Difference between revisions of "Rudbeckia hirta"
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==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | ''R. hirta'' proliferates in fields and roadsides. <ref name= "Weakley 2015"> Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium. </ref> Specimens have been collected from loamy sands at edge od woodland, open woodland, moist roadsides, dry pine woods and fields, moist sandy peat of savannah, longleaf pine wiregrass savanna, saw palmetto flats, old fields, holding ponds, red clay soils, cedar glade, edge of rivers, wet boggy sites, prairie, mixed woods, creek bottoms, slash pine plantation, and other disturbed wet regions. <ref name = "FSU herbarium"> URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, M.R. Darst, S.F. Blake, Robert Kral, A.H. Curtiss, George R. Cooley, Carroll E. Wood, Kenneth A. Wilson, P.L. Redfearn, J.B. Nelson, R.L. Scott, William Lindsey, Mabel Kral, D.B.WArd, S.S. Ward, Cecil Slaughter, Marc Minno, Brenda Herring, Don Herring, John Small, Robert Lazor, Gary Knight, P. Genelle, G. Fleming, R.J. Eaton, Richard Mitchell, S.W. Leonard, W.T. Penfound, Josephine Skehan, Karl Nestor, Richard Triplett, F. A. Gilbert, Edward Steele, W.F. Westerfeld, R.E. Torrey, E. Bourdo, R.H. Wnek, S.J. Lombardo, K.E. Blum, Norlan Henderson, Delzie Demaree, A.F. Clewell, M. Nee, D.A. Rayner, James Kessler, Roomie Wilson, Sidney McDaniel, Elmo Law, W.F. Westerfeld, Donald Stone, John Thieret, Willis Eggler, Clarke Hudson, E. Bourdo, Charles Bryson, C.R. Ball, Victoria Sullivan, D. Kennemore, George Jones, Robert Thorne, Joscelyn Hill, Cliff Duncun, Richard Clinebell, Lisa Keppner, K. MacClendon, Elmar Prichard, Francis Thorne, J. Kevin England, Jamie England. States and counties: Florida (Leon, Gadsden, Jefferson, Polk, Charlotte, Duval, Wakulla, Gulf, Calhoun, Hardee, Santa Rosa, Marion, Manatee, Citrus, Okaloosa, Jackson, Levy, Seminole, Clay, Hernando, Nassau, Lee, Walton, Suwannee, Sumter, Taylor, holmes, Lake, Washington) Louisiana (St. Tammany, Oachita, Union, Tangipahoa, Evangeline) Mississippi (Jackson, Scott, CLay, George, Kemper), West Virginia (Barbour, Cabell, Preston) Alabama (Wilcox) Virginia (Nottoway, Giles, Patrick, Prince George) Pennsylvania (Huntington) Massachusetts (Hampshire) Missouri (Ripley, Shannon, Douglas, Sullivan, Hickory, McDonald, Henry,Jasper, Carter) Vermont (Windsor) Maryland (Baltimore) South Carolina (Oconee, York, Edgefield, Richland) Tennesssee (Coffee) Arkansas (Garland, Sharp, Clark, Prairie, Faulkner, Pulaski,Marion, Craighead, Hot Spring) Georgia (Thomas, Gwinnett) Colorada (Larimer) Wisconsin (Richalnd) Texas (Harris, Taylor, Freestone) Tennessee (Hickman) North Carolina (Buncombe, Polk, Granville, Caldwell, Burke) Alabama (Geneva, Montgomery, Sumter, Pickens), Kansas (Wooden) Michigan (Baraga) Indiana (Kosciusko) Georgia (Thomas, Camden, Ben Hill, Tift, Morgan) Ohio (Erie)</ref> | + | ''R. hirta'' proliferates in fields and roadsides. <ref name= "Weakley 2015"> Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium. </ref> Specimens have been collected from loamy sands at edge od woodland, open woodland, moist roadsides, dry pine woods and fields, moist sandy peat of savannah, longleaf pine wiregrass savanna, saw palmetto flats, old fields, holding ponds, red clay soils, cedar glade, edge of rivers, wet boggy sites, prairie, mixed woods, creek bottoms, slash pine plantation, and other disturbed wet regions. <ref name = "FSU herbarium"> URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, M.R. Darst, S.F. Blake, Robert Kral, A.H. Curtiss, George R. Cooley, Carroll E. Wood, Kenneth A. Wilson, P.L. Redfearn, J.B. Nelson, R.L. Scott, William Lindsey, Mabel Kral, D.B.WArd, S.S. Ward, Cecil Slaughter, Marc Minno, Brenda