Difference between revisions of "Nothoscordum bivalve"
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| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Nothoscordum bivalve '' from USDA NRCS [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=NOBI2# Plants Database]. | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Nothoscordum bivalve '' from USDA NRCS [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=NOBI2# Plants Database]. | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | Common names: | + | Common names: Grace garlic; False garlic;<ref name="Weakley 2015">Weakley AS (2015) Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Herbarium.</ref> Crowpoison<ref name="USDA">USDA NRCS (2016) The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 08 February 2018). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.</ref> |
==Taxonomic Notes== | ==Taxonomic Notes== | ||
| − | + | Synonyms: ''Allium bivalve'' (Linnaeus) Kuntze.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | |
| + | |||
| + | Varieties: none.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | ||
==Description== <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ==Description== <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| Line 30: | Line 32: | ||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | ''N. bivalve'' occurs around granite flatrocks, in various glades and barrens, open woodlands | + | ''N. bivalve'' occurs around granite flatrocks, in various glades and barrens, open woodlands, fields,<ref name="Weakley 2015"/><ref name="Baskin & Baskin 1979"/> disturbed soils, low sandy woods, meadows, prairies, parking strips of towns, and rocky glades of limestone, chert, granite or sandstone. ''N. bivalve'' has additionally been found in swamp forests, pine-oak sandhills, oak woodlands, and pinelands.<ref name="FSU"> Florida State University Herbarium Database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2021. Collectors: L.C. Anderson, Robert K. Godfrey, Karen MacClendon, and Travis MacClendon. States and counties: Florida: Calhoun, Liberty, and Wakulla. Georgia: Grady.</ref> It is also found in disturbed areas including roadsides, along fences, and burned pine savannah.<ref name="FSU"/> Associated species: ''C. atlantica ssp. capillacea, Rhynchospora miliacea, Allium canadense'', and ''Dryopteris''.<ref name="FSU"/> |
| + | |||
| + | In Tennessee cedar (limestone) glades, ''N. bivalve'' is most abundant where soil is 10-15 cm deep. It can be found in glades that are flooded during winter and early spring and in those that are unflooded. During summer months in this habitat, soil moisture is frequently below the wilting coefficient.<ref name="Baskin & Baskin 1979"/> | ||
Associated species in Tennessee glades include ''[[Erigeron strigosus]]'', ''Hypericum sphaerocarpum'', ''Isanthus brachiatus'', ''Isoetes butleri'', ''Ophioglossum engelmanni'', ''Petalostemon gattingeri'', ''Psoralea subacaulis'', ''Ruellia humilis'', ''Satureja glabella'', ''Scutellaria parvula'', ''Senecio smallii'', and ''Sporobolus vaginiflorus''.<ref name="Baskin & Baskin 1979"/> | Associated species in Tennessee glades include ''[[Erigeron strigosus]]'', ''Hypericum sphaerocarpum'', ''Isanthus brachiatus'', ''Isoetes butleri'', ''Ophioglossum engelmanni'', ''Petalostemon gattingeri'', ''Psoralea subacaulis'', ''Ruellia humilis'', ''Satureja glabella'', ''Scutellaria parvula'', ''Senecio smallii'', and ''Sporobolus vaginiflorus''.<ref name="Baskin & Baskin 1979"/> | ||
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | Seeds emerge from the soil in Tennessee glades during late February or early March and are fully elongated by late March and early April. Flowering here begins in early April, | + | Seeds emerge from the soil in Tennessee glades during late February or early March and are fully elongated by late March and early April. Flowering here begins in early April, is in full flower by late April to early May, and ends by mid-May. Green fruits and seeds occur from May first through the third week of May and ripe seeds occur from mid to late May. However, wet environments can shift the fruiting further into early to mid-June. Seeds are dispersed within 1-2 weeks of ripening. As seeds ripen, the stem turns yellow and dies about the time of seed dispersal. Bulblets are produced at the base of the plant between April and May. However, bulblets and/or seeds do not always occur, could both occur, or just one or the other. Roots also start dying at the same time as bulblets and completely die when the summer dry period sets in. In autumn, new roots grow that typically persist through winter. New leaves are also produced during autumn once soil moisture conditions become favorable. Autumn leaves die by mid-November, although it produces 1<sup>+</sup> leaves that remain under the soil surface until late February or early March. Seed germination occurs from late March to mid-April. Warmer temperatures appear to trigger bulblet growth of roots and shoots. Root growth starts before the shoots and shoot growth seems more responsive to the temperature regime than roots. The optimal regime was a 30/15 °C 12/12 hr alternating interval.<ref name="Baskin & Baskin 1979"/> |
