Difference between revisions of "Erigeron strigosus"
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| − | Common names: | + | Common names: prairie fleabane; common eastern fleabane; common rough fleabane |
==Taxonomic notes== | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| − | Synonyms: '' | + | Synonyms: ''Erigeron strigosus'' Muhlenberg ex Willdenow<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> |
| − | Varieties: ''Erigeron strigosus'' Muhlenberg ex Wildenow var. '' | + | Varieties: ''Erigeron strigosus'' Muhlenberg ex Wildenow var. ''strigosus''; ''Erigeron strigosus'' Muhlenberg ex Willdenow var. ''septentrionalis'' (Fernald & Wiegand) Fernald; ''Erigeron strigosus'' var. ''beyrichii''<ref name=weakley/> |
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
| Line 29: | Line 29: | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| − | Generally, ''E. strigosus'' can be found across the United States and Canada in all provinces except the northern provinces, and all states but Alaska, Hawaii, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona.<ref name= "USDA">USDA, NRCS. (2016). The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 8 May 2019). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.</ref> ''E. strigosus'' var. ''calcicola'' is found in the central basin of Tennessee, northwest Georgia, and northern Alabama. ''E. strigosus'' var. ''dolomiticola'' is endemic to Bibb county in Alabama. ''E. strigosus'' var. ''septentrionalis'' is scattered across northern North America, south to New York, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Wyoming, and California. Lastly ''E. strigosus'' var. ''strigosus'' is distributed from Nova Scotia west to Washington state, and south to central peninsular Florida as well as Texas.<ref name= | + | Generally, ''E. strigosus'' can be found across the United States and Canada in all provinces except the northern provinces, and all states but Alaska, Hawaii, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona.<ref name= "USDA">USDA, NRCS. (2016). The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 8 May 2019). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.</ref> ''E. strigosus'' var. ''calcicola'' is found in the central basin of Tennessee, northwest Georgia, and northern Alabama. ''E. strigosus'' var. ''dolomiticola'' is endemic to Bibb county in Alabama. ''E. strigosus'' var. ''septentrionalis'' is scattered across northern North America, south to New York, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Wyoming, and California. Lastly ''E. strigosus'' var. ''strigosus'' is distributed from Nova Scotia west to Washington state, and south to central peninsular Florida as well as Texas.<ref name=weakley/> Apomictic (reproduce asexually) populations usually have wider distributions than sexual populations.<ref name= "Noyes"/> |
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | ''E. strigosus'' var. ''calcicola'' can be found in limestone glades, var. ''dolomiticola'' can be found in calcareous Ketona glades, var. ''septentrionalis'' can be found in roadsides and other disturbed areas, and var. ''strigosus'' can be found in open woodlands as well as roadsides and other disturbed areas.<ref name= | + | ''E. strigosus'' var. ''calcicola'' can be found in limestone glades, var. ''dolomiticola'' can be found in calcareous Ketona glades, var. ''septentrionalis'' can be found in roadsides and other disturbed areas, and var. ''strigosus'' can be found in open woodlands as well as roadsides and other disturbed areas.<ref name=weakley/> In the Coastal Plain, ''E. strigosus'' can occur in upland old fields, sandy floodplains, turkey oak forests, lake shores, sandhill scrub oak-wiregrass communities, open oak woods, boggy slopes of longleaf pine savannas, and open limestone glades. In human disturbed areas it has been found along sandy roadsides, vacant lots, a disturbed sandhill growing with planted ''Pinus palustris'' and disturbed longleaf pine restoration sites. Soils include sand, sandy clay, loamy sand and sandy loam. <ref name=fsu> Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: October 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker, Andre F. Clewell, R.F. Doren, Patricia Elliot, Richard Gaskalla, J.P. Gillespie, R. K. Godfrey, H.E. Grelen, Brenda Herring, Don Herring, E.M. Hodgson, C. Jackson, Ann F. Johnson, J.M. Kane, Gary R. Knight, R. Komarek, R. Kral, Richard Mitchell, R. A. Norris, Gwynn W. Ramsey, Paul L. Redfearn Jr. , Bian Tan, L.B. Trott, B. L. Turner. States and Counties: Alabama: Limestone. Florida: Calhoun, Columbia, Franklin, Gadsden, Hamilton, Leon, Liberty, Jackson, Jefferson, Madison, Marion, Nassau, Okaloosa, Polk, Putnam, Suwannee, Union, Wakulla. Georgia: Grady, Thomas. Louisiana: Caldwell. