Difference between revisions of "Dichanthelium strigosum"
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| divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants | | divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants | ||
| classis = Liliopsida – Monocotyledons | | classis = Liliopsida – Monocotyledons | ||
| − | | ordo = | + | | ordo = Poales |
| familia = Poaceae ⁄ Gramineae | | familia = Poaceae ⁄ Gramineae | ||
| genus = ''Dichanthelium'' | | genus = ''Dichanthelium'' | ||
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| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Dichanthelium strigosum'' from USDA NRCS [http://www.plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=DIST5 Plants Database]. | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Dichanthelium strigosum'' from USDA NRCS [http://www.plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=DIST5 Plants Database]. | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | Common | + | Common names: roughhair rosette grass, roughhair witchgrass, hairless witchgrass, dwarf witchgrass, rough-hairy witchgrass |
==Taxonomic notes== | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| − | + | Synonyms: ''Dichanthelium leucoblepharis'' (Trinius) Gould & Clark var. ''glabrescens'' (Grisebach) Gould & Clark; ''D. strigosum'' ssp. ''glabrescens'' (Grisebach) Freckmann & Lelong; ''Panicum polycaulon'' Nash; ''D. leucoblepharis'' (Trinius) Gould & Clark var. ''leucoblepharis''; ''D. strigosum'' ssp. ''leucoblepharis'' (Trinius) Freckmann & Lelong; ''Panicum ciliatum'' Elliott; ''P. strigosum'' Muhlenberg var. ''leucoblepharis'' (Trinius) Lelong; ''D. leucoblepharis'' (Trinius) Gould & Clark var. ''pubescens'' (Vasey) Gould & Clark; ''D. strigosum'' ssp. ''strigosum''; ''P. strigosum'' Muhlenberg ex Elliott; ''P. strigosum'' var. ''strigosum''<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | |
| + | |||
| + | Varieties: ''Dichanthelium strigosum'' (Muhlenberg ex Elliott) Freckmann var. ''glabrescens'' (Grisebach) Freckmann; ''Dichanthelium strigosum'' (Muhlenberg ex Elliott) Freckmann var. ''leucoblepharis'' (Trinius) Freckman; ''Dichanthelium strigosum'' (Muhlenberg ex Elliott) Freckmann var. ''strigosum''; ''D. polycaulon'' (Nash) Wipff<ref name=weakley/> | ||
| + | |||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| − | ''Dichanthelium strigosum'' is a perennial graminoid | + | ''Dichanthelium strigosum'' is a perennial graminoid that tends to grow in thick mats. <ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Cecil R. Slaughter, Loran C. Anderson, S. W. Leonard, A. E. Radford, H. L. Blomquist, D. S. Correll, Wm. G. Atwater, Robert Kral, O. Lakela, R. Komarek, K. E. Blum, R.K. Godfrey, Ed Tyson, A. F. Clewell, Annie Schmidt, Wilson Baker, Richard W. Pohl, Frank W. Gould, and H. Kurz. States and Counties: Alabama: Convington. Florida: Bay, Brevard, Dade, Escambia, Franklin, Hillsborough, Indian River, Jefferson, Lafayette, Lee, Leon, Madison, Nassau, Okaloosa, Polk, Wakulla, and Washington. Georgia : Baker and Thomas. North Carolina: Brunswick. South Carolina: Greenwood and Jasper. Other Countries: Panama (United States of America).</ref> |
Generally, for the ''Dichanthelium'' genus, they have "spikelets usually in panicles, round or nearly so in cross section, 2-flowered, terminal fertile, basal sterile, neutral or staminate. First glume usually present, 2nd glume and sterile lemma similar; fertile lemma and palea indurate without hyaline margins. Taxonomically our most difficult and least understood genus of grasses, more than 100 species an varieties are ascribed to the Carolinas by some authors. Note general descriptions for species groups (e.g., 1-4, 5-8, 9-13, and 26-62)." <ref name=rad> Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 142-151. Print. </ref> | Generally, for the ''Dichanthelium'' genus, they have "spikelets usually in panicles, round or nearly so in cross section, 2-flowered, terminal fertile, basal sterile, neutral or staminate. First glume usually present, 2nd glume and sterile lemma similar; fertile lemma and palea indurate without hyaline margins. Taxonomically our most difficult and least understood genus of grasses, more than 100 species an varieties are ascribed to the Carolinas by some authors. Note general descriptions for species groups (e.g., 1-4, 5-8, 9-13, and 26-62)." <ref name=rad> Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 142-151. Print. </ref> | ||
