This species seems to prefer semi-shaded areas, and occurs on mostly wet to dry sandy soils, or over limestone.<ref name=fsu>Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Roomie Wilson, Delzie Demaree, C. Ritchie Bell, F. H. Sargent, Samuel B. Jones, John W. Thieret, Almut G. Jones, A. F. Clewell, R. K. Godfrey, Bruce Hansen, JoAnn Hansen, Robert L. Lazor, R. Kral, J. P. Gillespie, R. E. Perdue, Jr., Paul L. Redfearn, Jr., Kurt E. Blum, D. B. Ward, S. S. Ward, John B. Nelson, G. R. Knight, Cecil R Slaughter, Nancy E. Jordan, R. A. Norris, and R. Komarek. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Calhoun, Citrus, Flagler, Franklin, Gadsden, Holmes, Jefferson, Lake, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Madison, Nassau, Okaloosa, Orange, Osceola, Putnam, St Johns, Taylor, Wakulla, and Walton. Georgia: Thomas. Louisiana: Tangipahoa and Washington. Mississippi: Jackson, Lamar, and Pearl River. South Carolina: Colleton.</ref> As well, it is considered an indicator species of the Florida panhandle silty longleaf woodlands habitat.<ref>Carr, S. C., et al. (2010). "A Vegetation Classification of Fire-Dependent Pinelands of Florida." Castanea 75(2): 153-189.</ref> A study exploring longleaf pine patch dynamics found ''H. radula'' to be most strongly represented within longleaf pine gaps and under patches of longleaf that are up to 50 years of age.<ref>Mugnani et al. (2019). “Longleaf Pine Patch Dynamics Influence Ground-Layer Vegetation in Old-Growth Pine Savanna”.</ref> |
| + | |||
| + | ''H. radula'' is very vulnerable to disturbance, which could be due to its method of seed dispersal.<ref name=kirkman>Kirkman, L. K., et al. (2004). "Ground Cover Recovery Patterns and Life-History Traits: Implications for Restoration Obstacles and Opportunities in a Species-Rich Savanna." Journal of Ecology 92(3): 409-421.</ref> ''H. radula'' was found to become absent in response to soil disturbance by agriculture in southwest Georgia. It has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished savanna habitat that was disturbed by agricultural practices.<ref name=kirkman/> Additionally, ''H. radula'' was found to be a decreaser in its long-term response following cessation of repeated soil disturbance.<ref name=Dixon>Dixon, C. M., K. M. Robertson, A. M. Reid and M. T. Rother. 2024. Mechanical soil disturbance in a pine savanna has multiyear effects on plant species composition. Ecosphere 15(2):e4759.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Associated species include ''Pinus palutris, Quercus laevis, Serenoa repens, Sabatia brevifolia, Kalmia hirsuta, Balduina uniflora, Polygala lutea, Sorghastrum secundum, Quercus pumila, Seymeria cassioides, Liatris graminifolia, Helianthus heterophyllus, Cirsium, Bigelowia, Ludwigia, Pinus elliottii, Pityopsis, Baptisia simplicifolia, Ilex glabra, Andropogon, Rynchospora, Phoebanthus tenuifolia, Eupatorium album, Pityopsis, Rhexia alifanus, Liatris gracilis, Carphephorus odoratissimus, Baptisia simplicifolia, Ctenium aromaticum, Vaccinium darrowi, Quercus pumila, Quercus minima, Gaylussacia dumosa,'' and ''Physostegia godfreyi.''<ref name=fsu/> | ||
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | Flowering and fruiting has been observed in August through November | + | This species generally flowers from late August until October.<ref name=weakley/> Flowering and fruiting has been observed in January and August through November.<ref name=fsu/><ref>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 12 DEC 2016</ref> |
===Seed dispersal=== | ===Seed dispersal=== | ||
| − | ===Seed bank and germination=== | + | This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity. <ref>Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.</ref> |
| + | <!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | ||
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | This species has been found in habitat that is burned frequently | + | This species has been found in habitat that is burned frequently,<ref name=fsu/> even biennially.<ref name="Gilliam et al 2006">Gilliam, F. S., W. J. Platt, et al. (2006). "Natural disturbances and the physiognomy of pine savannas: A phenomenological model." Applied Vegetation Science 9: 83-96.</ref> |
