Difference between revisions of "Garberia heterophylla"
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{{taxobox | {{taxobox | ||
| name = Garberia heterophylla | | name = Garberia heterophylla | ||
| − | | image = | + | | image = Garb_hete.jpg |
| − | | image_caption = | + | | image_caption = Photo by Wayne Matchett, [http://www.spacecoastwildflowers.com SpaceCoastWildflowers.com] |
| regnum = Plantae | | regnum = Plantae | ||
| divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants | | divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants | ||
| Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
| binomial_authority = (W. Bartram) Merr. & F. Harper | | binomial_authority = (W. Bartram) Merr. & F. Harper | ||
| range_map = garb_hete_dist.jpg | | range_map = garb_hete_dist.jpg | ||
| − | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Garberia heterophylla'' from USDA NRCS [http:// | + | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Garberia heterophylla'' from USDA NRCS [http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=GAHE4 Plants Database]. |
}} | }} | ||
| − | Common name: | + | Common name: Garberia |
| + | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| + | Synonyms: ''Garberia fruticosa'' (Nuttall) A. Gray.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Varieties: none.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| + | A description of ''Garberia heterophylla'' is provided in [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250066796 The Flora of North America]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ''G. heterophylla'' is a perennial species that reaches a height of 4 to 8 feet. The obovate leaves are alternately on the vertical stem.<ref name="edis">[[https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fp221]] Accessed: December 11, 2015</ref> | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| + | ''Garberia heterophylla'' is endemic to central peninsular Florida to the Lake Wales Ridge area.<ref>Sorrie, B. A. and A. S. Weakley 2001. Coastal Plain valcular plant endemics: Phytogeographic patterns. Castanea 66: 50-82.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| + | In the Coastal Plain in Florida, ''G. heterophylla'' occurs in sand pine-oak scrub ridges. <ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: October 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, D. Burch, Colette Burger, William B. Fox, Angus Gholson, R.K. Godfrey, Chuck Hess, Richard D. Houk, O. Lakela, S.W. Leonard, K.M. Meyer, Elmer C. Prichard, A.G. Shuey, Victoria I. Sullivan, Robert F. Thorne, A. Townesmith,D.B. Ward, Erdman West. States and Counties: Florida: Lake, Manatee, Marion, Highlands, Hillsborough, Pinellas, Putnam, Volusia. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref> Associated species includes ''Quercus virginiana'' and ''Pinus clausa''. <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> | ||
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| + | Fruits November through December and flowers October through December. <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> | ||
===Seed dispersal=== | ===Seed dispersal=== | ||
| + | Seeds are dispersed by wind. <ref name="Carrington 1999">Carrington, M. E. (1999). "Post-fire seedling establishment in Florida sand pine scrub." Journal of Vegetation Science 10(3): 403-412.</ref> | ||
===Seed bank and germination=== | ===Seed bank and germination=== | ||
| + | Smoke does not stimulate germination. <ref name="Lindon and Menges 2008">Lindon, H. L. and E. Menges (2008). "Scientific note: effects of smoke on seed germination of twenty species of fire-prone habitats in Florida." Castanea 73: 106-110.</ref> | ||
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| + | Carrington (1999) found ''G. heterophylla'' to be a strong resprouter post-fire, with a high percentage of individuals flowering. This study also found seedlings were established between 4 to 16 months post fire. This contradicts Weekley and Menges (2003), who found that survival was lower for burned individuals than for unburned individuals, suggesting ''G. heterophylla'' was a weak resprouter. | ||
===Pollination=== | ===Pollination=== | ||
| − | + | Various pollinator species were observed visiting flowers of ''Garberia heterophylla'' at the Archbold Biological Station. These include bees from the Apidae family (''Bombus impatiens, Epeolus carolinus''), plasterer bees from the Colletidae family (''Colletes mandibularis''), sweat bees from the Halictidae family (''Agapostemon splendens, Augochlora pura, Augochlorella aurata, Augochloropsis metallica, Lasioglossum miniatulus, L. nymphalis, L. placidensis'' and ''Sphecodes heraclei''), leafcutting bees from the Megachilidae family (''Anthidiellum notatum rufomaculatum, Coelioxys sayi, Megachile albitarsis, M. mendica, M. pruina'' and ''M. xylocopoides''), thread-waisted wasps from the Sphecidae family (''Cerceris flavofasciata floridensis'' and '' Eremnophila aureonotata'') and wasps from the Vespidae family (''Monobia quadridens, Pachodynerus erynnis, Stenodynerus fundatiformis, Zethus slossonae'' and ''Zethus spinipes'').<ref name="Deyrup 2015">Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.</ref> Additionally, ''G. heterophylla'' was observed being visited by ''Calycopis cecrops'' (red-banded hairstreak) in scrubby flatwoods along a short, relatively steep ecotone between ''Pinus clausa'' scrub and a ''Pinus densa'' savanna in northern Highlands County, Nov 28, 2016.<ref>Edwin Bridges, observation and photo posted to the Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group.</ref> | |
| + | ===Herbivory and toxicology=== | ||
| + | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== | ||
| − | + | ==Cultural use== | |
| + | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
| + | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
| + | File: Garb_hete138.jpg | <center> Flowers of ''Garberia'' ''heterophylla'' <p> Photo by Wayne Matchett, [http://www.spacecoastwildflowers.com SpaceCoastWildflowers.com] </p> | ||
| + | </gallery> | ||
| + | ==References and notes== | ||
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| − | + | Weekley, Carl W., and Eric S. Menges. “Species and Vegetation Responses to Prescribed Fire in a Long-unburned, Endemic-rich Lake Wales Ridge Scrub”. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 130.4 (2003): 265–282. | |
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Latest revision as of 15:03, 30 June 2022
| Garberia heterophylla | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by Wayne Matchett, SpaceCoastWildflowers.com | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae ⁄ Compositae |
| Genus: | Garberia |
| Species: | G. heterophylla |
| Binomial name | |
| Garberia heterophylla (W. Bartram) Merr. & F. Harper | |
| |
| Natural range of Garberia heterophylla from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common name: Garberia
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: Garberia fruticosa (Nuttall) A. Gray.[1]
Varieties: none.[1]
Description
A description of Garberia heterophylla is provided in The Flora of North America.