Herring, Don Herring, John Small, Robert Lazor, Gary Knight, P. Genelle, G. Fleming, R.J. Eaton, Richard Mitchell, S.W. Leonard, W.T. Penfound, Josephine Skehan, Karl Nestor, Richard Triplett, F. A. Gilbert, Edward Steele, W.F. Westerfeld, R.E. Torrey, E. Bourdo, R.H. Wnek, S.J. Lombardo, K.E. Blum, Norlan Henderson, Delzie Demaree, A.F. Clewell, M. Nee, D.A. Rayner, James Kessler, Roomie Wilson, Sidney McDaniel, Elmo Law, W.F. Westerfeld, Donald Stone, John Thieret, Willis Eggler, Clarke Hudson, E. Bourdo, Charles Bryson, C.R. Ball, Victoria Sullivan, D. Kennemore, George Jones, Robert Thorne, Joscelyn Hill, Cliff Duncun, Richard Clinebell, Lisa Keppner, K. MacClendon, Elmar Prichard, Francis Thorne, J. Kevin England, Jamie England. States and counties: Florida (Leon, Gadsden, Jefferson, Polk, Charlotte, Duval, Wakulla, Gulf, Calhoun, Hardee, Santa Rosa, Marion, Manatee, Citrus, Okaloosa, Jackson, Levy, Seminole, Clay, Hernando, Nassau, Lee, Walton, Suwannee, Sumter, Taylor, holmes, Lake, Washington) Louisiana (St. Tammany, Oachita, Union, Tangipahoa, Evangeline) Mississippi (Jackson, Scott, CLay, George, Kemper), West Virginia (Barbour, Cabell, Preston) Alabama (Wilcox) Virginia (Nottoway, Giles, Patrick, Prince George) Pennsylvania (Huntington) Massachusetts (Hampshire) Missouri (Ripley, Shannon, Douglas, Sullivan, Hickory, McDonald, Henry,Jasper, Carter) Vermont (Windsor) Maryland (Baltimore) South Carolina (Oconee, York, Edgefield, Richland) Tennesssee (Coffee) Arkansas (Garland, Sharp, Clark, Prairie, Faulkner, Pulaski,Marion, Craighead, Hot Spring) Georgia (Thomas, Gwinnett) Colorada (Larimer) Wisconsin (Richalnd) Texas (Harris, Taylor, Freestone) Tennessee (Hickman) North Carolina (Buncombe, Polk, Granville, Caldwell, Burke) Alabama (Geneva, Montgomery, Sumter, Pickens), Kansas (Wooden) Michigan (Baraga) Indiana (Kosciusko) Georgia (Thomas, Camden, Ben Hill, Tift, Morgan) Ohio (Erie)</ref> ''R. hirta'' responds negatively to soil disturbance by agriculture in Southwest Georgia.<ref>Kirkman, L.K., K.L. Coffey, R.J. Mitchell, and E.B. Moser. Ground Cover Recovery Patterns and Life-History Traits: Implications for Restoration Obstacles and Opportunities in a Species-Rich Savanna. (2004). Journal of Ecology 92(3):409-421.</ref> |
| + | |||
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
''R. hirta'' has been observed to flower from March to November with peak inflorescence in June. <ref name= "PanFlora"> Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 29 MAY 2018 </ref> | ''R. hirta'' has been observed to flower from March to November with peak inflorescence in June. <ref name= "PanFlora"> Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 29 MAY 2018 </ref> | ||
Revision as of 14:34, 15 July 2019
Common name: Coastal Plain black-eyed susan [1], black-eyed susan [2]
| Rudbeckia hirta | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by Kevin Robertson | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicots |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | Rudbeckia |
| Species: | R. hirta |
| Binomial name | |
| Rudbeckia hirta L. | |
| |
| Natural range of Rudbeckia hirta from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Contents
Taxonomic Notes
Synonyms: none
Varieties: R. hirta Linnaeus var. angustifolia (T.V. Moore) Perdue; R. hirta Linnaeus var. hirta; R hirta Linnaeus var. pulcherrima Farwell
Description
R. hirta is an annual/biennial/perennial forb/herb of the Asteraceae family native to North America and Canada and introduced to Alaska. [2]
Distribution
R. hirta is found in all of the United States excluding Nevada and Arizona, all regions of Canada, and Alaska. [2]
Ecology
Habitat
