Difference between revisions of "Asimina parviflora"
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| + | Common names: small-flowered pawpaw, small-fruited pawpaw | ||
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==Taxonomic Notes== | ==Taxonomic Notes== | ||
| − | Synonyms: none | + | Synonyms: none<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> |
| − | Varieties: none | + | Varieties: none<ref name=weakley/> |
| − | ==Description== | + | ==Description== <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> |
| − | ''A. parviflora is a perennial shrub tree of | + | ''A. parviflora'' is a perennial shrub tree of the Annonaceae family native to the southeastern United States.<ref name= "USDA Plant Database"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ASPA18 USDA Plant Database]</ref> Alternately arranged leaves that are simple, obovate or oblanceolate to oblong, entire, and pointed at the tip are up to 8 inches long and possess some hairs on the veins of the lower surface. The maroon bisexual flowers that are solitary, located in axils of the leaf scars, have a slightly bad odor. The fruits are berries that are greenish yellow and up to 3 inches long.<ref name= "Lady bird">[[https://www.wildflower.org/plants/search.php?search_field=&newsearch=true]] Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Accessed: March 25, 2019</ref> |
| − | |||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| + | ''A. parviflora'' is found in the southeastern United States, particularly in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas. <ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/> | ||
| + | |||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
| − | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | + | ===Habitat=== |
| − | < | + | ''A. parviflora'' is found in the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States<ref name= "Norman 1992"> [Norman, E. M., et al. (1992). "Reproductive Biology of Asimina parviflora (Annonaceae)." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 119(1): 1-6.]</ref> on sparse loamy sands, moist sands, floodplains, woodland slope, and bottomland hardwood forests.<ref name = "FSU herbarium"> URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Robert K. Godfrey, William Platt, M. Darst, H. Light, P. Isom, L. Peed. States and counties: Florida (Wakulla, Jefferson, Franklin, Leon, Lafayette), Georgia (Thomas)</ref> ''A. parviflora'' has been observed in dry-mesic hardwood hammock on a bluff above the Kissimmee River in Highland County Fl. This specimen is on the edge of it's southeastern range. .<ref name ="FFE">Observation by Edwin Bridgesr in Highlands County, Fl. on the kissimmee River, February 8, 2016, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group February 8, 2016. </ref> |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ''A. parviflora'' was found to decrease its cover in response to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests. It has also shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished flatwood forests that were disturbed by clearcutting and chopping.<ref>Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.</ref> | |
| + | <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| + | Additionally, ''A. parviflora'' was shown to be a decreaser in its long-term response following a cessetion of repeated soil disturbance.<ref name=Dixon>Dixon, C. M., K. M. Robertson, A. M. Reid and M. T. Rother. 2024. Mechanical soil disturbance in a pine savanna has multiyear effects on plant species composition. Ecosphere 15(2):e4759.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Phenology=== | ||
| + | The ''A. parviflora'' flowers are the smallest in the ''Asimina'' genus with 4-6 maroon flowers per branch. The flowers are in bloom from February to May depending on the year. <ref name= "Norman 1992"/> It has been observed flowering in June as well.<ref name= "Panflora">Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 25 MAR 2019</ref> | ||
| + | <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Seed dispersal=== | ||
| + | The ''A. parviflora'' is pollinated by insects including the greenbottle fly and nitidulid beetles.<ref name= "Norman 1992"/> This species is thought to be dispersed by consumption by vertebrates. <ref> Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Seed bank and germination=== | ||
| + | The fruit from ''A. parviflora'' requires an average of 3-4 months to mature and the number of seeds germinated is low compared to the initial population developed. <ref name= "Norman 1992"/> | ||
| + | |||
<!--===Fire ecology===--> <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | <!--===Fire ecology===--> <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ===Pollination=== | |
| + | A variety of flies are the most common visitor to the ''A. parviflora'' but they have not been traced to pollination, which is largely a result from beetles and the greenbottle fly.<ref name= "Norman 1992"/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Herbivory and toxicology===<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.--> | ||
| + | It comprises 2-5% of diet for small mammals and terrestrial birds.<ref name= "Miller">Miller, J.H., and K.V. Miller. 1999. Forest plants of the southeast and their wildlife uses. Southern Weed Science Society.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
<!--==Diseases and parasites==--> | <!--==Diseases and parasites==--> | ||
| − | ==Conservation and | + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== |
| + | |||
| + | ==Cultural use== | ||