| − | In the southeastern and mid-Atlantic United States, ''N. bivalve'' flowers from mid-March through mid-May and in September through December. Fruiting occurs in May through June and from October through January.<ref name="Weakley 2015"/> For the Florida panhandle, reports of flowering primarily occur from January through May, peaking between February and April. | + | In the southeastern and mid-Atlantic United States, ''N. bivalve'' flowers from mid-March through mid-May and in September through December. Fruiting occurs in May through June and from October through January.<ref name="Weakley 2015"/> For the Florida panhandle, reports of flowering primarily occur from January through May, peaking between February and April. Flowering has also been observed in September through November, but in reduced numbers compared to the spring.<ref name="PanFlora">Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 8 FEB 2018</ref> |
<!--===Seed dispersal===--> | <!--===Seed dispersal===--> | ||
===Seed bank and germination=== | ===Seed bank and germination=== | ||
| − | A period of stratification is required to end seed dormancy. Germination was most successful in a 14 week dark stratification, rather than light or 7 week stratification, and colder temperatures (15/6 °C 12/12 hr alternating intervals rather than 20/10 or 30/15 °C).<ref name="Baskin & Baskin 1979"/> | + | A period of stratification is required to end seed dormancy. Germination was most successful in a 14-week dark stratification, rather than light or 7-week stratification, and colder temperatures (15/6 °C 12/12 hr alternating intervals rather than 20/10 or 30/15 °C).<ref name="Baskin & Baskin 1979"/> |
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | In Illinois barrens, ''N. bivalve'' was one of the species present before a burn; but absent | + | In Illinois barrens, ''N. bivalve'' was one of the species present before a burn; but absent afterward; this suggests it is intolerant of fire.<ref name="Heikens et al 1994">Heikens AL, West KA, Robertson PA (1994) Short-term response of chert and shale barrens vegetation to fire in southwestern Illinois. Castanea 59(3):274-285.</ref> However, populations on the Wade Tract of south Georgia have been known to persist through repeated annual burning.<ref>Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref> |
===Pollination=== | ===Pollination=== | ||
| − | Two hoverfly species are known to visit and help pollinate ''N. bivalve''. These include ''Sphaerophoria contiqua'' and ''Toxomerus marginatus''.<ref name="Tooker et al 2006">Tooker JF, Hauser M, Hanks LM (2006) Floral hosts plants of Syrphidae and Tachinidae (Diptera) of central Illinois. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 99(1):96-112.</ref> | + | Two hoverfly species are known to visit and help pollinate ''N. bivalve''. These include ''Sphaerophoria contiqua'' and ''Toxomerus marginatus''.<ref name="Tooker et al 2006">Tooker JF, Hauser M, Hanks LM (2006) Floral hosts plants of Syrphidae and Tachinidae (Diptera) of central Illinois. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 99(1):96-112.</ref> Additionally, this species is visited by ground-nesting bees from the Andrenidae family such as ''Panurginus polytrichus''.<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref> |
| − | === | + | ===Herbivory and toxicology=== |
