Difference between revisions of "Panicum verrucosum"
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| − | Common name: | + | Common name: warty panic grass<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> |
==Taxonomic notes== | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| + | Synonyms: ''Kellochloa verrucosa'' (Muhlenberg) Lizarazu, M.V. Nicola, & Scataglini<ref name=weakley/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Varieties: none<ref name=weakley/> | ||
| + | |||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| − | ''Panicum verrucosum'' is an annual graminoid species. <ref name=kir>Kirkman, L. K. and R. R. Sharitz (1994). "Vegetation disturbance and maintenance of diversity in intermittently flooded Carolina bays in South Carolina." Ecological Applications 4: 177-188.</ref> | + | ''Panicum verrucosum'' is an annual graminoid species.<ref name=kir>Kirkman, L. K. and R. R. Sharitz (1994). "Vegetation disturbance and maintenance of diversity in intermittently flooded Carolina bays in South Carolina." Ecological Applications 4: 177-188.</ref> It has a decumbent to sprawling growth with purple-spotted culms that are 2-7 dm long. The leaves are cauline, 15 cm long, and 2-10 mm wide. The nodes, internodes, leaves, and sheaths are glabrous. The panicle is 10-30cm long and 8-15 cm broad with ascending branches. The spikelets are obovoid, 1.5-2 mm long, and tuberculate with elongate pedicels.<ref name="radford">Radford, A. E., Ahles, H. E., & Bell, C. R. (1968). Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.</ref> |
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| + | ''P. verrucosum'' ranges from Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, west to Michigan and Indiana, and south to Florida and southeastern Texas.<ref name=weakley/> | ||
| + | |||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | ''P. verrucosum'' occurs in moist to wet, sandy or loamy soils, including sandy loam, loamy sand, and sandy peat. <ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, John B. Nelson, Sidney McDaniel, L. J. Brass, Paul O. Schallert, R. Kral, R.K. Godfrey, James P. Gillespie, Angus Gholson, A. H. Curtiss, D. B. Ward, J. Hunter, F. S. Ward, Cecil Slaughter, R. A. Norris, and R. Komarek. States and Counties: Florida: Alachua, Baker, Calhoun, Duval, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Highlands, Jefferson, Lafayette, Leon, Liberty, Nassau, Okaloosa, Osceola, Putnam, Seminole, Taylor, Wakulla, and Walton. Georgia: Atkinson, Grady, and Thomas.</ref> It can be found in pine-wiregrass savannas, wooded floodplains, pond pine-titi peat swamps, sandhills, cabbage palm-mixed hardwood hammocks, and bordering bodies of water, including Cypress-gum ponds, lakes, ''Hypericum'' bogs, and ephemeral depression marshes. <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> Furthermore, this species appears in some disturbed areas, including near trails and borrow pits, and in ditches, clear-cuts, and power line corridors. <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> ''P. verrucosum'' | + | ''P. verrucosum'' occurs in moist to wet, sandy, or loamy soils, including sandy loam, loamy sand, and sandy peat.<ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, John B. Nelson, Sidney McDaniel, L. J. Brass, Paul O. Schallert, R. Kral, R.K. Godfrey, James P. Gillespie, Angus Gholson, A. H. Curtiss, D. B. Ward, J. Hunter, F. S. Ward, Cecil Slaughter, R. A. Norris, and R. Komarek. States and Counties: Florida: Alachua, Baker, Calhoun, Duval, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Highlands, Jefferson, Lafayette, Leon, Liberty, Nassau, Okaloosa, Osceola, Putnam, Seminole, Taylor, Wakulla, and Walton. Georgia: Atkinson, Grady, and Thomas.</ref> It can be found in pine-wiregrass savannas, wooded floodplains, pond pine-titi peat swamps, sandhills, cabbage palm-mixed hardwood hammocks, and bordering bodies of water, including Cypress-gum ponds, lakes, ''Hypericum'' bogs, and ephemeral depression marshes.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> Furthermore, this species appears in some disturbed areas, including near trails and borrow pits, and in ditches, clear-cuts, and power line corridors.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> |
| + | |||
