Difference between revisions of "Smilax auriculata"

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| binomial_authority = Walter
 
| binomial_authority = Walter
 
| range_map = SMIL_AURI_dist.jpg
 
| range_map = SMIL_AURI_dist.jpg
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| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Smilax auriculata'' from USDA NRCS [http://www.plants.usda.gov Plants Database].
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| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Smilax auriculata'' from USDA NRCS [http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=SMAU Plants Database].
 
}}
 
}}
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Common names: Earleaf greenbrier, Dune greenbrier, Wild-bamboo
 +
==Taxonomic notes==
 
==Description==  
 
==Description==  
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
−
Common name: earleaf greenbrier
+
A description of ''Smilax auriculata'' is provided in [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242101925 The Flora of North America].
 +
 
 +
''Smilax auriculata'' does not have specialized underground storage units apart from its rhizomes.<ref name="Diaz"> Diaz-Toribio, M.H. and F. E. Putz 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire-maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108: 432-442.</ref> Diaz-Toribio and Putz (2021) recorded this species to have an non-structural carbohydrate concentration of 361.1 mg/g (ranking 10 out of 100 species studied) and water content of 58.7% (ranking 67 out of 100 species studied).<ref name="Diaz"/>
 +
 
 +
According to Diaz-Torbio and Putz (2021), ''Smilax auriculata'' has stem tubers with a below-ground to above-ground biomass ratio of 11.665 and nonstructural carbohydrate concentration of 361.1 mg g<sup>-1</sup>.<ref>Diaz‐Toribio, M. H. and F. E. Putz. 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire‐maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108(3):432-442.</ref>
  
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
 
==Ecology==
 
==Ecology==
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
−
It can be found in xeric areas with well-drained, sandy soils (Menges and Kohfeldt 1995; Foster and Schmalzer 2003).  
+
In the Coastal Plain, specifically in Florida and Georgia, ''S. auriculata'' can be found bordering mesic woodlands, longleaf pine turkey oak sand ridges,<ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: July 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Robert K. Godfrey, Robert A. Norris, R. Komarek, Cindi Stewart, Cecil R Slaughter, Marc Minno, Bob Fewster, Lisa Keppner. States and Counties: Florida: Flagler, Franklin, Gadsden, Jackson, Leon, Wakulla, Washington. Georgia: Camden. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref> palmetto flatwoods,<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/><ref name=olano> Olano, J. M., E. S. Menges, et al. (2006). "Carbohydrate storage in five resprouting Florida scrub plants across a fire chronosequence." New Phytologist 170: 99-105.</ref> oak-saw palmetto scrubs,<ref name=foster> Foster, Tammy E., Paul A. Schmalzer. (2003). "The effect of season of fire on the recovery of Florida scrub". Dynamac Corporation, Kennedy Space Center, Florida. 2B.7. </ref> sandhill communities,<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/><ref name=rein> Reinhart, K. O. and E. S. Menges (2004). "Effects of re-introducing fire to a central Florida sandhill community." Applied Vegetation Science 7: 141-150.</ref> xeric longleaf pine woodlands (Peet and Allard 1993), and unburned scrubby flatwoods.<ref name=menges1995> Menges, E. and N. Kohfeldt (1995). "Life History Strategies of Florida Scrub Plants in Relation to Fire." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 122(4): 282-297</ref> It can also be found along railroads, powerline corridors, and disturbed longleaf pine restoration sites.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> Soil types include loamy sand<ref name="FSU herbarium"/><ref name=foster/> and sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Ultic haplaquod of the Pomona series.<ref name=moore> Moore, W. H., B. F. Swindel, et al. (1982). "Vegetative response to prescribed fire in a north Florida flatwoods forest." Journal of Range Management 35: 386-389.</ref>
−
Oak-saw palmetto scrub (Foster and Schmalzer 2003).  
 
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Scrubby flatwoods (which include oaks, dwarf palmettos and ericads)-Olano et al 2006.
 
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“Fire is the primary ecological disturbance in this ecosystem…”(Olano et al 2006).
 
−
“Southern Xeric Longleaf Pine Woodlands” classification according to Peet and Allard 1993, states Provencher et al 2001, where it includes P. palustris, Q. laevis, Q. incana, Sporobolus junceus, and Licania michauxii – where Smilax auriculata is accounted for most of the groundcover density (Rodgers and Provencher 1999) – Provencher et al 2001.
 
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Occurred in a mixed stand of slash and longleaf pine; soils were mainly sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Ultic haplaquod of the Pomona series (Moore et al 2982).
 
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It can be found in scrub and sandhill communities (Menges and Kohfeldt 1995; Reinhart et al 2004).
 