R. hirta proliferates in fields and roadsides. [1] Specimens have been collected from loamy sands at edge od woodland, open woodland, moist roadsides, dry pine woods and fields, moist sandy peat of savannah, longleaf pine wiregrass savanna, saw palmetto flats, old fields, holding ponds, red clay soils, cedar glade, edge of rivers, wet boggy sites, prairie, mixed woods, creek bottoms, slash pine plantation, and other disturbed wet regions. [3] R. hirta responds negatively to soil disturbance by agriculture in Southwest Georgia.[4]
Phenology
R. hirta has been observed to flower from March to November with peak inflorescence in June. [5]
Seed dispersal
This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity. [6]
Fire ecology
R. hirta is not fire resistant, but has medium fire tolerance. [2]
Use by animals
Bees have been observed visiting this species. [7]
Conservation and Management
R. hirta is listed as a weedy or invasive species by the Southern Weed Science Society. [2]
Cultivation and restoration
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 USDA Plant Database https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=RUHI2
- ↑ URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, M.R. Darst, S.F. Blake, Robert Kral, A.H. Curtiss, George R. Cooley, Carroll E. Wood, Kenneth A. Wilson, P.L. Redfearn, J.B. Nelson, R.L. Scott, William Lindsey, Mabel Kral, D.B.WArd, S.S. Ward, Cecil Slaughter, Marc Minno, Brenda Herring, Don Herring, John Small, Robert Lazor, Gary Knight, P. Genelle, G. Fleming, R.J. Eaton, Richard Mitchell, S.W. Leonard, W.T. Penfound, Josephine Skehan, Karl Nestor, Richard Triplett, F. A. Gilbert, Edward Steele, W.F. Westerfeld, R.E. Torrey, E. Bourdo, R.H. Wnek, S.J. Lombardo, K.E. Blum, Norlan Henderson, Delzie Demaree, A.F. Clewell, M. Nee, D.A. Rayner, James Kessler, Roomie Wilson, Sidney McDaniel, Elmo Law, W.F. Westerfeld, Donald Stone, John Thieret, Willis Eggler, Clarke Hudson, E. Bourdo, Charles Bryson, C.R. Ball, Victoria Sullivan, D. Kennemore, George Jones, Robert Thorne, Joscelyn Hill, Cliff Duncun, Richard Clinebell, Lisa Keppner, K. MacClendon, Elmar Prichard, Francis Thorne, J. Kevin England, Jamie England. States and counties: Florida (Leon, Gadsden, Jefferson, Polk, Charlotte, Duval, Wakulla, Gulf, Calhoun, Hardee, Santa Rosa, Marion, Manatee, Citrus, Okaloosa, Jackson, Levy, Seminole, Clay, Hernando, Nassau, Lee, Walton, Suwannee, Sumter, Taylor, holmes, Lake, Washington) Louisiana (St. Tammany, Oachita, Union, Tangipahoa, Evangeline) Mississippi (Jackson, Scott, CLay, George, Kemper), West Virginia (Barbour, Cabell, Preston) Alabama (Wilcox) Virginia (Nottoway, Giles, Patrick, Prince George) Pennsylvania (Huntington) Massachusetts (Hampshire) Missouri (Ripley, Shannon, Douglas, Sullivan, Hickory, McDonald, Henry,Jasper, Carter) Vermont (Windsor) Maryland (Baltimore) South Carolina (Oconee, York, Edgefield, Richland) Tennesssee (Coffee) Arkansas (Garland, Sharp, Clark, Prairie, Faulkner, Pulaski,Marion, Craighead, Hot Spring) Georgia (Thomas, Gwinnett) Colorada (Larimer) Wisconsin (Richalnd) Texas (Harris, Taylor, Freestone) Tennessee (Hickman) North Carolina (Buncombe, Polk, Granville, Caldwell, Burke) Alabama (Geneva, Montgomery, Sumter, Pickens), Kansas (Wooden) Michigan (Baraga) Indiana (Kosciusko) Georgia (Thomas, Camden, Ben Hill, Tift, Morgan) Ohio (Erie)
- ↑ Kirkman, L.K., K.L. Coffey, R.J. Mitchell, and E.B. Moser. Ground Cover Recovery Patterns and Life-History Traits: Implications for Restoration Obstacles and Opportunities in a Species-Rich Savanna. (2004). Journal of Ecology 92(3):409-421.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 29 MAY 2018
- ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
- ↑ Observation by Patrick R. Leary, Ralph Simmons State Forest, Nassau Co. Fl., June 14, 2018, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group June 15, 2018.
