Difference between revisions of "Tephrosia chrysophylla"
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Common names: Scurf hoarypea, Sprawling goat's-rue | Common names: Scurf hoarypea, Sprawling goat's-rue | ||
==Taxonomic notes== | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| − | Synonyms: ''Cracca chrysophylla'' (Pursh) Kuntze | + | Synonyms: ''Cracca chrysophylla'' (Pursh) Kuntze.<ref>Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draf of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> |
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
Perennial herbs, stems woody below, or from woody crown or caudex. Taproot present. Nodules present. Stems prostrate, trailing, or mat forming, less than 1 m tall. Stems solid, sparsely to densely hairy, stem hairs hispid to villous. Stipules inconspicuous, absent, or caducous; setiform, subulate or acicular; persistent, free. Leaves alternate, petiolate, compound, odd pinnate, leaf or leaflet margins entire, opposite, 5-9 in number, hairy on one or both surfaces. Inflorescences are racemes, terminal, leaf-opposed. Bracts conspicuously present. Flowers zygomorphic. Calyx 5-lobed, hairy. Petals separate, clawed, color white, pinkish to rose, blue, lavender to purple, or violet, though typically white in the sandhills of northern Florida, bicolored or with red, purple or yellow streaks or spots, typically pink stripes in the sandhills of northern Florida. Banner petal ovoid or obovate, petal suborbicular, broadly rounded. Wing petals narrow, oblanceolate to oblong, auriculate. Wing tips obtuse or rounded. Keel petals auriculate, spurred, or gibbous. Keel tips obtuse or rounded, not beaked. Stamens 9-10, diadelphous, 9 united, 1 free. Filaments glabrous. Style terete, sharply bent, hairy on one side only. Fruit a legume, unilocular, freely dehiscent, elongate, straight, exserted from calyx. Valves twisting or coiling after dehiscence. Fruit beaked, hairy, 3-10 seeded. Seeds ovoid to rounded in outline, surface smooth, color olive, brown, or black, surface mottled or patchy.<ref name="eol">[[http://eol.org/pages/418086/details]]Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed: March 17, 2016</ref> | Perennial herbs, stems woody below, or from woody crown or caudex. Taproot present. Nodules present. Stems prostrate, trailing, or mat forming, less than 1 m tall. Stems solid, sparsely to densely hairy, stem hairs hispid to villous. Stipules inconspicuous, absent, or caducous; setiform, subulate or acicular; persistent, free. Leaves alternate, petiolate, compound, odd pinnate, leaf or leaflet margins entire, opposite, 5-9 in number, hairy on one or both surfaces. Inflorescences are racemes, terminal, leaf-opposed. Bracts conspicuously present. Flowers zygomorphic. Calyx 5-lobed, hairy. Petals separate, clawed, color white, pinkish to rose, blue, lavender to purple, or violet, though typically white in the sandhills of northern Florida, bicolored or with red, purple or yellow streaks or spots, typically pink stripes in the sandhills of northern Florida. Banner petal ovoid or obovate, petal suborbicular, broadly rounded. Wing petals narrow, oblanceolate to oblong, auriculate. Wing tips obtuse or rounded. Keel petals auriculate, spurred, or gibbous. Keel tips obtuse or rounded, not beaked. Stamens 9-10, diadelphous, 9 united, 1 free. Filaments glabrous. Style terete, sharply bent, hairy on one side only. Fruit a legume, unilocular, freely dehiscent, elongate, straight, exserted from calyx. Valves twisting or coiling after dehiscence. Fruit beaked, hairy, 3-10 seeded. Seeds ovoid to rounded in outline, surface smooth, color olive, brown, or black, surface mottled or patchy.<ref name="eol">[[http://eol.org/pages/418086/details]]Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed: March 17, 2016</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | The root system of ''Tephrosia chrysophylla'' includes stem tubers which store non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) important for both resprouting following fire and persisting during long periods of fire exclusion.<ref name="Diaz"> Diaz-Toribio, M.H. and F. E. Putz 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire-maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108: 432-442.</ref> Diaz-Toribio and Putz (2021) recorded this species to have an NSC concentration of 257.9 mg/g (ranking 16 out of 100 species studied) and water content of 22.8 % (ranking 16 out of 100 species studied).<ref name = "Diaz"/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | According to Diaz-Torbio and Putz (2021), ''Te[hrosia chrysophylla'' has stem tubers with a below-ground to above-ground biomass ratio of 0.77 and nonstructural carbohydrate concentration of 257.9 mg g<sup>-1</sup>.<ref>Diaz‐Toribio, M. H. and F. E. Putz. 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire‐maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108(3):432-442.</ref> | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| − | Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. | + | ''Tephrosia chrysophylla'' is found in the Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi coastal plain regions with disjunct populations in western Cuba.<ref>Sorrie, B. A. and A. S. Weakley 2001. Coastal Plain valcular plant endemics: Phytogeographic patterns. Castanea 66: 50-82.</ref>. It is considered critically imperiled in Georgia.<ref name="natureserve">[[http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Tephrosia+chrysophylla]]NatureServe. Accessed: March 17, 2016</ref> |