| + | ''P. verrucosum'' had mixed responses to clearcutting and roller chopping in north Florida. It has shown regrowth or been unaffected by reestablished native habitat that was disturbed by these practices.<ref>Lewis, C.E., G.W. Tanner, and W.S. Terry. (1988). Plant responses to pine management and deferred-rotation grazing in north Florida. Journal of Range Management 41(6):460-465.</ref> It increased frequency and biomass in response to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in north Florida flatwoods forests. It has shown regrowth in reestablished flatwoods that were disturbed by these practices.<ref>Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.</ref> | ||
| − | Associated species include ''Pinus palustris, Andropogon ternarius, Muhlenbergia expansa, Aristida stricta, Cyrilla, Ilex, Myrica, Cypress, Liquidambar styraciflua, Hypericum, Xyris, Rhynchospora, Schizachrium, Eupatorium, Scleria, Plea,'' and ''Zigadenus.'' <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> | + | Associated species include ''Pinus palustris, Andropogon ternarius, Muhlenbergia expansa, Aristida stricta, Cyrilla, Ilex, Myrica, Cypress, Liquidambar styraciflua, Hypericum, Xyris, Rhynchospora, Schizachrium, Eupatorium, Scleria, Plea,'' and ''Zigadenus.''<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> |
| + | |||
| + | ''Panicum verrucosum'' is an indicator species for the Upper Panhandle Savannas community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).<ref>Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.</ref> | ||
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | + | This species flowers from August to October.<ref name=weakley/><ref>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 19 MAY 2021</ref> | |
| + | |||
===Seed dispersal=== | ===Seed dispersal=== | ||
| − | This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity. <ref>Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.</ref> | + | This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity.<ref>Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.</ref> |
===Seed bank and germination=== | ===Seed bank and germination=== | ||
| − | The species showed a significant increase in abundance after tilling (soil disturbance) | + | The species showed a significant increase in abundance after tilling (soil disturbance) and was abundant in seed banks.<ref name=kir/> Germination depends on exposed soil and possible disturbance caused by drought.<ref> Kirkman, L. K. and R. R. Sharitz (1994). "Vegetation disturbance and maintenance of diversity in intermittently flooded Carolina bays in South Carolina." Ecological Applications 4: 177-188.</ref> |
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | ''P. verrucosum'' is found in cut-burned areas of a ''Chamaecyparis thyoides'' stand in the Great Dismal Swamp. <ref name=mc> McKinley, C. E. and F. P. Day (1979). "Herbaceous production in cut-burned, uncut-burned and control areas of chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) BSP (Cupressaceae) stand in the Great Dismal Swamp." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 106: 20-28.</ref> | + | ''P. verrucosum'' is found in cut-burned areas of a ''Chamaecyparis thyoides'' stand in the Great Dismal Swamp.<ref name=mc> McKinley, C. E. and F. P. Day (1979). "Herbaceous production in cut-burned, uncut-burned and control areas of chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) BSP (Cupressaceae) stand in the Great Dismal Swamp." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 106: 20-28.</ref> Populations on the Wade Tract of south Georgia have been known to persist through repeated annual burning.<ref>Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref> |
<!--===Pollination===--> | <!--===Pollination===--> | ||
| − | <!--=== | + | <!--===Herbivory and toxicology===--> |
<!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
| − | ==Conservation and | + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== |
| − | == | + | ==Cultural use== |
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
<gallery widths=180px> | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
Latest revision as of 14:31, 16 June 2023
| Panicum verrucosum | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by Guy Anglin, Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Liliopsida – Monocotyledons |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae ⁄ Gramineae |
| Genus: | Panicum |
| Species: | P. verrucosum |
| Binomial name | |
| Panicum verrucosum Muhl. | |
| |
| Natural range of Panicum verrucosum from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common name: warty panic grass[1]