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref> ''E. strigosus'' was found to be in its long-term response following cessation of repeated soil disturbance.<ref name=Dixon>Dixon, C. M., K. M. Robertson, A. M. Reid and M. T. Rother. 2024. Mechanical soil disturbance in a pine savanna has multiyear effects on plant species composition. Ecosphere 15(2):e4759.</ref> |
Associated species include ''Liatris, Panicum, Leptoloma cognata, Baptisia megacarpa, Festuca, Piptochaetium, Verbena, Pinus palustris, Hymenopappus scabiosaeus, Phlox floridana, Stillingia sylvatica, Asimina longifolia var. spathulata, Lactuca graminifolia, Stylosanthes biflora, Erigeron strigosa, Baptisia lanceolata, Hedyotis crassifolia, Pterocauloon undulatum, Asclepias humistrata, Quercus hemisphaerica, Rhynchospora divergens'', and ''Allium canadense''. <ref name=fsu/> | Associated species include ''Liatris, Panicum, Leptoloma cognata, Baptisia megacarpa, Festuca, Piptochaetium, Verbena, Pinus palustris, Hymenopappus scabiosaeus, Phlox floridana, Stillingia sylvatica, Asimina longifolia var. spathulata, Lactuca graminifolia, Stylosanthes biflora, Erigeron strigosa, Baptisia lanceolata, Hedyotis crassifolia, Pterocauloon undulatum, Asclepias humistrata, Quercus hemisphaerica, Rhynchospora divergens'', and ''Allium canadense''. <ref name=fsu/> | ||
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | ''E. strigosus'' has been observed flowering in February through October with peak inflorescence in May.<ref>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 9 DEC 2016</ref><ref name=fsu/> For the varieties, var. ''calcicola'' flowers from April or May until October, var. ''dolomiticola'' flowers from late May until October, and var. ''strigosus'' flowers from late April until October.<ref name= | + | ''E. strigosus'' has been observed flowering in February through October with peak inflorescence in May.<ref>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 9 DEC 2016</ref><ref name=fsu/> For the varieties, var. ''calcicola'' flowers from April or May until October, var. ''dolomiticola'' flowers from late May until October, and var. ''strigosus'' flowers from late April until October.<ref name=weakley/> Overall, it begins flowering in March, with peak inflorescence in April and May, and sporadically flowers until October to early November, although it can flower outside of this normal time period.<ref name= "Noyes">Noyes, R. D., et al. (2006). "Sexual and apomictic prairie fleabane (''Erigeron strigosus'') in Texas: geographic analysis and a new combination (''Erigeron strigosus'' var. ''traversii'', Asteraceae)." SIDA Contributions to Botany 22(1): 265-276.</ref> |
===Seed dispersal=== | ===Seed dispersal=== | ||
| Line 47: | Line 47: | ||
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | ''E. strigosus'' commonly germinates in response to fire disturbance, and germination rates increase with fire disturbance rather than with no disturbance.<ref name= "Abrams"/> Increasing fire frequency overall has a positive affect on this species | + | Generally, ''E. strigosus'' significantly increases abundance in response to fire disturbance,<ref>Taft, J. B. (2003). "Fire effects on community structure, composition, and diversity in a dry sandstone barrens." Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 130: 170-192.</ref> and populations have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.<ref>Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref><ref>Glitzenstein, J. S., D. R. Streng, R. E. Masters, K. M. Robertson and S. M. Hermann 2012. Fire-frequency effects on vegetation in north Florida pinelands: Another look at the long-term Stoddard Fire Research Plots at Tall Timbers Research Station. Forest Ecology and Management 264: 197-209.</ref> It commonly germinates in response to fire disturbance, and germination rates increase with fire disturbance rather than with no disturbance.