Difference between revisions of "Viola primulifolia"

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| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Viola primulifolia'' from USDA NRCS [http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=VIPR4 Plants Database].
 
| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Viola primulifolia'' from USDA NRCS [http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=VIPR4 Plants Database].
 
}}
 
}}
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Common name: Primrose-leaf violet
 
==Taxonomic notes==
 
==Taxonomic notes==
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Variations: ''Viola primulifolia'' var. ''acuta'' (Bigelow) Torrey & A. Gray; ''Viola primulifolia'' var. ''villosa'' Eaton.<ref>Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draf of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref>
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==Description==  
 
==Description==  
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
"Herbaceous, rhizomatous or stoloniferous perennials, or winter annuals. Leaves crenate or crenate-serrate, dissected, lobed or unlobed; petiolate; stipules conspicuous. Flowers zygomorphic, peduncles directly from the rhizome (acaulescent) or peduncles axillary (caulescent). Chasmogamous flowers with lateral petals often bearded, lower petal spurred; anthers usually seated in the throat, orange appendages conspicuous, lower stamens spurred; spurs fitting in to the spur of the corolla; styles usually clavate, variously shaped at the apex. Dates for ''Viola'', except ''V. pedata'', are for Chasmogamous flowering only, cleistogamous flowering and fruiting commence shortly after chasmogamous flowering and continues until frost. Hybrids are so numerous in this genus that space is not taken to list them." - Radford et al 1964
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"Herbaceous, rhizomatous or stoloniferous perennials, or winter annuals. Leaves crenate or crenate-serrate, dissected, lobed or unlobed; petiolate; stipules conspicuous. Flowers zygomorphic, peduncles directly from the rhizome (acaulescent) or peduncles axillary (caulescent). Chasmogamous flowers with lateral petals often bearded, lower petal spurred; anthers usually seated in the throat, orange appendages conspicuous, lower stamens spurred; spurs fitting in to the spur of the corolla; styles usually clavate, variously shaped at the apex. Dates for ''Viola'', except ''V. pedata'', are for Chasmogamous flowering only, cleistogamous flowering and fruiting commence shortly after chasmogamous flowering and continues until frost. Hybrids are so numerous in this genus that space is not taken to list them."<ref name="Radford et al 1964">Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 729. Print.</ref>
  
"Plant acaulescent, rhizomes slender, rarely to 4 mm in diam., stoloniferous. Leaves lance-ovate to widely lanceolate, acute to obtuse, crenate, base truncate to rounded, blade tissue decurrent on the petiole, glabrous or pubescent; petioles 2-18 cm long, glabrous or pubescent; stipules linear to linear-lanceolate, to 2 cm long, acute to acuminate, entire or fimbriate. Peduncles longer than to equaling leaves. Chasmogamous flowers 1-2 cm broad, petals white, beardless, spurred petal veins purple 4-6 mm long, acute, glabrous eciliate, auricles 0.5-1 mm long. Cleistogamous flowers on erect peduncles 2-11 cm long, sepals as in the chasmogamous flowers or auricles to 2 mm long. Capsule 5-8 mm long, glabrous. Seeds brown, 1-1.2 mm long." - Radford et al 1964
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"Plant acaulescent, rhizomes slender, rarely to 4 mm in diam., stoloniferous. Leaves lance-ovate to widely lanceolate, acute to obtuse, crenate, base truncate to rounded, blade tissue decurrent on the petiole, glabrous or pubescent; petioles 2-18 cm long, glabrous or pubescent; stipules linear to linear-lanceolate, to 2 cm long, acute to acuminate, entire or fimbriate. Peduncles longer than to equaling leaves. Chasmogamous flowers 1-2 cm broad, petals white, beardless, spurred petal veins purple 4-6 mm long, acute, glabrous eciliate, auricles 0.5-1 mm long. Cleistogamous flowers on erect peduncles 2-11 cm long, sepals as in the chasmogamous flowers or auricles to 2 mm long. Capsule 5-8 mm long, glabrous. Seeds brown, 1-1.2 mm long."<ref name="Radford et al 1964"/>
  
