Difference between revisions of "Quercus incana"
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{{taxobox | {{taxobox | ||
| name = Quercus incana | | name = Quercus incana | ||
| − | | image = | + | | image = Quercus incana PH 2015-10.JPG |
| − | | image_caption = | + | | image_caption = Photo taken by Kevin Robertson |
| regnum = Plantae | | regnum = Plantae | ||
| divisio = Tracheophyta- Vascular plants | | divisio = Tracheophyta- Vascular plants | ||
| Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
| binomial_authority = W. Bartram | | binomial_authority = W. Bartram | ||
| range_map = quer_inca_dist.jpg | | range_map = quer_inca_dist.jpg | ||
| − | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Quercus incana'' from USDA NRCS [http:// | + | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Quercus incana'' from USDA NRCS [http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=QUIN Plants Database]. |
}} | }} | ||
Common name: Bluejack oak | Common name: Bluejack oak | ||
==Taxonomic notes== | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| + | Synonyms: ''Quercus cinerea'' Michaux; ''Q. humilis'' Wlater | ||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
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==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | ''Quercus incana'' is restricted to native groundcover with a statistical affinity in upland pinelands of South Georgia | + | ''Q. incana'' has been found in turkey oak-longleaf pine stands, sand dunes, sand pine scrub, longleaf pine-wiregrass ridges, slashpine flatwoods, dry pine barrens, upland woods, and evergreen oak scrub.<ref name="FSU"/> It is also found in disturbed areas including along roadsides, clear cut longleaf pine forests, and burned pinewoods.<ref name="FSU"> Florida State University Herbarium Database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2021. Collectors: A. H. Curtiss, Robert Doren, Angus Gholson, Robert K. Godfrey, Robert L. Lazor, and Dwayne Wise. States and counties: Florida: Calhoun, Duval, Franklin, Gilchrist, Highlands, Levy.</ref> |
| + | |||
| + | Associated species: ''Q. myrtifolia, Quercus marilandica, Opuntia humifusa, Stillingia sylvatica, Tephrosia virginiana'', and ''Quercus-Ilex''.<ref name="FSU"/><ref name="LSU"> Louisiana State University, Shirley C. Tucker Herbarium accessed using Southeastern Regional Network of Expertise and Collections (SERNEC) data portal. URL: http://sernecportal.org/portal/collections/index.php Last accessed: June 2021. Collectors: Charles M. Allen. States and Counties: Louisiana: Saint Helena</ref><ref name="LL"> Lundell Herbarium at the University of Texas at Austin accessed using Southeastern Regional Network of Expertise and Collections (SERNEC) data portal. URL: http://sernecportal.org/portal/collections/index.php Last accessed: June 2021. Collectors: Jimmy R. Massey. States and Counties: Mississippi: Newton.</ref><ref name="MMNS"> Mississippi Museum of Natural Science Herbarium accessed using Southeastern Regional Network of Expertise and Collections (SERNEC) data portal. URL: http://sernecportal.org/portal/collections/index.php Last accessed: June 2021. Collectors: Lucas C. Majure. States and Counties: Texas: Robertson.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ''Quercus incana'' is restricted to native groundcover with a statistical affinity in upland pinelands of South Georgia.<ref name=ost>Ostertag, T.E., and K.M. Robertson. 2007. A comparison of native versus old-field vegetation in upland pinelands managed with frequent fire, South Georgia, USA. Pages 109–120 in R.E. Masters and K.E.M. Galley (eds.). Proceedings of the 23rd Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference: Fire in Grassland and Shrubland Ecosystems.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ''Q. incana'' has shown regrowth in reestablished longleaf pine woodlands that were disturbed by agriculture in South Carolina, making it a post-agricultural woodland indicator species.<ref>Brudvig, L.A., J.L. Orrock, E.I. Damschen, C.D. Collins, P.G. Hahn, W.B. Mattingly, J.W. Veldman, and J.L. Walker. (2014). Land-Use History and Contemporary Management Inform an Ecological Reference Model for Longleaf Pine Woodland Understory Plant Communities. PLoS ONE 9(1): e86604.</ref> It also increased its density in response to disturbance by roller chopping in west Florida sandhills.<ref>Burns, R.M. and R.D. McReynolds. (1972). Scheduling and Intensity of Site Preparation for Pine in West Florida Sandhills. Journal of Forestry 70(12):737-740.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | This species became absent in response to military training in west Georgia longleaf pine forests.