<ref name= "Abrams"/> Increasing fire frequency overall has a positive affect on this species.<ref>Burton, J. A. (2009). Fire frequency effects on vegetation of an upland old growth forest in eastern Oklahoma. Environmental Science. Stillwater, Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University. Bachelor: 78.</ref> As well, ''E. strigosus'' benefits the most from a high fire return interval.<ref>Mehlman, D. W. (1992). "Effects of fire on plant community composition of North Florida second growth pineland." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 119(4): 376-383.</ref> It also benefits more from springtime burn regiments rather than summertime burn regiments.<ref>Towne, E. G. and K. E. Kemp (2008). "Long-term response patterns of tallgrass prairie to frequent summer burning." Rangeland Ecology & Management 61: 509-520.</ref> |
===Pollination=== | ===Pollination=== | ||
| − | + | ''Erigeron strigosus'' has been observed at the Archbold Biological Station to host sweat bees from the Halictidae family such as ''Agapostemon splendens, Augochlorella aurata, Halictus poeyi'' and ''Lasioglossum placidensis''<ref name=dey> Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.</ref> Other pollinators of ''E. strigosus'' include ''Dialictus placidensis'', ''Halictus ligatus'', ''Ceratina calcarata'', ''Ceratina dupla'', ''Ceratina strenua'', ''Hylaeus mesillae'', ''Hylaeus modestus'', ''Augochloropsis sumptuosa'' and ''Lasioglossum pilosum''.<ref>Deyrup, M. J. E., and Beth Norden (2002). "The diversity and floral hosts of bees at the Archbold Biological Station, Florida (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)." Insecta mundi 16(1-3).</ref><ref>Grundel, R., et al. (2011). "A survey of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of the Indiana Dunes and Northwest Indiana, USA." Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 84(2): 105-138.</ref> It is also pollinated by the Karner blue butterfly (''Lycaeides melissa samuelis'').<ref>Grundel, R., et al. (2000). "Nectar plant selection by the Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) at the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore." The American Midland Naturalist 144(1): 1-10.</ref> Additionally, ''E. strigosus'' has been observed to host aphids such as ''Uroleucon sp.'' (family Aphididae), ground-nesting bees from the family Andrenidae such as ''Andrena brevipalpis, Andrena thaspii'' and ''Andrena wilkella'', bees from the Apidae family such as ''Epeolus pusillus'' and ''Nomada articulata'', plasterer bees from the Colletidae family such as ''Colletes mandibularis'', ''Colletes simulans'' and ''Hylaeus coloradensis'', sweat bees from the family Halictidae such as ''Agapostemon virescens, Augochlora pura, Halictus confusus, Halictus parallelus, Lasioglossum cinctipes, Lasioglossum hitchensi, Lasioglossum imitatum, Lasioglossum truncatum'' and ''Lasioglossum zonulum'', true bugs such as ''Xyonysius californicus'' (family Lygaeidae), leafcutting bees from the family Megachilidae such as ''Heriades variolosa'', ''Megachile pugnata'', and ''Stelis lateralis'', plant bugs such as ''Lygus lineolaris'' (family Miridae), and tree bugs from the family Membracidae such as ''Campylenchia latipes'', ''Campylenchia sp.''and ''Spissistilus festinus''.<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref> For grassland butterfly communities, ''E. strigosus'' is a very important nectar source due to its high density of flowering ramets compared to other flowering species in the same community.<ref>Moranz, R. A., et al. (2012). "Untangling the effects of fire, grazing, and land-use legacies on grassland butterfly communities." Biodiversity and Conservation 21(11): 2719-2746.</ref> As well, it is thought to be pollinated by flies in the Syrphidae and Tachinidae (Diptera) families.<ref>Tooker, J. F., et al. (2006). "Floral host plants of Syrphidae and Tachinidae (Diptera) of central Illinois." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 99(1): 96-112.</ref> This species is considered to be of special value since it attracts a large number of native bees for pollination.<ref name= "lady bird">[[https://www.wildflower.org/plants/search.php?search_field=&newsearch=true]] Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Accessed: May 9, 2019</ref> | |
| − | + | ===Herbivory and toxicology=== | |