G. heterophylla is a perennial species that reaches a height of 4 to 8 feet. The obovate leaves are alternately on the vertical stem.[2]
Distribution
Garberia heterophylla is endemic to central peninsular Florida to the Lake Wales Ridge area.[3]
Ecology
Habitat
In the Coastal Plain in Florida, G. heterophylla occurs in sand pine-oak scrub ridges. [4] Associated species includes Quercus virginiana and Pinus clausa. [4]
Phenology
Fruits November through December and flowers October through December. [4]
Seed dispersal
Seeds are dispersed by wind. [5]
Seed bank and germination
Smoke does not stimulate germination. [6]
Fire ecology
Carrington (1999) found G. heterophylla to be a strong resprouter post-fire, with a high percentage of individuals flowering. This study also found seedlings were established between 4 to 16 months post fire. This contradicts Weekley and Menges (2003), who found that survival was lower for burned individuals than for unburned individuals, suggesting G. heterophylla was a weak resprouter.
Pollination
Various pollinator species were observed visiting flowers of Garberia heterophylla at the Archbold Biological Station. These include bees from the Apidae family (Bombus impatiens, Epeolus carolinus), plasterer bees from the Colletidae family (Colletes mandibularis), sweat bees from the Halictidae family (Agapostemon splendens, Augochlora pura, Augochlorella aurata, Augochloropsis metallica, Lasioglossum miniatulus, L. nymphalis, L. placidensis and Sphecodes heraclei), leafcutting bees from the Megachilidae family (Anthidiellum notatum rufomaculatum, Coelioxys sayi, Megachile albitarsis, M. mendica, M. pruina and M. xylocopoides), thread-waisted wasps from the Sphecidae family (Cerceris flavofasciata floridensis and Eremnophila aureonotata) and wasps from the Vespidae family (Monobia quadridens, Pachodynerus erynnis, Stenodynerus fundatiformis, Zethus slossonae and Zethus spinipes).[7] Additionally, G. heterophylla was observed being visited by Calycopis cecrops (red-banded hairstreak) in scrubby flatwoods along a short, relatively steep ecotone between Pinus clausa scrub and a Pinus densa savanna in northern Highlands County, Nov 28, 2016.[8]
Herbivory and toxicology
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
Cultural use
Photo Gallery
Flowers of Garberia heterophylla Photo by Wayne Matchett, SpaceCoastWildflowers.com
References and notes
Weekley, Carl W., and Eric S. Menges. “Species and Vegetation Responses to Prescribed Fire in a Long-unburned, Endemic-rich Lake Wales Ridge Scrub”. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 130.4 (2003): 265–282.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ [[1]] Accessed: December 11, 2015
- ↑ Sorrie, B. A. and A. S. Weakley 2001. Coastal Plain valcular plant endemics: Phytogeographic patterns. Castanea 66: 50-82.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: October 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, D. Burch, Colette Burger, William B. Fox, Angus Gholson, R.K. Godfrey, Chuck Hess, Richard D. Houk, O. Lakela, S.W. Leonard, K.M. Meyer, Elmer C. Prichard, A.G. Shuey, Victoria I. Sullivan, Robert F. Thorne, A. Townesmith,D.B. Ward, Erdman West. States and Counties: Florida: Lake, Manatee, Marion, Highlands, Hillsborough, Pinellas, Putnam, Volusia. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
- ↑ Carrington, M. E. (1999). "Post-fire seedling establishment in Florida sand pine scrub." Journal of Vegetation Science 10(3): 403-412.
- ↑ Lindon, H. L. and E. Menges (2008). "Scientific note: effects of smoke on seed germination of twenty species of fire-prone habitats in Florida." Castanea 73: 106-110.
- ↑ Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.
- ↑ Edwin Bridges, observation and photo posted to the Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group.