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | In the Coastal Plain, ''T. chrysophylla'' habitats include longleaf pine-oak-wiregrass woodlands, sand pine scrubs, pine/wiregrass communities, scrub oak wiregrass sandhills, and upland turkey oak longleaf pinewoods. It has been found in disturbed areas such as along logging roads, a clear cut disturbed longleaf pine scrub oak ridge, an open sand ridge plowed three years previously, a bulldozed clearing in turkey oak longleaf pine, a sandy old quarry, a clobbered slash pine forest, and coarse sandy clearing of longleaf pine scrub oak barren. Soil types include loamy sand, sand, and sandy peat.<ref name="fsu">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: November 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, A.F. Clewell, M. Davis, Robert K. Godfrey, Ann F. Johnson, R. Komarek, Robert Kral, Robert L. Lazor, K. MacClendon, R.S. Mitchell, Gwynn W. Ramsey, H.R. Reed, Grady W. Reinert, Cecil R. Slaughter, John K. Small, D.B. Ward States and Counties: Alabama: Covington, Geneva. Florida: Calhoun, Citrus, Dixie, Duval, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gilchrist, Gulf, Hernando, Highlands, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Putnam, Suwannee, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton. Georgia: Grady. Mississippi: Poplarville. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref> Associated species include ''Balduina angustifolia, Dalea feayi,'' and ''Polygonella robusta.''<ref name="idig">[[https://www.idigbio.org/portal/records/ef84721c-43b6-49eb-95af-f1ee619d8458]]idigbio. Accessed: March 16, 2016</ref> | + | In the Coastal Plain, ''T. chrysophylla'' habitats include longleaf pine-oak-wiregrass woodlands, sand pine scrubs, pine/wiregrass communities, scrub oak wiregrass sandhills, and upland turkey oak longleaf pinewoods. It has been found in disturbed areas such as along logging roads, a clear cut disturbed longleaf pine scrub oak ridge, an open sand ridge plowed three years previously, a bulldozed clearing in turkey oak longleaf pine, a sandy old quarry, a clobbered slash pine forest, and coarse sandy clearing of longleaf pine scrub oak barren. Soil types include loamy sand, sand, and sandy peat.<ref name="fsu">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: November 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, A.F. Clewell, M. Davis, Robert K. Godfrey, Ann F. Johnson, R. Komarek, Robert Kral, Robert L. Lazor, K. MacClendon, R.S. Mitchell, Gwynn W. Ramsey, H.R. Reed, Grady W. Reinert, Cecil R. Slaughter, John K. Small, D.B. Ward States and Counties: Alabama: Covington, Geneva. Florida: Calhoun, Citrus, Dixie, Duval, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gilchrist, Gulf, Hernando, Highlands, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Putnam, Suwannee, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton. Georgia: Grady. Mississippi: Poplarville. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref> |
| + | |||
| + | Associated species include ''Balduina angustifolia, Dalea feayi,'' and ''Polygonella robusta.''<ref name="idig">[[https://www.idigbio.org/portal/records/ef84721c-43b6-49eb-95af-f1ee619d8458]]idigbio. Accessed: March 16, 2016</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | In central Florida ''T. chrysophylla'' exhibited no significant response to soil disturbance by bracke seeding, high-severity burns, and salvage logging. However, it increased its cover in response to soil disturbance by single roller chopping and broadcast seeding.<ref name=greenberg>Greenberg, C.H., D.G. Neary, L.D. Harris, and S.P. Linda. (1995). Vegetation Recovery Following High-intensity Wildfire and Silvicultural Treatments in Sand Pine Scrub. American Midland Naturalist 133(1):149-163.</ref> This species had mixed responses to clearcutting in central Florida. It has shown both regrowth and been unaffected in reestablished sand pine scrub that was disturbed by clearcutting.<ref name=greenberg/> ''T. chrysophylla'' reduced its frequency and biomass in response to soil disturbance by roller chopping in northwest Florida sandhills.<ref>Hebb, E.A. (1971). Site Preparation Decreases Game Food Plants in Florida Sandhills. The Journal of Wildlife Management 35(1):155-162.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ''Tephrosia chrysophylla'' is an indicator species for the Peninsula Xeric Sandhills community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).<ref>Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.</ref> | ||