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
 
==Ecology==
 
==Ecology==
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
In the Coastal Plain in Florida and Georgia, ''V. primulifolia'' can be found in hardwood forests, bordering titi-flatwoods, river floodplains, meadows adjacent to rivers, wet flatwoods, pine-palmetto flats, mixed deciduous woods, pine-live oak sandy woodlands, shallow sphagnum bogs, beech magnolia forests, edges of cypress swamps, red bay swamps, burned pinewoods, and boggy areas (FSU Herbarium). It can also be found along powerline corridors, cultivated fields, sandy roads, roadsides and lawns. Soil types include loamy sand, sandy loam, sandy peat, sandy clay, and loam (FSU Herbarium). Associated species include ''Viola lanceolata, Dryopteris, Illicium, Arisaema, Viola septemloba, Dichondra, Oxalis, Carex'', and ''Juncus'' (FSU Herbarium).
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In the Coastal Plain in Florida and Georgia, ''V. primulifolia'' can be found in hardwood forests, bordering titi-flatwoods, river floodplains, meadows adjacent to rivers, wet flatwoods, pine-palmetto flats, mixed deciduous woods, pine-live oak sandy woodlands, shallow sphagnum bogs, beech magnolia forests, edges of cypress swamps, red bay swamps, burned pinewoods, and boggy areas.<ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: July 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, James R. Burkhalter, Robert Kral, O. Lakela, S. C. Hood, Robert K. Godfrey, Lloyd H. Shinners, George R. Cooley, Joseph Monachino, C. Jackson, Robert L. Lazor, Patricia Elliot, Rodie White, R. A. Norris, Walter Kittredge, R. Komarek, J. M. Kane, Lisa Keppner, Ed Keppner. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Calhoun, Clay, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Hillsborough, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Pasco, Wakulla, Washington. Georgia: Grady, Thomas. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref> It can also be found along powerline corridors, cultivated fields, sandy roads, roadsides and lawns. Soil types include loamy sand, sandy loam, sandy peat, sandy clay, and loam.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>
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Associated species include ''[[Viola lanceolata]], Dryopteris, Illicium, Arisaema, [[Viola septemloba]], Dichondra, Oxalis, Carex'', and ''Juncus.''<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>
  
 
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
 
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
It has been documented to flower January through April and December; and to fruit February through June, November and December (FSU Herbarium).
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''V. primulifolia'' has been observed to flower January through April, June, and December with peak inflorescence in March; and to fruit February through June, November and December.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/><ref>Nelson, G.  [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/  Accessed: 15 DEC 2016</ref>
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<!--===Seed dispersal===-->
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<!--===Seed bank and germination===-->
  
===Seed dispersal===
 
===Seed bank and germination===
 
 
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
 
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
===Pollination===
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Populations of ''Viola primulifolia'' have been known to persist through repeated annual burning.<ref>Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref>
===Use by animals=== <!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->
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<!--===Pollination and use by animals===--> <!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->
===Diseases and parasites===
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<!--===Diseases and parasites===-->
==Conservation and Management==
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==Cultivation and restoration==
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==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration==
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==Cultural use==
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The flowers can be candied, used in soups and baking. The roots are toxic and should be avoided.<ref> Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.</ref>
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==Photo Gallery==
 
==Photo Gallery==
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<gallery widths=180px>
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</gallery>
 
==References and notes==
 
==References and notes==
Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: July 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, James R. Burkhalter, Robert Kral, O. Lakela, S. C. Hood, Robert K. Godfrey, Lloyd H. Shinners, George R. Cooley, Joseph Monachino, C. Jackson, Robert L. Lazor, Patricia Elliot, Rodie White, R. A. Norris, Walter Kittredge, R. Komarek, J. M. Kane, Lisa Keppner, Ed Keppner. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Calhoun, Clay, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Hillsborough, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Pasco, Wakulla, Washington. Georgia: Grady, Thomas. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
 