| + | <!--===Pollination===--> | ||
| + | ===Herbivory and toxicology===<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.--> | ||
| + | The stem and leaves of this species were found to be eaten by white-tailed deer during the fall and winter<ref>Harlow, R. F. (1961). "Fall and winter foods of Florida white-tailed deer." The Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 24(1): 19-38.</ref>, and is an attractive nectar plant for butterflies.<ref>Denhof, Carol. 2015. Plant Spotlight Rayless Sunflower Helianthus Radula (Pursh) Torr. & A. Gray. The Longleaf Leader – Old Growth Forest The Legacy of Longleaf. Vol. VIII. Iss. 3. Page 14</ref> | ||
| + | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
| − | == | + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== |
| − | + | ''H. radula'' should avoid soil disturbance by agriculture to conserve its presence in pine communities.<ref name=kirkman/> Due to its restricted habitat within its small range, ''Helianthus radula'' is listed as G4 on the global scale.<ref>[[http://explorer.natureserve.org]] NatureServe Explorer. Accessed: May 22, 2019</ref> | |
| − | |||
| − | == | + | ==Cultural use== |
| − | |||
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
| + | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
| + | File:Helianthus_radula_KDSP.jpg|Basal rosette (Photo by Katelin Stanley) | ||
| + | </gallery> | ||
| + | |||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
| − | |||
Latest revision as of 08:16, 2 August 2024
| Helianthus radula | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo was taken by Gil Nelson | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae ⁄ Compositae |
| Genus: | Helianthus |
| Species: | H. radula |
| Binomial name | |
| Helianthus radula (Pursh) Torr. & A. Gray | |
| |
| Natural range of Helianthus radula from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common names: rayless sunflower; stiff sunflower; roundleaf sunflower
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: none[1]
Varieties: none[1]
Description
A description of Helianthus radula is provided in The Flora of North America.
Helianthus radula is a perennial herbaceous species. It is very distinguishable by its rosette of orbicular and nearly round leaves, which are borne basally to the ground.[1]
Distribution
Helianthus radula is found along the southeastern coastal plain from southern South Carolina south to southern peninsular Florida and west to southeastern Louisiana.[1]
Ecology
Habitat
Generally, H. radula can be found in dryish savannas and sandhills as well as dry pine flatwoods.[1] It can live in loblolly or slash pine communities,[2] upland longleaf pine communities, [3][4] pine-oak sandhill woodlands, near the edges of bogs, limestone glades, and mixed oak-cabbage palm hammocks. Additionally, it occurs in disturbed areas such as roadsides, old fields, power line corridors, by trails, and in lawn and waste areas. This species seems to prefer semi-shaded areas, and occurs on mostly wet to dry sandy soils, or over limestone.[5] As well, it is considered an indicator species of the Florida panhandle silty longleaf woodlands habitat.[6] A study exploring longleaf pine patch dynamics found H. radula to be most strongly represented within longleaf pine gaps and under patches of longleaf that are up to 50 years of age.[7]
H. radula is very vulnerable to disturbance, which could be due to its method of seed dispersal.[8] H. radula was found to become absent in response to soil disturbance by agriculture in southwest Georgia. It has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished savanna habitat that was disturbed by agricultural practices.[8] Additionally, H. radula was found to be a decreaser in its long-term response following cessation of repeated soil disturbance.[9]