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | + | ''T. chrysophylla'' has been observed to flower June through September with peak inflorescence in August and fruiting May through October.<ref name="fsu"/><ref>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 14 DEC 2016</ref> | |
<!--===Seed dispersal===--> | <!--===Seed dispersal===--> | ||
<!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | <!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | ||
| Line 41: | Line 51: | ||
It has been observed growing in burned pine flatwoods.<ref name="fsu"/> | It has been observed growing in burned pine flatwoods.<ref name="fsu"/> | ||
| − | ===Pollination=== | + | ===Pollination and use by animals=== |
| − | + | Sweat bees such as ''Nomia maneei'' (family Halictidae) and leafcutting bees such as ''Megachile brimleyi'' and ''M. georgica'' (family Megachilidae) were observed visiting flowers of ''Tephrosia chrysophylla'' at the Archbold Biological Station:<ref name="Deyrup 2015">Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.</ref> | |
| + | |||
Flowers develop pink striation after being pollinated.<ref>Campbell, Joshua. Observation posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group on October 8, 2016.</ref> | Flowers develop pink striation after being pollinated.<ref>Campbell, Joshua. Observation posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group on October 8, 2016.</ref> | ||
| − | |||
<!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
| − | ==Conservation and | + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== |
| − | == | + | |
| + | ==Cultural use== | ||
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
<gallery widths=180px> | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
Latest revision as of 09:57, 3 July 2024
| Tephrosia chrysophylla | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by Shirley Denton (Copyrighted, use by photographer’s permission only), Nature Photography by Shirley Denton | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae ⁄ Leguminosae |
| Genus: | Tephrosia |
| Species: | T. chrysophylla |
| Binomial name | |
| Tephrosia chrysophylla Pursh | |
| |
| Natural range of Tephrosia chrysophylla from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common names: Scurf hoarypea, Sprawling goat's-rue
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: Cracca chrysophylla (Pursh) Kuntze.[1]
Description
Perennial herbs, stems woody below, or from woody crown or caudex. Taproot present. Nodules present. Stems prostrate, trailing, or mat forming, less than 1 m tall. Stems solid, sparsely to densely hairy, stem hairs hispid to villous. Stipules inconspicuous, absent, or caducous; setiform, subulate or acicular; persistent, free. Leaves alternate, petiolate, compound, odd pinnate, leaf or leaflet margins entire, opposite, 5-9 in number, hairy on one or both surfaces. Inflorescences are racemes, terminal, leaf-opposed. Bracts conspicuously present. Flowers zygomorphic. Calyx 5-lobed, hairy. Petals separate, clawed, color white, pinkish to rose, blue, lavender to purple, or violet, though typically white in the sandhills of northern Florida, bicolored or with red, purple or yellow streaks or spots, typically pink stripes in the sandhills of northern Florida. Banner petal ovoid or obovate, petal suborbicular, broadly rounded. Wing petals narrow, oblanceolate to oblong, auriculate. Wing tips obtuse or rounded. Keel petals auriculate, spurred, or gibbous. Keel tips obtuse or rounded, not beaked. Stamens 9-10, diadelphous, 9 united, 1 free. Filaments glabrous. Style terete, sharply bent, hairy on one side only. Fruit a legume, unilocular, freely dehiscent, elongate, straight, exserted from calyx. Valves twisting or coiling after dehiscence. Fruit beaked, hairy, 3-10 seeded. Seeds ovoid to rounded in outline, surface smooth, color olive, brown, or black, surface mottled or patchy.[2]
The root system of Tephrosia chrysophylla includes stem tubers which store non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) important for both resprouting following fire and persisting during long periods of fire exclusion.[3] Diaz-Toribio and Putz (2021) recorded this species to have an NSC concentration of 257.9 mg/g (ranking 16 out of 100 species studied) and water content of 22.8 % (ranking 16 out of 100 species studied).[3]
According to Diaz-Torbio and Putz (2021), Te[hrosia chrysophylla has stem tubers with a below-ground to above-ground biomass ratio of 0.77 and nonstructural carbohydrate concentration of 257.9 mg g-1.[4]
Distribution
Tephrosia chrysophylla is found in the Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi coastal plain regions with disjunct populations in western Cuba.[5]. It is considered critically imperiled in Georgia.[6]
Ecology
Habitat