| − | + | ''E. strigosus'' consists of approximately 5-10% of the diet for various large mammals.<ref>Miller, J.H., and K.V. Miller. 1999. Forest plants of the southeast and their wildlife uses. Southern Weed Science Society.</ref> In the springtime, it is foraged by white-tailed deer.<ref>Gee, K. L., et al. (1994). White-tailed deer: their foods and management in the cross timbers. Ardmore, OK, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation.</ref> This species supports conservation biological control through attracting predatory or parasitoid insects that in turn prey upon pest insects.<ref name= "lady bird"/> | |
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<!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
| − | ==Conservation and | + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== |
This species is considered to be weedy or invasive in Nebraska and the Great Plains region of the United States.<ref name= "USDA"/> | This species is considered to be weedy or invasive in Nebraska and the Great Plains region of the United States.<ref name= "USDA"/> | ||
| − | == | + | For restoring prairie sites, ''E. strigosus'' can be utilized to help restore the community, and has been seen to persist in the seed bank as a site is being restored.<ref>Rosburg, T. R. and M. Owens (2004). The seed bank of a reconstructed prairie. Proceeding of the North American Prairie Conferences.</ref> |
| + | |||
| + | ==Cultural use== | ||
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
<gallery widths=180px> | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
Latest revision as of 15:28, 1 August 2024
| Erigeron strigosus | |
|---|---|
.JPG)
| |
| Photo taken by Kevin Robertson | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae ⁄ Compositae |
| Genus: | Erigeron |
| Species: | E. strigosus |
| Binomial name | |
| Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. | |
| |
| Natural range of Erigeron strigosus from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common names: prairie fleabane; common eastern fleabane; common rough fleabane
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: Erigeron strigosus Muhlenberg ex Willdenow[1]
Varieties: Erigeron strigosus Muhlenberg ex Wildenow var. strigosus; Erigeron strigosus Muhlenberg ex Willdenow var. septentrionalis (Fernald & Wiegand) Fernald; Erigeron strigosus var. beyrichii[1]
Description
A description of Erigeron strigosus is provided in The Flora of North America.
Distribution
Generally, E. strigosus can be found across the United States and Canada in all provinces except the northern provinces, and all states but Alaska, Hawaii, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona.[2] E. strigosus var. calcicola is found in the central basin of Tennessee, northwest Georgia, and northern Alabama. E. strigosus var. dolomiticola is endemic to Bibb county in Alabama. E. strigosus var. septentrionalis is scattered across northern North America, south to New York, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Wyoming, and California. Lastly E. strigosus var. strigosus is distributed from Nova Scotia west to Washington state, and south to central peninsular Florida as well as Texas.[1] Apomictic (reproduce asexually) populations usually have wider distributions than sexual populations.[3]
Ecology
Habitat
E. strigosus var. calcicola can be found in limestone glades, var. dolomiticola can be found in calcareous Ketona glades, var. septentrionalis can be found in roadsides and other disturbed areas, and var. strigosus can be found in open woodlands as well as roadsides and other disturbed areas.[1] In the Coastal Plain, E. strigosus can occur in upland old fields, sandy floodplains, turkey oak forests, lake shores, sandhill scrub oak-wiregrass communities, open oak woods, boggy slopes of longleaf pine savannas, and open limestone glades. In human disturbed areas it has been found along sandy roadsides, vacant lots, a disturbed sandhill growing with planted Pinus palustris and disturbed longleaf pine restoration sites. Soils include sand, sandy clay, loamy sand and sandy loam. [4] E. strigosus was found to be in its long-term response following cessation of repeated soil disturbance.[5]