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: Kellochloa verrucosa (Muhlenberg) Lizarazu, M.V. Nicola, & Scataglini[1]
Varieties: none[1]
Description
Panicum verrucosum is an annual graminoid species.[2] It has a decumbent to sprawling growth with purple-spotted culms that are 2-7 dm long. The leaves are cauline, 15 cm long, and 2-10 mm wide. The nodes, internodes, leaves, and sheaths are glabrous. The panicle is 10-30cm long and 8-15 cm broad with ascending branches. The spikelets are obovoid, 1.5-2 mm long, and tuberculate with elongate pedicels.[3]
Distribution
P. verrucosum ranges from Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, west to Michigan and Indiana, and south to Florida and southeastern Texas.[1]
Ecology
Habitat
P. verrucosum occurs in moist to wet, sandy, or loamy soils, including sandy loam, loamy sand, and sandy peat.[4] It can be found in pine-wiregrass savannas, wooded floodplains, pond pine-titi peat swamps, sandhills, cabbage palm-mixed hardwood hammocks, and bordering bodies of water, including Cypress-gum ponds, lakes, Hypericum bogs, and ephemeral depression marshes.[4] Furthermore, this species appears in some disturbed areas, including near trails and borrow pits, and in ditches, clear-cuts, and power line corridors.[4]
P. verrucosum had mixed responses to clearcutting and roller chopping in north Florida. It has shown regrowth or been unaffected by reestablished native habitat that was disturbed by these practices.[5] It increased frequency and biomass in response to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in north Florida flatwoods forests. It has shown regrowth in reestablished flatwoods that were disturbed by these practices.[6]
Associated species include Pinus palustris, Andropogon ternarius, Muhlenbergia expansa, Aristida stricta, Cyrilla, Ilex, Myrica, Cypress, Liquidambar styraciflua, Hypericum, Xyris, Rhynchospora, Schizachrium, Eupatorium, Scleria, Plea, and Zigadenus.[4]
Panicum verrucosum is an indicator species for the Upper Panhandle Savannas community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).[7]
Phenology
This species flowers from August to October.[1][8]
Seed dispersal
This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity.[9]
Seed bank and germination
The species showed a significant increase in abundance after tilling (soil disturbance) and was abundant in seed banks.[2] Germination depends on exposed soil and possible disturbance caused by drought.[10]
Fire ecology
P. verrucosum is found in cut-burned areas of a Chamaecyparis thyoides stand in the Great Dismal Swamp.[11] Populations on the Wade Tract of south Georgia have been known to persist through repeated annual burning.[12]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
Cultural use
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kirkman, L. K. and R. R. Sharitz (1994). "Vegetation disturbance and maintenance of diversity in intermittently flooded Carolina bays in South Carolina." Ecological Applications 4: 177-188.
- ↑ Radford, A. E., Ahles, H. E., & Bell, C. R. (1968). Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, John B. Nelson, Sidney McDaniel, L. J. Brass, Paul O. Schallert, R. Kral, R.K. Godfrey, James P. Gillespie, Angus Gholson, A. H. Curtiss, D. B. Ward, J. Hunter, F. S. Ward, Cecil Slaughter, R. A. Norris, and R. Komarek. States and Counties: Florida: Alachua, Baker, Calhoun, Duval, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Highlands, Jefferson, Lafayette, Leon, Liberty, Nassau, Okaloosa, Osceola, Putnam, Seminole, Taylor, Wakulla, and Walton. Georgia: Atkinson, Grady, and Thomas.
- ↑ Lewis, C.E., G.W. Tanner, and W.S. Terry. (1988). Plant responses to pine management and deferred-rotation grazing in north Florida. Journal of Range Management 41(6):460-465.
- ↑ Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.
- ↑ Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 19 MAY 2021
- ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
- ↑ Kirkman, L. K. and R. R. Sharitz (1994). "Vegetation disturbance and maintenance of diversity in intermittently flooded Carolina bays in South Carolina." Ecological Applications 4: 177-188.
- ↑ McKinley, C. E. and F. P. Day (1979). "Herbaceous production in cut-burned, uncut-burned and control areas of chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) BSP (Cupressaceae) stand in the Great Dismal Swamp." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 106: 20-28.
- ↑ Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.