−
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
 
−
“is a woody vine with large specializes storage organs enabling rapid postfire recovery.” – Olano et al 2006.
 
−
===Seed dispersal===
 
−
===Seed bank and germination===
 
−
It can reproduce by resprouting, clonal spreading, and seeding (Menges and Kohfeldt 1995).
 
−
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
 
−
It increases in abundance after fire (Menges and Kohfeldt 1995). Its rapid recovery post-fire can be attributed to large specialized storage organs (Olano et al 2006). However, Greenberg found out that S. auriculata decreased to almost nonexistent following a May fire (2003). This suggests that season of burning is important for this species.
 
−
===Pollination===
 
−
Mark Deyrup at Archbold Biological Station observed these Hymenoptera species on ''Smilax auriculata''
 
  
−
Apidae: Apis mellifera
+
''S. auriculata'' does not respond to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests.<ref>Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.</ref>
  
−
Halictidae: Augochlora pura
+
In habitats that include ''Pinus palustris, Quercus laevis, Q. incana, Sporobolus junceus'' and ''Licania michauxii'', ''S. auriculata'' accounts for most of the groundcover density.<ref name=prov> Provencher, L. M., B. J. Herring, et al. (2001). "Effects of hardwood reduction techniques on longleaf pine sandhill vegetation in northwest Florida." Restoration Ecology 9: 13-27.</ref>
  
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Megachilidae: Coelioxys dolichos
+
''Smilax auriculata'' is frequent and abundant in the Peninsula and Panhandle Xeric Sandhills, the North Florida Longleaf Woodlands and Subxeric Sandhills, the Panhandle Silty Longleaf Woodlands, and Xeric Flatwoods community types as described in Carr et al. (2010).<ref>Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.</ref>
  
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Megachilidae: Megachile mendica
+
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
 +
''S. auriculata'' has been observed flowering in April and May and fruiting June through July.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/><ref>Nelson, G.  [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/  Accessed: 13 DEC 2016</ref>
  
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Megachilidae: Megachile xylocopoides
+
===Seed dispersal===
 +
This species is thought to be dispersed by consumption by vertebrates.<ref>Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.</ref>
  
−
===Use by animals=== <!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->
+
===Seed bank and germination===
−
S. auriculata was found in 5.5% of the Gopherus polyphemus scat observed by Carlson and her team (2003). Thus, the gopher tortoise can serve as an agent of seed dispersal.
+
It can reproduce by resprouting, clonal spreading, and seeding.<ref name=menges1995/>
−
Deyrup (2002) observed these bees, Augochlora pura, Coelioxys dolichos, Megachile mendica, M. xylocopoides, Apis mellifera, Xylocopa micans, X. virginica krombeini, on S. auriculata.
 
−
===Diseases and parasites===
 
−
==Conservation and Management==
 
−
==Cultivation and restoration==
 
−
==Photo Gallery==
 
−
==References and notes==
 
−
Menges, E. S. and N. M. Kohfeldt (1992). Life history strategies of scrub plants in relation to fire [abstract]. History and Ecology of the Florida scrub, Lake Placid, FL, Archbold Biological Station.
 
  
−
Carlson, J. E., E. S. Menges, et al. (2003). "Seed dispersal by Gopherus polyphemus at Archbold Biological Station, Florida." Florida Scientist 66: 147-154.
+
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
 +
Populations of ''Smilax auriculata'' have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.<ref>Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref><ref>Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref> It increases in abundance after fire,<ref name=menges1995/> and its rapid recovery post-fire can be attributed to large specialized storage organs.<ref name=olano/> However, it was figured out that ''S. auriculata'' decreased to almost nonexistent following a May fire, suggesting that season of burning is important for this species.<ref name=green> Greenberg, C. H. (2003). "Vegetation recovery and stand structure following a prescribed stand-replacement burn in sand pine scrub." Natural Areas Journal 23: 141-151.</ref>
  
−
Deyrup, M. and L. Deyrup (2012). "The diversity of insects visiting flowers of saw palmetto (Arecaceae)." Florida Entomologist 95(3): 711-730.
+
===Pollination===
 +
''Smilax auriculata'' has been observed at the Archbold Biological Station to host pollinator species such as ''Apis mellifera'' (family Apidae), ''Augochlora pura'' (family Halictidae), and bees from the Megachilidae family such as ''Coelioxys dolichos, Megachile mendica,'' and ''M. xylocopoides''.<ref name="deyrup2015"> Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.</ref> Deyrup (2002) observed ''Augochlora pura, Coelioxys dolichos, Megachile mendica, M. xylocopoides, Apis mellifera, Xylocopa micans and X. virginica krombeini'', on ''S. auriculata''.<ref name=deyrup2002> Deyrup, Mark., Jayanthi Edirisinghe, Beth Norden. (2002). "The diversity and floral hosts of bees at the Archbold Biological Station, Florida (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Insecta Mundi. Vol. 16. No.1-3. Pages 87-102.</ref>
  