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==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| + | Generally, ''D. strigosum'' can be found in the southeastern United States from Texas to Tennessee and Virginia, and it is also native to Puerto Rico.<ref name= "USDA">USDA, NRCS. (2016). The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 2 May 2019). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.</ref> ''D. strigosum'' var. ''glabrescens'' is native to south Georgia and Florida west to Louisiana, disjunct in southeast North Carolina, and also native to the West Indies and Belize. ''D. strigosum'' var. ''leucoblepharis'' is native from North Carolina to Florida and to Texas as well as Mexico. ''D. strigosum'' var. ''strigosum'' is native from southeast Virginia south to Florida, west to Texas, and also in Tennessee, eastern Mexico, northern South America, Mesoamerica, and the West Indies.<ref name=weakley/> | ||
| + | |||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | + | ''D. strigosum'' can be found in relatively undisturbed areas, including longleaf pine savannas,<ref name="Thaxton 2003"/> saw palmetto-wax myrtle thickets, sandhill ridges, and bogs. <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> However, ''D. strigosum'' also occurs in disturbed areas like power line corridors, roadsides, fields, and clear-cuts. <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> This species seems to prefer moist sandy soils.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> ''D. strigosum'' var. ''glabrescens'' can be found in low and open hammocks and sandy pinelands as well as bogs, ''D. strigosum'' var. ''leucoblepharis'' can be found in acidic and sandy soils of pinelands, and ''D. strigosum'' var. ''strigosum'' can be found in moist soils of savannas, pine flatwoods, pocosins, and also other boggy situations.<ref name=weakley/> As well, ''D. strigosum'' var. ''leucoblepharis'' is a characteristic species of the north Florida mesic flatwoods and upper panhandle savannas, and ''D. strigosum'' var. ''glabrescens'' is a characteristic species of the calcareous savannas in Florida.<ref name= "Carr">Carr, S. C., et al. (2010). "A Vegetation Classification of Fire-Dependent Pinelands of Florida." Castanea 75(2): 153-189.</ref> A study exploring longleaf pine patch dynamics found ''D. strigosum'' to be most strongly represented within longleaf pine gaps and under patches of longleaf that are up to 90 years of age.<ref>Mugnani et al. (2019). “Longleaf Pine Patch Dynamics Influence Ground-Layer Vegetation in Old-Growth Pine Savanna”.</ref> ''D. strigosum'' var. ''leucoblepharis'' is frequent and abundant in the North Florida Mesic Flatwoods, Calcareous Savannas, and Upper Panhandle Savannas community types as described in Carr et al. (2010).<ref>Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.</ref> | |
| − | Associated species include ''Rhynchospora pusilla, Ludwigia linifolia, Andropogon, Schizachyrium, Eupatorium, Serenoa repens, Juniperus, Schoenus'' | + | ''D. strigosum'' was found to be neutral in its short-term response to single mechanical soil disturbances, but was a decreaser in its long-term response following cessation of repeated soil disturbance.<ref name=Dixon>Dixon, C. M., K. M. Robertson, A. M. Reid and M. T. Rother. 2024. Mechanical soil disturbance in a pine savanna has multiyear effects on plant species composition. Ecosphere 15(2):e4759.</ref> |
| + | |||
| + | Associated species include ''Rhynchospora pusilla, Ludwigia linifolia, Andropogon, Schizachyrium, Eupatorium, Serenoa repens, Juniperus, Schoenus''. <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> | ||
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | Flowering and fruiting has been observed in February, as well as April through August | + | General flowering times of ''D. strigosum'' var. ''glabrescens'' and var. ''leucoblepharis'' is between May and October while general flowering time of ''D. strigosum'' var. ''strigosum'' is between May and September.<ref name=weakley/> Flowering and fruiting has been observed in February, as well as April through August.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/><ref>Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 2 MAY 2019</ref> |
===Seed dispersal=== | ===Seed dispersal=== | ||
| − | + | This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity.<ref name="Kirkman et al 2004">Kirkman, L. K., K. L. Coffey, et al. (2004). "Ground cover recovery patterns and life-history traits: implications for restoration obstacles and opportunities in a species-rich savanna." Journal of Ecology 92(3): 409-421.</ref> | |
| − | + | ||
| + | ===Seed bank and germination=== | ||
| + | ''D. strigosum'' was found in the seed banks of longleaf pine and ecotone (scrub and longleaf) habitats in the western panhandle region of Florida. <ref>Ruth, A. D., et al. 2008. Seed bank dynamics of sand pine scrub and longleaf pine flatwoods of the Gulf Coastal Plain (Florida). Ecological Restoration 26:19-21. </ref> | ||