| − | Herbivory by grazers is low for this species,<ref name="Smith 1940"/> but trace amounts have been found in white tailed deer rumen of southern Texas.<ref name="Everitt & Drawe 1974">Everitt JH, Drawe DL (1974) Spring food habits of white-tailed deer in the south Texas plains. Journal of Range Management 27(1):15-20</ref> Relative abundance peaks in properly grazed prairies and overgrazed but uneroded prairies.<ref name="Smith 1940">Smith CC (1940) The effect of overgrazing and erosion upon the biota of the mixed-grass prairie of Oklahoma. Ecology 21(3):381-397.</ref> Seeds may also be consumed trace quantities by bobwhite and scaled quail in southwest Texas.<ref name="Campbell-Kissock et al 1985">Campbell-Kissock L, Blankenship LH, Stewart JW (1985) Plant and animal foods of bobwhite and scaled quail in southwest Texas. The Southwestern Naturalist 30(4):543-553.</ref> | + | Herbivory by grazers is low for this species,<ref name="Smith 1940"/> but trace amounts have been found in white-tailed deer rumen of southern Texas.<ref name="Everitt & Drawe 1974">Everitt JH, Drawe DL (1974) Spring food habits of white-tailed deer in the south Texas plains. Journal of Range Management 27(1):15-20</ref> Relative abundance peaks in properly grazed prairies and overgrazed but uneroded prairies.<ref name="Smith 1940">Smith CC (1940) The effect of overgrazing and erosion upon the biota of the mixed-grass prairie of Oklahoma. Ecology 21(3):381-397.</ref> Seeds may also be consumed trace quantities by bobwhite and scaled quail in southwest Texas.<ref name="Campbell-Kissock et al 1985">Campbell-Kissock L, Blankenship LH, Stewart JW (1985) Plant and animal foods of bobwhite and scaled quail in southwest Texas. The Southwestern Naturalist 30(4):543-553.</ref> |
| − | ==Diseases and parasites== | + | ===Diseases and parasites=== |
Fungal parasites have been observed on ''N. bivalve'', including ''Uromyces primaverilis'' ssp. ''nothoscordi''.<ref name="Savile 1961">Savile DBO (1961) Some fungal parasites on Liliaceae. Mycologia 53(1):31-52.</ref> | Fungal parasites have been observed on ''N. bivalve'', including ''Uromyces primaverilis'' ssp. ''nothoscordi''.<ref name="Savile 1961">Savile DBO (1961) Some fungal parasites on Liliaceae. Mycologia 53(1):31-52.</ref> | ||
| − | ==Conservation and | + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== |
| − | == | + | ==Cultural use== |
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
<gallery widths=180px> | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
Latest revision as of 14:52, 14 July 2022
| Nothoscordum bivalve | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo from the Illinois Wildflowers Database | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicots |
| Order: | Liliales |
| Family: | Liliaceae |
| Genus: | Nothoscordum |
| Species: | N. bivalve |
| Binomial name | |
| Nothoscordum bivalve L. | |
| |
| Natural range of Nothoscordum bivalve from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common names: Grace garlic; False garlic;[1] Crowpoison[2]
Contents
Taxonomic Notes
Synonyms: Allium bivalve (Linnaeus) Kuntze.[3]
Varieties: none.[3]
Description
Nothoscordum bivalve is a bulbous[4] monoecious perennial forb/herb.[2] It is an onion-like plant but typically lacks an odor.[1]
Distribution
This species is found from southeastern Virginia, westward to southern Ohio and Kansas, southward to central peninsular Florida, Texas, and South America.[1]
Ecology
Habitat
N. bivalve occurs around granite flatrocks, in various glades and barrens, open woodlands, fields,[1][4] disturbed soils, low sandy woods, meadows, prairies, parking strips of towns, and rocky glades of limestone, chert, granite or sandstone. N. bivalve has additionally been found in swamp forests, pine-oak sandhills, oak woodlands, and pinelands.[5] It is also found in disturbed areas including roadsides, along fences, and burned pine savannah.[5] Associated species: C. atlantica ssp. capillacea, Rhynchospora miliacea, Allium canadense, and Dryopteris.[5]
In Tennessee cedar (limestone) glades, N. bivalve is most abundant where soil is 10-15 cm deep. It can be found in glades that are flooded during winter and early spring and in those that are unflooded. During summer months in this habitat, soil moisture is frequently below the wilting coefficient.[4]
Associated species in Tennessee glades include Erigeron strigosus, Hypericum sphaerocarpum, Isanthus brachiatus, Isoetes butleri, Ophioglossum engelmanni, Petalostemon gattingeri, Psoralea subacaulis, Ruellia humilis, Satureja glabella, Scutellaria parvula, Senecio smallii, and Sporobolus vaginiflorus.[4]
Phenology
