Difference between revisions of "Sideroxylon tenax"

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Common name: tough bully
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Common names: tough bully, tough buckthorn, tough bumelia,
 
==Taxonomic notes==
 
==Taxonomic notes==
 
Synonyms: ''Bumelia tenax'' (Linnaeus) Willdenow; ''B. lacuum'' Small
 
Synonyms: ''Bumelia tenax'' (Linnaeus) Willdenow; ''B. lacuum'' Small
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===Pollination===
 
===Pollination===
 
The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of ''Sideroxylon tenax'' at Archbold Biological Station (Deyrup 2015):
 
The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of ''Sideroxylon tenax'' at Archbold Biological Station (Deyrup 2015):
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Fruits are eaten by fallow deer <ref name=Morse">Morse, B. W., M. L. McElroy, et al. (2009). "Seasonal Diets of an Introduced Population of Fallow Deer on Little St. Simons Island, Georgia." Southeastern Naturalist 8(4): 571-586.</ref> and birds<ref name="rufino"/>.
 
Fruits are eaten by fallow deer <ref name=Morse">Morse, B. W., M. L. McElroy, et al. (2009). "Seasonal Diets of an Introduced Population of Fallow Deer on Little St. Simons Island, Georgia." Southeastern Naturalist 8(4): 571-586.</ref> and birds<ref name="rufino"/>.
 
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<!--===Diseases and parasites===-->
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==Conservation and management==
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==Cultivation and restoration==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
<gallery widths=180px>
 
<gallery widths=180px>
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
 
 
==References and notes==
 
==References and notes==
 
Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.
 
Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.

Revision as of 10:22, 7 July 2016

Sideroxylon tenax
Side tena.jpg
Photo by Wayne Matchett, SpaceCoastWildflowers.com
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Order: Ebenales
Family: Sapotaceae
Genus: Sideroxylon
Species: S. tenax
Binomial name
Sideroxylon tenax
L.
Side tena dist.jpg
Natural range of Sideroxylon tenax from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Common names: tough bully, tough buckthorn, tough bumelia,

Taxonomic notes

Synonyms: Bumelia tenax (Linnaeus) Willdenow; B. lacuum Small

Description

A description of Sideroxylon tenax is provided in The Flora of North America.

Distribution

Tough bully is native to North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. In Florida, it is absent from the panhandle[1].

Ecology

Habitat

In the Coastal Plain, S. tenax has occurred in longleaf pine-Carya floridana-oak woods, longleaf pine-turkey oak-wiregrass sandhills, scrub oaks, hydric hammocks, sand dunes, coastal scrubs, scrub oak/cabbage palm communities, saw palmetto thickets, Pinus clausa scrubs, salt marsh edges, tidal marsh borders, and river floodplains. It has also occurred on roadside disturbed sand dunes[2]. This species prefers moist to dry, well-drained sandy soil with a humusy top layer[3] and has been found in sand, loamy sand, and calcareous loamy sand[2]. Associated species include Ceratiola ericoides, Pinus clausa, Quercus chapmanii, Q. geminata, Q. myrtifolia, Garberia heterophylla, , Sabal etonia, Lyonia ferruginea, Vitis rotundifolia, Bumelia, Smilax, Selaginella arenicola, Rhynchospora megalocarpa, Ximenia americana, Juniperus silicicola, Myrica cerifera, Celtis, Xanthoxylum fagara, Persea littoralis, Ardisia escallonioides, Rapanea guianesis, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Plumbago scandens, Bumelia, Forestiera and Sageretia minutiflora.

This species mostly grow in xeric habitats, it has adapted a dense coat of hair to slow down the water loss through transpiration[1].

Phenology

The berries are dark purple, spherical to egg shaped and about 10 mm across[4]; they have a sweetish pulp that is eaten by large birds and mammals[1]. Flowers are borne in groups of up to 40 flower[4]. Flowers June through October and fruits June through November[2].

Seed dispersal

According to Kay Kirkman, a plant ecologist, this species disperses by being consumed by vertebrates (being assumed). [5]

Pollination

The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of Sideroxylon tenax at Archbold Biological Station (Deyrup 2015):

Apidae: Apis mellifera, Bombus impatiens

Colletidae: Colletes francesae

Halictidae: Augochlora pura, Augochlorella aurata, Augochloropsis metallica, A. sumptuosa, Lasioglossum nymphalis

Leucospididae: Leucospis robertsoni

Pompilidae: Episyron conterminus posterus

Sphecidae: Bicyrtes quadrifasciata, Cerceris fumipennis, Ectemnius rufipes ais, Isodontia exornata, Oxybelus decorosum, Stictia carolina, Tachysphex apicalis

Vespidae: Monobia quadridens, Pachodynerus erynnis, Parancistrocerus fulvipes rufovestris, Stenodynerus histrionalis rufustus

Use by animals

Fruits are eaten by fallow deer [6] and birds[1].

Conservation and management

Cultivation and restoration

Photo Gallery

References and notes

Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 [[1]]Accessed: March 17, 2016
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: November 2015. Collectors: James R. Allison, Harry E. Ahles, J. Ambrose, Loran C. Anderson, D.F. Austin, C.R. Bell, J. Bowers, N. Coile, A.H. Curtiss, A.R. Darr, R.J. Eaton, Angus Gholson, Robert K. Godfrey, Ann F. Johnson, Samuel b. Jones, Walter Judd, H. Kurz, Olga Lakela, Robert J. Lemaire, S.W. Leonard, Sidney McDaniel, K.M. Meyer, M. Moore, Gil Nelson, S. Parker, A.B. Pittman, Elmer C. Prichard, James D. Ray Jr., B. Reed, J. Simmons, R.W. Simons, C.E. Smith, R.R. Smith, A. Townesmith, Eric Van De Genachte, D.B. Ward, R. D. Whetstone, D. White, B. Winn, C.W. Wood, B. Zoodsma. States and Counties: Florida: Brevard, Collier, Duval, Flagler, Highlands, Indian River, Lake, Marion, Martin, Nassau, Palm Beach, St. Johns, St. Lucie, Volusia. Georgia: Bryan, Charlton, Chatham, Liberty, McIntosh. South Carolina: Beaufort, Charleston, Colleton, Hampton, Jasper. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
  3. [[2]]Regional Conservation. Accessed March 16, 2016
  4. 4.0 4.1 [[3]]Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed: March 17, 2016
  5. Kay Kirkman, unpublished data, 2015.
  6. Morse, B. W., M. L. McElroy, et al. (2009). "Seasonal Diets of an Introduced Population of Fallow Deer on Little St. Simons Island, Georgia." Southeastern Naturalist 8(4): 571-586.