In the Coastal Plain, T. chrysophylla habitats include longleaf pine-oak-wiregrass woodlands, sand pine scrubs, pine/wiregrass communities, scrub oak wiregrass sandhills, and upland turkey oak longleaf pinewoods. It has been found in disturbed areas such as along logging roads, a clear cut disturbed longleaf pine scrub oak ridge, an open sand ridge plowed three years previously, a bulldozed clearing in turkey oak longleaf pine, a sandy old quarry, a clobbered slash pine forest, and coarse sandy clearing of longleaf pine scrub oak barren. Soil types include loamy sand, sand, and sandy peat.[7]
Associated species include Balduina angustifolia, Dalea feayi, and Polygonella robusta.[8]
In central Florida T. chrysophylla exhibited no significant response to soil disturbance by bracke seeding, high-severity burns, and salvage logging. However, it increased its cover in response to soil disturbance by single roller chopping and broadcast seeding.[9] This species had mixed responses to clearcutting in central Florida. It has shown both regrowth and been unaffected in reestablished sand pine scrub that was disturbed by clearcutting.[9] T. chrysophylla reduced its frequency and biomass in response to soil disturbance by roller chopping in northwest Florida sandhills.[10]
Tephrosia chrysophylla is an indicator species for the Peninsula Xeric Sandhills community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).[11]
Phenology
T. chrysophylla has been observed to flower June through September with peak inflorescence in August and fruiting May through October.[7][12]
Fire ecology
It has been observed growing in burned pine flatwoods.[7]
Pollination and use by animals
Sweat bees such as Nomia maneei (family Halictidae) and leafcutting bees such as Megachile brimleyi and M. georgica (family Megachilidae) were observed visiting flowers of Tephrosia chrysophylla at the Archbold Biological Station:[13]
Flowers develop pink striation after being pollinated.[14]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
Cultural use
Photo Gallery
References and notes
Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: November 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, A.F. Clewell, M. Davis, Robert K. Godfrey, Ann F. Johnson, R. Komarek, Robert Kral, Robert L. Lazor, K. MacClendon, R.S. Mitchell, Gwynn W. Ramsey, H.R. Reed, Grady W. Reinert, Cecil R. Slaughter, John K. Small, D.B. Ward States and Counties: Alabama: Covington, Geneva. Florida: Calhoun, Citrus, Dixie, Duval, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gilchrist, Gulf, Hernando, Highlands, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Putnam, Suwannee, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton. Georgia: Grady. Mississippi: Poplarville. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
- ↑ Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draf of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ [[1]]Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed: March 17, 2016
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Diaz-Toribio, M.H. and F. E. Putz 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire-maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108: 432-442.
- ↑ Diaz‐Toribio, M. H. and F. E. Putz. 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire‐maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108(3):432-442.
- ↑ Sorrie, B. A. and A. S. Weakley 2001. Coastal Plain valcular plant endemics: Phytogeographic patterns. Castanea 66: 50-82.
- ↑ [[2]]NatureServe. Accessed: March 17, 2016
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: November 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, A.F. Clewell, M. Davis, Robert K. Godfrey, Ann F. Johnson, R. Komarek, Robert Kral, Robert L. Lazor, K. MacClendon, R.S. Mitchell, Gwynn W. Ramsey, H.R. Reed, Grady W. Reinert, Cecil R. Slaughter, John K. Small, D.B. Ward States and Counties: Alabama: Covington, Geneva. Florida: Calhoun, Citrus, Dixie, Duval, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gilchrist, Gulf, Hernando, Highlands, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Putnam, Suwannee, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton. Georgia: Grady. Mississippi: Poplarville. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
- ↑ [[3]]idigbio. Accessed: March 16, 2016
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Greenberg, C.H., D.G. Neary, L.D. Harris, and S.P. Linda. (1995). Vegetation Recovery Following High-intensity Wildfire and Silvicultural Treatments in Sand Pine Scrub. American Midland Naturalist 133(1):149-163.
- ↑ Hebb, E.A. (1971). Site Preparation Decreases Game Food Plants in Florida Sandhills. The Journal of Wildlife Management 35(1):155-162.
- ↑ Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 14 DEC 2016
- ↑ Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.
- ↑ Campbell, Joshua. Observation posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group on October 8, 2016.