| + | The fruit of ''A. triloba'' is known to be sweet and custard-like. It was often used in baking, pie filling, or eaten raw. The fruits fall from the tree early and must be harvested from the ground to ripen later.<ref> Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.</ref> For medicinal purposes, the seeds can be used to induce vomiting or to treat head lice when powdered, and the fruit juice can be a treatment for intestinal worms.<ref> Korchmal, Arnold & Connie. 1973. A Guide to the Medicinal Plants of the United States. The New York Times Book Company, New York.</ref> Caution should be exercised though, as some people exhibit an allergic reaction of dermatitis to the fruit.<ref> Burrows, G.E., Tyrl, R.J. 2001. Toxic Plants of North America. Iowa State Press.</ref> | ||
| − | |||
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
<gallery widths=180px> | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
Latest revision as of 15:17, 30 July 2024
Common names: small-flowered pawpaw, small-fruited pawpaw
| Asimina parviflora | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by the Atlas of Florida Plants Database | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicots |
| Order: | Magnoliales |
| Family: | Annonaceae |
| Genus: | Asimina |
| Species: | A. parviflora |
| Binomial name | |
| Asimina parviflora (Michx.) Dunal | |
| |
| Natural range of Asimina parviflora from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Contents
Taxonomic Notes
Synonyms: none[1]
Varieties: none[1]
Description
A. parviflora is a perennial shrub tree of the Annonaceae family native to the southeastern United States.[2] Alternately arranged leaves that are simple, obovate or oblanceolate to oblong, entire, and pointed at the tip are up to 8 inches long and possess some hairs on the veins of the lower surface. The maroon bisexual flowers that are solitary, located in axils of the leaf scars, have a slightly bad odor. The fruits are berries that are greenish yellow and up to 3 inches long.[3]
Distribution
A. parviflora is found in the southeastern United States, particularly in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas. [2]
Ecology
Habitat
A. parviflora is found in the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States[4] on sparse loamy sands, moist sands, floodplains, woodland slope, and bottomland hardwood forests.[5] A. parviflora has been observed in dry-mesic hardwood hammock on a bluff above the Kissimmee River in Highland County Fl. This specimen is on the edge of it's southeastern range. .[6]
A. parviflora was found to decrease its cover in response to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests. It has also shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished flatwood forests that were disturbed by clearcutting and chopping.[7] Additionally, A. parviflora was shown to be a decreaser in its long-term response following a cessetion of repeated soil disturbance.[8]
Phenology
The A. parviflora flowers are the smallest in the Asimina genus with 4-6 maroon flowers per branch. The flowers are in bloom from February to May depending on the year. [4] It has been observed flowering in June as well.[9]
Seed dispersal
The A. parviflora is pollinated by insects including the greenbottle fly and nitidulid beetles.[4] This species is thought to be dispersed by consumption by vertebrates. [10]
Seed bank and germination
The fruit from A. parviflora requires an average of 3-4 months to mature and the number of seeds germinated is low compared to the initial population developed. [4]
Pollination
A variety of flies are the most common visitor to the A. parviflora but they have not been traced to pollination, which is largely a result from beetles and the greenbottle fly.[4]
Herbivory and toxicology
It comprises 2-5% of diet for small mammals and terrestrial birds.[11]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
Cultural use
The fruit of A. triloba is known to be sweet and custard-like. It was often used in baking, pie filling, or eaten raw. The fruits fall from the tree early and must be harvested from the ground to ripen later.[12] For medicinal purposes, the seeds can be used to induce vomiting or to treat head lice when powdered, and the fruit juice can be a treatment for intestinal worms.[13] Caution should be exercised though, as some people exhibit an allergic reaction of dermatitis to the fruit.[14]
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 USDA Plant Database
- ↑ [[1]] Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Accessed: March 25, 2019
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 [Norman, E. M., et al. (1992). "Reproductive Biology of Asimina parviflora (Annonaceae)." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 119(1): 1-6.]
- ↑ URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Robert K. Godfrey, William Platt, M. Darst, H. Light, P. Isom, L. Peed. States and counties: Florida (Wakulla, Jefferson, Franklin, Leon, Lafayette), Georgia (Thomas)
- ↑ Observation by Edwin Bridgesr in Highlands County, Fl. on the kissimmee River, February 8, 2016, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group February 8, 2016.
- ↑ Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.
- ↑ Dixon, C. M., K. M. Robertson, A. M. Reid and M. T. Rother. 2024. Mechanical soil disturbance in a pine savanna has multiyear effects on plant species composition. Ecosphere 15(2):e4759.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 25 MAR 2019
- ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
- ↑ Miller, J.H., and K.V. Miller. 1999. Forest plants of the southeast and their wildlife uses. Southern Weed Science Society.
- ↑ Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.
- ↑ Korchmal, Arnold & Connie. 1973. A Guide to the Medicinal Plants of the United States. The New York Times Book Company, New York.
- ↑ Burrows, G.E., Tyrl, R.J. 2001. Toxic Plants of North America. Iowa State Press.