−
Olano, J. M., E. S. Menges, et al. (2006). "Carbohydrate storage in five resprouting Florida scrub plants across a fire chronosequence." New Phytologist 170: 99-105.
+
===Herbivory and toxicology===<!--Common herbivores, granivory, insect hosting, poisonous chemicals, allelopathy, etc-->
 +
''S. auriculata'' was found in 5.5% of the ''Gopherus polyphemus'' scat<ref name=carl> Carlson, J. E., E. S. Menges, et al. (2003). "Seed dispersal by Gopherus polyphemus at Archbold Biological Station, Florida." Florida Scientist 66: 147-154.</ref> therefore, the gopher tortoise serves as an agent of seed dispersal.
 +
<!--===Diseases and parasites===-->
  
−
Greenberg, C. H. (2003). "Vegetation recovery and stand structure following a prescribed stand-replacement burn in sand pine scrub." Natural Areas Journal 23: 141-151.
+
==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration==
  
−
Menges, E. and N. Kohfeldt (1995). "Life History Strategies of Florida Scrub Plants in Relation to Fire." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 122(4): 282-297
+
==Cultural use==
 +
There are many species of ''Smilax'' and it is thought they can all be used in similar ways. Historically, the roots were harvested and prepared in a red flour or a thick jelly that could be used in candies and sweet drinks. Our first known written account of using the plant roots to make this jelly is from the journal of Captain John Smith in 1626. Other travelers throughout US history have made note of the uses of ''Smilax'' plants. We know the flour was used in breads and soups, and that a drink very similar to Sarsaparilla could be prepared.<ref> Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.</ref>
  
−
Schmalzer, P. A., S. R. Turek, et al. (2002). "Reestablishing Florida scrub in a former agricultural site: survival and growth of planted species and changes in community composition." Castanea 67: 146-160.
+
==Photo Gallery==
−
 
+
<gallery widths=180px>
−
Provencher, L. M., B. J. Herring, et al. (2001). "Effects of hardwood reduction techniques on longleaf pine sandhill vegetation in northwest Florida." Restoration Ecology 9: 13-27.
+
</gallery>
−
 
+
==References and notes==
−
Moore, W. H., B. F. Swindel, et al. (1982). "Vegetative response to prescribed fire in a north Florida flatwoods forest." Journal of Range Management 35: 386-389.
 
−
 
 
−
Reinhart, K. O. and E. S. Menges (2004). "Effects of re-introducing fire to a central Florida sandhill community." Applied Vegetation Science 7: 141-150.
 

Latest revision as of 09:40, 3 July 2024

Smilax auriculata
Smilax auriculata Gil.jpg
Photo taken by Gil Nelson
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants
Class: Liliopsida – Monocotyledons
Order: Liliales
Family: Smilacaceae
Genus: Smilax
Species: S. auriculata
Binomial name
Smilax auriculata
Walter
SMIL AURI dist.jpg
Natural range of Smilax auriculata from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Common names: Earleaf greenbrier, Dune greenbrier, Wild-bamboo

Taxonomic notes

Description

A description of Smilax auriculata is provided in The Flora of North America.

Smilax auriculata does not have specialized underground storage units apart from its rhizomes.[1] Diaz-Toribio and Putz (2021) recorded this species to have an non-structural carbohydrate concentration of 361.1 mg/g (ranking 10 out of 100 species studied) and water content of 58.7% (ranking 67 out of 100 species studied).[1]

According to Diaz-Torbio and Putz (2021), Smilax auriculata has stem tubers with a below-ground to above-ground biomass ratio of 11.665 and nonstructural carbohydrate concentration of 361.1 mg g-1.[2]

Distribution

Ecology

Habitat

In the Coastal Plain, specifically in Florida and Georgia, S. auriculata can be found bordering mesic woodlands, longleaf pine turkey oak sand ridges,[3] palmetto flatwoods,[3][4] oak-saw palmetto scrubs,[5] sandhill communities,[3][6] xeric longleaf pine woodlands (Peet and Allard 1993), and unburned scrubby flatwoods.[7] It can also be found along railroads, powerline corridors, and disturbed longleaf pine restoration sites.[3] Soil types include loamy sand[8][5] and sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Ultic haplaquod of the Pomona series.[9]

S. auriculata does not respond to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests.[10]

In habitats that include Pinus palustris, Quercus laevis, Q. incana, Sporobolus junceus and Licania michauxii, S. auriculata accounts for most of the groundcover density.[11]