Associated species include Pinus palutris, Quercus laevis, Serenoa repens, Sabatia brevifolia, Kalmia hirsuta, Balduina uniflora, Polygala lutea, Sorghastrum secundum, Quercus pumila, Seymeria cassioides, Liatris graminifolia, Helianthus heterophyllus, Cirsium, Bigelowia, Ludwigia, Pinus elliottii, Pityopsis, Baptisia simplicifolia, Ilex glabra, Andropogon, Rynchospora, Phoebanthus tenuifolia, Eupatorium album, Pityopsis, Rhexia alifanus, Liatris gracilis, Carphephorus odoratissimus, Baptisia simplicifolia, Ctenium aromaticum, Vaccinium darrowi, Quercus pumila, Quercus minima, Gaylussacia dumosa, and Physostegia godfreyi.[5]
Phenology
This species generally flowers from late August until October.[1] Flowering and fruiting has been observed in January and August through November.[5][10]
Seed dispersal
This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity. [11]
Fire ecology
This species has been found in habitat that is burned frequently,[5] even biennially.[4]
Herbivory and toxicology
The stem and leaves of this species were found to be eaten by white-tailed deer during the fall and winter[12], and is an attractive nectar plant for butterflies.[13]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
H. radula should avoid soil disturbance by agriculture to conserve its presence in pine communities.[8] Due to its restricted habitat within its small range, Helianthus radula is listed as G4 on the global scale.[14]
Cultural use
Photo Gallery
Basal rosette (Photo by Katelin Stanley)
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ Yager, L. Y., M. G. Hinderliter, et al. (2007). "Gopher tortoise response to habitat management by prescribed burning." The Journal of Wildlife Management 71: 428-434.
- ↑ Kirkman, L. K., M. B. Drew, et al. (1998). "Effects of experimental fire regimes on the population dynamics of Schwalbea americana L." Plant Ecology 137: 115-137.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Gilliam, F. S., W. J. Platt, et al. (2006). "Natural disturbances and the physiognomy of pine savannas: A phenomenological model." Applied Vegetation Science 9: 83-96.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Roomie Wilson, Delzie Demaree, C. Ritchie Bell, F. H. Sargent, Samuel B. Jones, John W. Thieret, Almut G. Jones, A. F. Clewell, R. K. Godfrey, Bruce Hansen, JoAnn Hansen, Robert L. Lazor, R. Kral, J. P. Gillespie, R. E. Perdue, Jr., Paul L. Redfearn, Jr., Kurt E. Blum, D. B. Ward, S. S. Ward, John B. Nelson, G. R. Knight, Cecil R Slaughter, Nancy E. Jordan, R. A. Norris, and R. Komarek. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Calhoun, Citrus, Flagler, Franklin, Gadsden, Holmes, Jefferson, Lake, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Madison, Nassau, Okaloosa, Orange, Osceola, Putnam, St Johns, Taylor, Wakulla, and Walton. Georgia: Thomas. Louisiana: Tangipahoa and Washington. Mississippi: Jackson, Lamar, and Pearl River. South Carolina: Colleton.
- ↑ Carr, S. C., et al. (2010). "A Vegetation Classification of Fire-Dependent Pinelands of Florida." Castanea 75(2): 153-189.
- ↑ Mugnani et al. (2019). “Longleaf Pine Patch Dynamics Influence Ground-Layer Vegetation in Old-Growth Pine Savanna”.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Kirkman, L. K., et al. (2004). "Ground Cover Recovery Patterns and Life-History Traits: Implications for Restoration Obstacles and Opportunities in a Species-Rich Savanna." Journal of Ecology 92(3): 409-421.
- ↑ Dixon, C. M., K. M. Robertson, A. M. Reid and M. T. Rother. 2024. Mechanical soil disturbance in a pine savanna has multiyear effects on plant species composition. Ecosphere 15(2):e4759.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 12 DEC 2016
- ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
- ↑ Harlow, R. F. (1961). "Fall and winter foods of Florida white-tailed deer." The Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 24(1): 19-38.
- ↑ Denhof, Carol. 2015. Plant Spotlight Rayless Sunflower Helianthus Radula (Pursh) Torr. & A. Gray. The Longleaf Leader – Old Growth Forest The Legacy of Longleaf. Vol. VIII. Iss. 3. Page 14
- ↑ [[1]] NatureServe Explorer. Accessed: May 22, 2019