Associated species include Liatris, Panicum, Leptoloma cognata, Baptisia megacarpa, Festuca, Piptochaetium, Verbena, Pinus palustris, Hymenopappus scabiosaeus, Phlox floridana, Stillingia sylvatica, Asimina longifolia var. spathulata, Lactuca graminifolia, Stylosanthes biflora, Erigeron strigosa, Baptisia lanceolata, Hedyotis crassifolia, Pterocauloon undulatum, Asclepias humistrata, Quercus hemisphaerica, Rhynchospora divergens, and Allium canadense. [4]
Phenology
E. strigosus has been observed flowering in February through October with peak inflorescence in May.[6][4] For the varieties, var. calcicola flowers from April or May until October, var. dolomiticola flowers from late May until October, and var. strigosus flowers from late April until October.[1] Overall, it begins flowering in March, with peak inflorescence in April and May, and sporadically flowers until October to early November, although it can flower outside of this normal time period.[3]
Seed dispersal
This species is thought to be dispersed by wind.[7]
Seed bank and germination
It is commonly found in the seed bank in the areas it is found, and germination rates increase after a fire disturbance. However, germination rates were seen to decrease with annual fire disturbance compared to four year burn regiments.[8]
Fire ecology
Generally, E. strigosus significantly increases abundance in response to fire disturbance,[9] and populations have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.[10][11] It commonly germinates in response to fire disturbance, and germination rates increase with fire disturbance rather than with no disturbance.[8] Increasing fire frequency overall has a positive affect on this species.[12] As well, E. strigosus benefits the most from a high fire return interval.[13] It also benefits more from springtime burn regiments rather than summertime burn regiments.[14]
Pollination
Erigeron strigosus has been observed at the Archbold Biological Station to host sweat bees from the Halictidae family such as Agapostemon splendens, Augochlorella aurata, Halictus poeyi and Lasioglossum placidensis[15] Other pollinators of E. strigosus include Dialictus placidensis, Halictus ligatus, Ceratina calcarata, Ceratina dupla, Ceratina strenua, Hylaeus mesillae, Hylaeus modestus, Augochloropsis sumptuosa and Lasioglossum pilosum.[16][17] It is also pollinated by the Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis).[18] Additionally, E. strigosus has been observed to host aphids such as Uroleucon sp. (family Aphididae), ground-nesting bees from the family Andrenidae such as Andrena brevipalpis, Andrena thaspii and Andrena wilkella, bees from the Apidae family such as Epeolus pusillus and Nomada articulata, plasterer bees from the Colletidae family such as Colletes mandibularis, Colletes simulans and Hylaeus coloradensis, sweat bees from the family Halictidae such as Agapostemon virescens, Augochlora pura, Halictus confusus, Halictus parallelus, Lasioglossum cinctipes, Lasioglossum hitchensi, Lasioglossum imitatum, Lasioglossum truncatum and Lasioglossum zonulum, true bugs such as Xyonysius californicus (family Lygaeidae), leafcutting bees from the family Megachilidae such as Heriades variolosa, Megachile pugnata, and Stelis lateralis, plant bugs such as Lygus lineolaris (family Miridae), and tree bugs from the family Membracidae such as Campylenchia latipes, Campylenchia sp.and Spissistilus festinus.[19] For grassland butterfly communities, E. strigosus is a very important nectar source due to its high density of flowering ramets compared to other flowering species in the same community.[20] As well, it is thought to be pollinated by flies in the Syrphidae and Tachinidae (Diptera) families.[21] This species is considered to be of special value since it attracts a large number of native bees for pollination.[22]
Herbivory and toxicology
E. strigosus consists of approximately 5-10% of the diet for various large mammals.[23] In the springtime, it is foraged by white-tailed deer.[24] This species supports conservation biological control through attracting predatory or parasitoid insects that in turn prey upon pest insects.[22]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
This species is considered to be weedy or invasive in Nebraska and the Great Plains region of the United States.[2]
For restoring prairie sites, E. strigosus can be utilized to help restore the community, and has been seen to persist in the seed bank as a site is being restored.[25]
Cultural use