<ref>Dale, V.H., S.C. Beyeler, and B. Jackson. (2002). Understory vegetation indicators of anthropogenic disturbance in longleaf pine forests at Fort Benning, Georgia, USA. Ecological Indicators 1(3):155-170.</ref> ''Q. incana'' reduced its frequency and density in response to roller chopping in northwest Florida sandhills.<ref>Hebb, E.A. (1971). Site Preparation Decreases Game Food Plants in Florida Sandhills. The Journal of Wildlife Management 35(1):155-162.</ref> It also became absent and decreased its occurrence in response to agriculture in north Florida pinelands.<ref name=ost/> It has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished habitats that were disturbed by these activities. | ||
| + | |||
| + | It does not respond to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in north Florida flatwoods forests.<ref>Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ''Quercus incana'' is frequent and abundant in the Panhandle Xeric Sandhills, North Florida Subxeric Sandhills, and Clayhill Longleaf Woodlands community types as described in Carr et al. (2010).<ref>Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.</ref> | ||
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| + | ''Q. incana'' has been observed flowering in March and April.<ref>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 13 DEC 2016</ref> | ||
| + | |||
===Seed dispersal=== | ===Seed dispersal=== | ||
| − | ===Seed bank and germination=== | + | This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity.<ref>Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.</ref> |
| + | <!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | ||
| + | |||
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | ===Pollination=== | + | Populations of ''Quercus incana'' have been known to persist through repeated annual burning.<ref>Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref> |
| + | |||
| + | <!--===Pollination===--> | ||
| + | ===Herbivory and toxicology===<!--Common herbivores, granivory, insect hosting, poisonous chemicals, allelopathy, etc--> | ||
| + | ''Q. incana'' has been observed to host treehoppers such as ''Ophiderma pubescens'' (family Membracidae).<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref> | ||
| + | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== | ||
| − | == | + | ==Cultural use== |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
| + | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
| + | File:Quercus incana.JPG| <center> ''Quercus incana'' <p> Photo by Kevin Robertson </p> | ||
| + | </nowiki></gallery> | ||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
| − | |||
Latest revision as of 09:45, 15 July 2022
| Quercus incana | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo taken by Kevin Robertson | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Tracheophyta- Vascular plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Fagales |
| Family: | Fagaceae |
| Genus: | Quercus |
| Species: | Q. incana |
| Binomial name | |
| Quercus incana W. Bartram | |
| |
| Natural range of Quercus incana from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common name: Bluejack oak
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: Quercus cinerea Michaux; Q. humilis Wlater
Description
A description of Quercus incana is provided in The Flora of North America.
Distribution
Ecology
Habitat
Q. incana has been found in turkey oak-longleaf pine stands, sand dunes, sand pine scrub, longleaf pine-wiregrass ridges, slashpine flatwoods, dry pine barrens, upland woods, and evergreen oak scrub.[1] It is also found in disturbed areas including along roadsides, clear cut longleaf pine forests, and burned pinewoods.[1]
Associated species: Q. myrtifolia, Quercus marilandica, Opuntia humifusa, Stillingia sylvatica, Tephrosia virginiana, and Quercus-Ilex.[1][2][3][4]
Quercus incana is restricted to native groundcover with a statistical affinity in upland pinelands of South Georgia.[5]
Q. incana has shown regrowth in reestablished longleaf pine woodlands that were disturbed by agriculture in South Carolina, making it a post-agricultural woodland indicator species.[6] It also increased its density in response to disturbance by roller chopping in west Florida sandhills.[7]
This species became absent in response to military training in west Georgia longleaf pine forests.[8] Q. incana reduced its frequency and density in response to roller chopping in northwest Florida sandhills.[9] It also became absent and decreased its occurrence in response to agriculture in north Florida pinelands.[5] It has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished habitats that were disturbed by these activities.