| + | |||
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | + | This species is commonly found in fire dependent pinelands and savannas.<ref name= "Carr"/> Populations can tolerate biennial, early growing season prescribed fires,<ref name="Thaxton 2003">Thaxton, J. M. (2003). Effects of fire intensity on groundcover shrubs in a frequently burned longleaf pine savanna. Ann Arbor, MI, Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College. Ph.D.: 146.</ref> and have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.<ref>Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref> | |
<!--===Pollination===--> | <!--===Pollination===--> | ||
| − | <!--=== | + | <!--===Herbivory and toxicology===--> |
<!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
| − | ==Conservation and | + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== |
| − | == | + | |
| + | ==Cultural use== | ||
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
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==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
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Latest revision as of 14:11, 1 August 2024
| Dichanthelium strigosum | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo taken by Kevin Robertson | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Liliopsida – Monocotyledons |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae ⁄ Gramineae |
| Genus: | Dichanthelium |
| Species: | D. strigosum |
| Binomial name | |
| Dichanthelium strigosum (Muhl. ex Elliott) Freckmann | |
| |
| Natural range of Dichanthelium strigosum from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common names: roughhair rosette grass, roughhair witchgrass, hairless witchgrass, dwarf witchgrass, rough-hairy witchgrass
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: Dichanthelium leucoblepharis (Trinius) Gould & Clark var. glabrescens (Grisebach) Gould & Clark; D. strigosum ssp. glabrescens (Grisebach) Freckmann & Lelong; Panicum polycaulon Nash; D. leucoblepharis (Trinius) Gould & Clark var. leucoblepharis; D. strigosum ssp. leucoblepharis (Trinius) Freckmann & Lelong; Panicum ciliatum Elliott; P. strigosum Muhlenberg var. leucoblepharis (Trinius) Lelong; D. leucoblepharis (Trinius) Gould & Clark var. pubescens (Vasey) Gould & Clark; D. strigosum ssp. strigosum; P. strigosum Muhlenberg ex Elliott; P. strigosum var. strigosum[1]
Varieties: Dichanthelium strigosum (Muhlenberg ex Elliott) Freckmann var. glabrescens (Grisebach) Freckmann; Dichanthelium strigosum (Muhlenberg ex Elliott) Freckmann var. leucoblepharis (Trinius) Freckman; Dichanthelium strigosum (Muhlenberg ex Elliott) Freckmann var. strigosum; D. polycaulon (Nash) Wipff[1]
Description
Dichanthelium strigosum is a perennial graminoid that tends to grow in thick mats. [2]
Generally, for the Dichanthelium genus, they have "spikelets usually in panicles, round or nearly so in cross section, 2-flowered, terminal fertile, basal sterile, neutral or staminate. First glume usually present, 2nd glume and sterile lemma similar; fertile lemma and palea indurate without hyaline margins. Taxonomically our most difficult and least understood genus of grasses, more than 100 species an varieties are ascribed to the Carolinas by some authors. Note general descriptions for species groups (e.g., 1-4, 5-8, 9-13, and 26-62)." [3]
Specifically, for the D. strigosum species, they are "perennial with distinct basal rosettes; branching, when present, from nodes above basal rosette. Leaves basal and cauline, vernal and autumnal. Culms 1-5 dm tall, nodes bearded, internodes long pilose. Blades to 6 cm long, 2-6 mm wide, softly pilose on both surfaces, margins long ciliate; sheaths pilose to almost glabrous; ligules ciliate, 1-2.5 mm long. Panicle 5-7 cm long, 3-5.5 cm broad; rachis long pilose, branches ascending-spreading, pilose basally. Spikelets obovoid to broadly ellipsoid, 1.2-1.6 mm long; pedicels smoothish. First glume glabrous,, acute, or obtuse, 0.8-1 mm long, 2nd glume and sterile lemma glabrous, acute, 1.2 mm long; fertile lemma and palea 1-1.2 mm long. Grain 0.8-1 mm long, yellowish or purplish, broadly ellipsoid or subglobose." [3]
Distribution
Generally, D. strigosum can be found in the southeastern United States from Texas to Tennessee and Virginia, and it is also native to Puerto Rico.[4] D. strigosum var. glabrescens is native to south Georgia and Florida west to Louisiana, disjunct in southeast North Carolina, and also native to the West Indies and Belize. D. strigosum var. leucoblepharis is native from North Carolina to Florida and to Texas as well as Mexico. D. strigosum var. strigosum is native from southeast Virginia south to Florida, west to Texas, and also in Tennessee, eastern Mexico, northern South America, Mesoamerica, and the West Indies.[1]