Smilax auriculata is frequent and abundant in the Peninsula and Panhandle Xeric Sandhills, the North Florida Longleaf Woodlands and Subxeric Sandhills, the Panhandle Silty Longleaf Woodlands, and Xeric Flatwoods community types as described in Carr et al. (2010).[12]

Phenology

S. auriculata has been observed flowering in April and May and fruiting June through July.[3][13]

Seed dispersal

This species is thought to be dispersed by consumption by vertebrates.[14]

Seed bank and germination

It can reproduce by resprouting, clonal spreading, and seeding.[7]

Fire ecology

Populations of Smilax auriculata have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.[15][16] It increases in abundance after fire,[7] and its rapid recovery post-fire can be attributed to large specialized storage organs.[4] However, it was figured out that S. auriculata decreased to almost nonexistent following a May fire, suggesting that season of burning is important for this species.[17]

Pollination

Smilax auriculata has been observed at the Archbold Biological Station to host pollinator species such as Apis mellifera (family Apidae), Augochlora pura (family Halictidae), and bees from the Megachilidae family such as Coelioxys dolichos, Megachile mendica, and M. xylocopoides.[18] Deyrup (2002) observed Augochlora pura, Coelioxys dolichos, Megachile mendica, M. xylocopoides, Apis mellifera, Xylocopa micans and X. virginica krombeini, on S. auriculata.[19]

Herbivory and toxicology

S. auriculata was found in 5.5% of the Gopherus polyphemus scat[20] therefore, the gopher tortoise serves as an agent of seed dispersal.

Conservation, cultivation, and restoration

Cultural use

There are many species of Smilax and it is thought they can all be used in similar ways. Historically, the roots were harvested and prepared in a red flour or a thick jelly that could be used in candies and sweet drinks. Our first known written account of using the plant roots to make this jelly is from the journal of Captain John Smith in 1626. Other travelers throughout US history have made note of the uses of Smilax plants. We know the flour was used in breads and soups, and that a drink very similar to Sarsaparilla could be prepared.[21]

Photo Gallery

References and notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Diaz-Toribio, M.H. and F. E. Putz 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire-maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108: 432-442.
  2. ↑ Diaz‐Toribio, M. H. and F. E. Putz. 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire‐maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108(3):432-442.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: July 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Robert K. Godfrey, Robert A. Norris, R. Komarek, Cindi Stewart, Cecil R Slaughter, Marc Minno, Bob Fewster, Lisa Keppner. States and Counties: Florida: Flagler, Franklin, Gadsden, Jackson, Leon, Wakulla, Washington. Georgia: Camden. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Olano, J. M., E. S. Menges, et al. (2006). "Carbohydrate storage in five resprouting Florida scrub plants across a fire chronosequence." New Phytologist 170: 99-105.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Foster, Tammy E., Paul A. Schmalzer. (2003). "The effect of season of fire on the recovery of Florida scrub". Dynamac Corporation, Kennedy Space Center, Florida. 2B.7.
  6. ↑ Reinhart, K. O. and E. S. Menges (2004). "Effects of re-introducing fire to a central Florida sandhill community." Applied Vegetation Science 7: 141-150.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Menges, E. and N. Kohfeldt (1995). "Life History Strategies of Florida Scrub Plants in Relation to Fire." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 122(4): 282-297
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named FSU herbarium
  9. ↑ Moore, W. H., B. F. Swindel, et al. (1982). "Vegetative response to prescribed fire in a north Florida flatwoods forest." Journal of Range Management 35: 386-389.
  10. ↑ Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.
  11. ↑ Provencher, L. M., B. J. Herring, et al. (2001). "Effects of hardwood reduction techniques on longleaf pine sandhill vegetation in northwest Florida." Restoration Ecology 9: 13-27.
  12. ↑ Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.
  13. ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 13 DEC 2016
  14. ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
  15. ↑ Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.
  16. ↑ Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.
  17. ↑ Greenberg, C. H. (2003). "Vegetation recovery and stand structure following a prescribed stand-replacement burn in sand pine scrub." Natural Areas Journal 23: 141-151.
  18. ↑ Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.
  19. ↑ Deyrup, Mark., Jayanthi Edirisinghe, Beth Norden. (2002). "The diversity and floral hosts of bees at the Archbold Biological Station, Florida (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Insecta Mundi. Vol. 16. No.1-3. Pages 87-102.
  20. ↑ Carlson, J. E., E. S. Menges, et al. (2003). "Seed dispersal by Gopherus polyphemus at Archbold Biological Station, Florida." Florida Scientist 66: 147-154.
  21. ↑ Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.
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