It does not respond to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in north Florida flatwoods forests.[10]
Quercus incana is frequent and abundant in the Panhandle Xeric Sandhills, North Florida Subxeric Sandhills, and Clayhill Longleaf Woodlands community types as described in Carr et al. (2010).[11]
Phenology
Q. incana has been observed flowering in March and April.[12]
Seed dispersal
This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity.[13]
Fire ecology
Populations of Quercus incana have been known to persist through repeated annual burning.[14]
Herbivory and toxicology
Q. incana has been observed to host treehoppers such as Ophiderma pubescens (family Membracidae).[15]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
Cultural use
Photo Gallery
Quercus incana Photo by Kevin Robertson
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Florida State University Herbarium Database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2021. Collectors: A. H. Curtiss, Robert Doren, Angus Gholson, Robert K. Godfrey, Robert L. Lazor, and Dwayne Wise. States and counties: Florida: Calhoun, Duval, Franklin, Gilchrist, Highlands, Levy.
- ↑ Louisiana State University, Shirley C. Tucker Herbarium accessed using Southeastern Regional Network of Expertise and Collections (SERNEC) data portal. URL: http://sernecportal.org/portal/collections/index.php Last accessed: June 2021. Collectors: Charles M. Allen. States and Counties: Louisiana: Saint Helena
- ↑ Lundell Herbarium at the University of Texas at Austin accessed using Southeastern Regional Network of Expertise and Collections (SERNEC) data portal. URL: http://sernecportal.org/portal/collections/index.php Last accessed: June 2021. Collectors: Jimmy R. Massey. States and Counties: Mississippi: Newton.
- ↑ Mississippi Museum of Natural Science Herbarium accessed using Southeastern Regional Network of Expertise and Collections (SERNEC) data portal. URL: http://sernecportal.org/portal/collections/index.php Last accessed: June 2021. Collectors: Lucas C. Majure. States and Counties: Texas: Robertson.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ostertag, T.E., and K.M. Robertson. 2007. A comparison of native versus old-field vegetation in upland pinelands managed with frequent fire, South Georgia, USA. Pages 109–120 in R.E. Masters and K.E.M. Galley (eds.). Proceedings of the 23rd Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference: Fire in Grassland and Shrubland Ecosystems.
- ↑ Brudvig, L.A., J.L. Orrock, E.I. Damschen, C.D. Collins, P.G. Hahn, W.B. Mattingly, J.W. Veldman, and J.L. Walker. (2014). Land-Use History and Contemporary Management Inform an Ecological Reference Model for Longleaf Pine Woodland Understory Plant Communities. PLoS ONE 9(1): e86604.
- ↑ Burns, R.M. and R.D. McReynolds. (1972). Scheduling and Intensity of Site Preparation for Pine in West Florida Sandhills. Journal of Forestry 70(12):737-740.
- ↑ Dale, V.H., S.C. Beyeler, and B. Jackson. (2002). Understory vegetation indicators of anthropogenic disturbance in longleaf pine forests at Fort Benning, Georgia, USA. Ecological Indicators 1(3):155-170.
- ↑ Hebb, E.A. (1971). Site Preparation Decreases Game Food Plants in Florida Sandhills. The Journal of Wildlife Management 35(1):155-162.
- ↑ Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.
- ↑ Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 13 DEC 2016
- ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
- ↑ Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.
- ↑ Discoverlife.org [1]