Ecology
Habitat
D. strigosum can be found in relatively undisturbed areas, including longleaf pine savannas,[5] saw palmetto-wax myrtle thickets, sandhill ridges, and bogs. [2] However, D. strigosum also occurs in disturbed areas like power line corridors, roadsides, fields, and clear-cuts. [2] This species seems to prefer moist sandy soils.[2] D. strigosum var. glabrescens can be found in low and open hammocks and sandy pinelands as well as bogs, D. strigosum var. leucoblepharis can be found in acidic and sandy soils of pinelands, and D. strigosum var. strigosum can be found in moist soils of savannas, pine flatwoods, pocosins, and also other boggy situations.[1] As well, D. strigosum var. leucoblepharis is a characteristic species of the north Florida mesic flatwoods and upper panhandle savannas, and D. strigosum var. glabrescens is a characteristic species of the calcareous savannas in Florida.[6] A study exploring longleaf pine patch dynamics found D. strigosum to be most strongly represented within longleaf pine gaps and under patches of longleaf that are up to 90 years of age.[7] D. strigosum var. leucoblepharis is frequent and abundant in the North Florida Mesic Flatwoods, Calcareous Savannas, and Upper Panhandle Savannas community types as described in Carr et al. (2010).[8]
D. strigosum was found to be neutral in its short-term response to single mechanical soil disturbances, but was a decreaser in its long-term response following cessation of repeated soil disturbance.[9]
Associated species include Rhynchospora pusilla, Ludwigia linifolia, Andropogon, Schizachyrium, Eupatorium, Serenoa repens, Juniperus, Schoenus. [2]
Phenology
General flowering times of D. strigosum var. glabrescens and var. leucoblepharis is between May and October while general flowering time of D. strigosum var. strigosum is between May and September.[1] Flowering and fruiting has been observed in February, as well as April through August.[2][10]
Seed dispersal
This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity.[11]
Seed bank and germination
D. strigosum was found in the seed banks of longleaf pine and ecotone (scrub and longleaf) habitats in the western panhandle region of Florida. [12]
Fire ecology
This species is commonly found in fire dependent pinelands and savannas.[6] Populations can tolerate biennial, early growing season prescribed fires,[5] and have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.[13]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
Cultural use
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Cecil R. Slaughter, Loran C. Anderson, S. W. Leonard, A. E. Radford, H. L. Blomquist, D. S. Correll, Wm. G. Atwater, Robert Kral, O. Lakela, R. Komarek, K. E. Blum, R.K. Godfrey, Ed Tyson, A. F. Clewell, Annie Schmidt, Wilson Baker, Richard W. Pohl, Frank W. Gould, and H. Kurz. States and Counties: Alabama: Convington. Florida: Bay, Brevard, Dade, Escambia, Franklin, Hillsborough, Indian River, Jefferson, Lafayette, Lee, Leon, Madison, Nassau, Okaloosa, Polk, Wakulla, and Washington. Georgia : Baker and Thomas. North Carolina: Brunswick. South Carolina: Greenwood and Jasper. Other Countries: Panama (United States of America).
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 142-151. Print.
- ↑ USDA, NRCS. (2016). The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 2 May 2019). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Thaxton, J. M. (2003). Effects of fire intensity on groundcover shrubs in a frequently burned longleaf pine savanna. Ann Arbor, MI, Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College. Ph.D.: 146.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Carr, S. C., et al. (2010). "A Vegetation Classification of Fire-Dependent Pinelands of Florida." Castanea 75(2): 153-189.
- ↑ Mugnani et al. (2019). “Longleaf Pine Patch Dynamics Influence Ground-Layer Vegetation in Old-Growth Pine Savanna”.
- ↑ Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.
- ↑ Dixon, C. M., K. M. Robertson, A. M. Reid and M. T. Rother. 2024. Mechanical soil disturbance in a pine savanna has multiyear effects on plant species composition. Ecosphere 15(2):e4759.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 2 MAY 2019
- ↑ Kirkman, L. K., K. L. Coffey, et al. (2004). "Ground cover recovery patterns and life-history traits: implications for restoration obstacles and opportunities in a species-rich savanna." Journal of Ecology 92(3): 409-421.
- ↑ Ruth, A. D., et al. 2008. Seed bank dynamics of sand pine scrub and longleaf pine flatwoods of the Gulf Coastal Plain (Florida). Ecological Restoration 26:19-21.
- ↑ Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.