Seeds emerge from the soil in Tennessee glades during late February or early March and are fully elongated by late March and early April. Flowering here begins in early April, is in full flower by late April to early May, and ends by mid-May. Green fruits and seeds occur from May first through the third week of May and ripe seeds occur from mid to late May. However, wet environments can shift the fruiting further into early to mid-June. Seeds are dispersed within 1-2 weeks of ripening. As seeds ripen, the stem turns yellow and dies about the time of seed dispersal. Bulblets are produced at the base of the plant between April and May. However, bulblets and/or seeds do not always occur, could both occur, or just one or the other. Roots also start dying at the same time as bulblets and completely die when the summer dry period sets in. In autumn, new roots grow that typically persist through winter. New leaves are also produced during autumn once soil moisture conditions become favorable. Autumn leaves die by mid-November, although it produces 1+ leaves that remain under the soil surface until late February or early March. Seed germination occurs from late March to mid-April. Warmer temperatures appear to trigger bulblet growth of roots and shoots. Root growth starts before the shoots and shoot growth seems more responsive to the temperature regime than roots. The optimal regime was a 30/15 °C 12/12 hr alternating interval.[4]
In the southeastern and mid-Atlantic United States, N. bivalve flowers from mid-March through mid-May and in September through December. Fruiting occurs in May through June and from October through January.[1] For the Florida panhandle, reports of flowering primarily occur from January through May, peaking between February and April. Flowering has also been observed in September through November, but in reduced numbers compared to the spring.[6]
Seed bank and germination
A period of stratification is required to end seed dormancy. Germination was most successful in a 14-week dark stratification, rather than light or 7-week stratification, and colder temperatures (15/6 °C 12/12 hr alternating intervals rather than 20/10 or 30/15 °C).[4]
Fire ecology
In Illinois barrens, N. bivalve was one of the species present before a burn; but absent afterward; this suggests it is intolerant of fire.[7] However, populations on the Wade Tract of south Georgia have been known to persist through repeated annual burning.[8]
Pollination
Two hoverfly species are known to visit and help pollinate N. bivalve. These include Sphaerophoria contiqua and Toxomerus marginatus.[9] Additionally, this species is visited by ground-nesting bees from the Andrenidae family such as Panurginus polytrichus.[10]
Herbivory and toxicology
Herbivory by grazers is low for this species,[11] but trace amounts have been found in white-tailed deer rumen of southern Texas.[12] Relative abundance peaks in properly grazed prairies and overgrazed but uneroded prairies.[11] Seeds may also be consumed trace quantities by bobwhite and scaled quail in southwest Texas.[13]
Diseases and parasites
Fungal parasites have been observed on N. bivalve, including Uromyces primaverilis ssp. nothoscordi.[14]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
Cultural use
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Weakley AS (2015) Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Herbarium.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 USDA NRCS (2016) The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 08 February 2018). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Baskin JM, Baskin CC (1979) The ecological life cycle of Nothoscordum bivalve in Tennessee cedar glades. Castanea 44(4):193-202
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Florida State University Herbarium Database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2021. Collectors: L.C. Anderson, Robert K. Godfrey, Karen MacClendon, and Travis MacClendon. States and counties: Florida: Calhoun, Liberty, and Wakulla. Georgia: Grady.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 8 FEB 2018
- ↑ Heikens AL, West KA, Robertson PA (1994) Short-term response of chert and shale barrens vegetation to fire in southwestern Illinois. Castanea 59(3):274-285.
- ↑ Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.
- ↑ Tooker JF, Hauser M, Hanks LM (2006) Floral hosts plants of Syrphidae and Tachinidae (Diptera) of central Illinois. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 99(1):96-112.
- ↑ Discoverlife.org [1]
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Smith CC (1940) The effect of overgrazing and erosion upon the biota of the mixed-grass prairie of Oklahoma. Ecology 21(3):381-397.
- ↑ Everitt JH, Drawe DL (1974) Spring food habits of white-tailed deer in the south Texas plains. Journal of Range Management 27(1):15-20
- ↑ Campbell-Kissock L, Blankenship LH, Stewart JW (1985) Plant and animal foods of bobwhite and scaled quail in southwest Texas. The Southwestern Naturalist 30(4):543-553.
- ↑ Savile DBO (1961) Some fungal parasites on Liliaceae. Mycologia 53(1):31-52.