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 USDA, NRCS. (2016). The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 8 May 2019). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Noyes, R. D., et al. (2006). "Sexual and apomictic prairie fleabane (Erigeron strigosus) in Texas: geographic analysis and a new combination (Erigeron strigosus var. traversii, Asteraceae)." SIDA Contributions to Botany 22(1): 265-276.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: October 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker, Andre F. Clewell, R.F. Doren, Patricia Elliot, Richard Gaskalla, J.P. Gillespie, R. K. Godfrey, H.E. Grelen, Brenda Herring, Don Herring, E.M. Hodgson, C. Jackson, Ann F. Johnson, J.M. Kane, Gary R. Knight, R. Komarek, R. Kral, Richard Mitchell, R. A. Norris, Gwynn W. Ramsey, Paul L. Redfearn Jr. , Bian Tan, L.B. Trott, B. L. Turner. States and Counties: Alabama: Limestone. Florida: Calhoun, Columbia, Franklin, Gadsden, Hamilton, Leon, Liberty, Jackson, Jefferson, Madison, Marion, Nassau, Okaloosa, Polk, Putnam, Suwannee, Union, Wakulla. Georgia: Grady, Thomas. Louisiana: Caldwell. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
- ↑ Dixon, C. M., K. M. Robertson, A. M. Reid and M. T. Rother. 2024. Mechanical soil disturbance in a pine savanna has multiyear effects on plant species composition. Ecosphere 15(2):e4759.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 9 DEC 2016
- ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Abrams, M. (1988). "Effects of Burning Regime on Buried Seed Banks and Canopy Coverage in a Kansas Tallgrass Prairie." The Southwestern Naturalists 33(1): 65-70.
- ↑ Taft, J. B. (2003). "Fire effects on community structure, composition, and diversity in a dry sandstone barrens." Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 130: 170-192.
- ↑ Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.
- ↑ Glitzenstein, J. S., D. R. Streng, R. E. Masters, K. M. Robertson and S. M. Hermann 2012. Fire-frequency effects on vegetation in north Florida pinelands: Another look at the long-term Stoddard Fire Research Plots at Tall Timbers Research Station. Forest Ecology and Management 264: 197-209.
- ↑ Burton, J. A. (2009). Fire frequency effects on vegetation of an upland old growth forest in eastern Oklahoma. Environmental Science. Stillwater, Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University. Bachelor: 78.
- ↑ Mehlman, D. W. (1992). "Effects of fire on plant community composition of North Florida second growth pineland." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 119(4): 376-383.
- ↑ Towne, E. G. and K. E. Kemp (2008). "Long-term response patterns of tallgrass prairie to frequent summer burning." Rangeland Ecology & Management 61: 509-520.
- ↑ Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.
- ↑ Deyrup, M. J. E., and Beth Norden (2002). "The diversity and floral hosts of bees at the Archbold Biological Station, Florida (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)." Insecta mundi 16(1-3).
- ↑ Grundel, R., et al. (2011). "A survey of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of the Indiana Dunes and Northwest Indiana, USA." Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 84(2): 105-138.
- ↑ Grundel, R., et al. (2000). "Nectar plant selection by the Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) at the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore." The American Midland Naturalist 144(1): 1-10.
- ↑ Discoverlife.org [1]
- ↑ Moranz, R. A., et al. (2012). "Untangling the effects of fire, grazing, and land-use legacies on grassland butterfly communities." Biodiversity and Conservation 21(11): 2719-2746.
- ↑ Tooker, J. F., et al. (2006). "Floral host plants of Syrphidae and Tachinidae (Diptera) of central Illinois." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 99(1): 96-112.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 [[2]] Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Accessed: May 9, 2019
- ↑ Miller, J.H., and K.V. Miller. 1999. Forest plants of the southeast and their wildlife uses. Southern Weed Science Society.
- ↑ Gee, K. L., et al. (1994). White-tailed deer: their foods and management in the cross timbers. Ardmore, OK, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation.
- ↑ Rosburg, T. R. and M. Owens (2004). The seed bank of a reconstructed prairie. Proceeding of the North American Prairie Conferences.