Revision as of 09:42, 30 July 2021

Viola primulifolia
Viola primulifolia Gil.jpg
Photo taken by Gil Nelson
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Order: Violales
Family: Violaceae
Genus: Viola
Species: V. primulifolia
Binomial name
Viola primulifolia
L. (pro sp.)
Viol prim dist.jpg
Natural range of Viola primulifolia from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Common name: Primrose-leaf violet

Taxonomic notes

Variations: Viola primulifolia var. acuta (Bigelow) Torrey & A. Gray; Viola primulifolia var. villosa Eaton.[1]

Description

"Herbaceous, rhizomatous or stoloniferous perennials, or winter annuals. Leaves crenate or crenate-serrate, dissected, lobed or unlobed; petiolate; stipules conspicuous. Flowers zygomorphic, peduncles directly from the rhizome (acaulescent) or peduncles axillary (caulescent). Chasmogamous flowers with lateral petals often bearded, lower petal spurred; anthers usually seated in the throat, orange appendages conspicuous, lower stamens spurred; spurs fitting in to the spur of the corolla; styles usually clavate, variously shaped at the apex. Dates for Viola, except V. pedata, are for Chasmogamous flowering only, cleistogamous flowering and fruiting commence shortly after chasmogamous flowering and continues until frost. Hybrids are so numerous in this genus that space is not taken to list them."[2]

"Plant acaulescent, rhizomes slender, rarely to 4 mm in diam., stoloniferous. Leaves lance-ovate to widely lanceolate, acute to obtuse, crenate, base truncate to rounded, blade tissue decurrent on the petiole, glabrous or pubescent; petioles 2-18 cm long, glabrous or pubescent; stipules linear to linear-lanceolate, to 2 cm long, acute to acuminate, entire or fimbriate. Peduncles longer than to equaling leaves. Chasmogamous flowers 1-2 cm broad, petals white, beardless, spurred petal veins purple 4-6 mm long, acute, glabrous eciliate, auricles 0.5-1 mm long. Cleistogamous flowers on erect peduncles 2-11 cm long, sepals as in the chasmogamous flowers or auricles to 2 mm long. Capsule 5-8 mm long, glabrous. Seeds brown, 1-1.2 mm long."[2]

Distribution

Ecology

Habitat

In the Coastal Plain in Florida and Georgia, V. primulifolia can be found in hardwood forests, bordering titi-flatwoods, river floodplains, meadows adjacent to rivers, wet flatwoods, pine-palmetto flats, mixed deciduous woods, pine-live oak sandy woodlands, shallow sphagnum bogs, beech magnolia forests, edges of cypress swamps, red bay swamps, burned pinewoods, and boggy areas.[3] It can also be found along powerline corridors, cultivated fields, sandy roads, roadsides and lawns. Soil types include loamy sand, sandy loam, sandy peat, sandy clay, and loam.[3]

Associated species include Viola lanceolata, Dryopteris, Illicium, Arisaema, Viola septemloba, Dichondra, Oxalis, Carex, and Juncus.[3]

Phenology

V. primulifolia has been observed to flower January through April, June, and December with peak inflorescence in March; and to fruit February through June, November and December.[3][4]

Fire ecology

Populations of Viola primulifolia have been known to persist through repeated annual burning.[5]

Conservation, cultivation, and restoration

Cultural use

The flowers can be candied, used in soups and baking. The roots are toxic and should be avoided.[6]

Photo Gallery

References and notes

  1. Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draf of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 729. Print.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: July 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, James R. Burkhalter, Robert Kral, O. Lakela, S. C. Hood, Robert K. Godfrey, Lloyd H. Shinners, George R. Cooley, Joseph Monachino, C. Jackson, Robert L. Lazor, Patricia Elliot, Rodie White, R. A. Norris, Walter Kittredge, R. Komarek, J. M. Kane, Lisa Keppner, Ed Keppner. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Calhoun, Clay, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Hillsborough, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Pasco, Wakulla, Washington. Georgia: Grady, Thomas. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
  4. Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 15 DEC 2016
  5. Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.
  6. Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.