Difference between revisions of "Sida acuta"
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{{taxobox | {{taxobox | ||
| name = Sida acuta | | name = Sida acuta | ||
| − | | image = | + | | image = Sida_acut.jpg |
| − | | image_caption = | + | | image_caption = Photo by Shirley Denton (Copyrighted, use by photographer’s permission only), [http://www.shirleydenton.com/welcome Nature Photography by Shirley Denton] |
| regnum = Plantae | | regnum = Plantae | ||
| divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants | | divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants | ||
| Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
| binomial_authority = Burm. f. | | binomial_authority = Burm. f. | ||
| range_map = sida_acut_dist.jpg | | range_map = sida_acut_dist.jpg | ||
| − | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Sida acuta'' from USDA NRCS [http:// | + | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Sida acuta'' from USDA NRCS [http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=SIAC3 Plants Database]. |
}} | }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | Common names: Common wireweed, Broomweed | ||
| + | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| + | Synonyms: ''Sida carpinifolia'' Linnaeus f.; ''S. ulmifolia'' P. Miller | ||
| + | |||
| + | The specific epithet means sharpened to a point, in reference to the tip of the leaves.<ref name="eat">[[http://www.eattheweeds.com/sida-wireweed/]]Eat the Weeds. Accessed: March 14, 2016</ref> | ||
| + | |||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| − | + | Erect branched suffrutex up to 1 meter tall, rarely taller. Green stems, mostly hairless to stellate-hairy, particularly on younger parts. Leaves more or less narrowly lanceolate, 2-6(10) cm long; apex acute; base obtuse to rounded, hairless to sparsely stellate-hairy; margin regularly serrate; petiole c. 2.5 mm, pubescent. Stipules linear, usually longer than the petiole. Flowers axillary, solitary or 2 together. Calyx 6-8 mm long, somewhat angular, saucer-shaped, hairless, lobed to the middle; petals as long as calyx, yellow. Mericarps 5-6, c. 4 mm long, birostrate, grooved between the awns.<ref name="eol">[[http://eol.org/pages/584715/details]]Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed: March 15, 2016</ref> | |
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| + | Distributed from South Carolina throughout Florida and west to Mississippi.<ref name="eat"/> | ||
| + | |||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| + | Occurs in dry and moist deciduous forests.<ref name="eat"/> In Northern Australia, it is classified as an invasive species and dominates improved pastures, disturbed areas and roadsides.<ref name="flanagan">Flanagan, G. J., L. A. Hills, et al. (2000). "The successful bioloical control of spinyhead Sida, Sida acuta [Malvaceae], by Calligrapha pantherina in Australia's Northern Territory." Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds</ref> | ||
| + | |||
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| + | Flowers are borne singly or in small clusters in the leaf forks on short stalks. Flowers have 5 yellow petals and 5 sepals.<ref name="key">[[http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/03030800-0b07-490a-8d04-0605030c0f01/media/Html/Sida_acuta.htm]]Accessed: March 15, 2016</ref> | ||
| + | |||
===Seed dispersal=== | ===Seed dispersal=== | ||
| + | Seeds have two sharp awns that easily attach to animals and clothing.<ref name="lonsdale">Lonsdale, W. M., G. Farrell, et al. (1995). "Biological Control of a Tropical Weed: A Population Model and Experiment for Sida acuta." Journal of Applied Ecology 32(2): 391-399.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
===Seed bank and germination=== | ===Seed bank and germination=== | ||
| − | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | + | Seeds have an innate dormancy period, the embryo requiring a post-ripening period of 1 to 3 months at high temperatures before germinating.<ref name="lonsdale"/> |
| + | <!--===Fire ecology===--> <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| + | |||
===Pollination=== | ===Pollination=== | ||
| − | + | The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of ''Sida acuta'' at Archbold Biological Station:<ref name="Deyrup 2015">Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.</ref> | |
| − | Halictidae: Augochlorella gratiosa | + | Halictidae: ''Augochlorella gratiosa'' |
| + | <!--===Herbivory and toxicology===<!--Common herbivores, granivory, insect hosting, poisonous chemicals, allelopathy, etc--> | ||
| + | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== | ||
| + | In Northern Australia, it is considered an invasive species. It dominates improved pastures, disturbed areas, and contaminates agricultural produce.<ref name="key"/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Cultural use== | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
| + | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
| + | </gallery> | ||
| + | |||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
Latest revision as of 12:13, 15 July 2022
| Sida acuta | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by Shirley Denton (Copyrighted, use by photographer’s permission only), Nature Photography by Shirley Denton | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Malvaceae |
| Genus: | Sida |
| Species: | S. acuta |
| Binomial name | |
| Sida acuta Burm. f. | |
| |
| Natural range of Sida acuta from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common names: Common wireweed, Broomweed
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: Sida carpinifolia Linnaeus f.; S. ulmifolia P. Miller
The specific epithet means sharpened to a point, in reference to the tip of the leaves.[1]
Description
Erect branched suffrutex up to 1 meter tall, rarely taller. Green stems, mostly hairless to stellate-hairy, particularly on younger parts. Leaves more or less narrowly lanceolate, 2-6(10) cm long; apex acute; base obtuse to rounded, hairless to sparsely stellate-hairy; margin regularly serrate; petiole c. 2.5 mm, pubescent. Stipules linear, usually longer than the petiole. Flowers axillary, solitary or 2 together. Calyx 6-8 mm long, somewhat angular, saucer-shaped, hairless, lobed to the middle; petals as long as calyx, yellow. Mericarps 5-6, c. 4 mm long, birostrate, grooved between the awns.[2]
Distribution
Distributed from South Carolina throughout Florida and west to Mississippi.[1]
Ecology
Habitat
Occurs in dry and moist deciduous forests.[1] In Northern Australia, it is classified as an invasive species and dominates improved pastures, disturbed areas and roadsides.[3]
Phenology
Flowers are borne singly or in small clusters in the leaf forks on short stalks. Flowers have 5 yellow petals and 5 sepals.[4]
Seed dispersal
Seeds have two sharp awns that easily attach to animals and clothing.[5]
Seed bank and germination
Seeds have an innate dormancy period, the embryo requiring a post-ripening period of 1 to 3 months at high temperatures before germinating.[5]
Pollination
The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of Sida acuta at Archbold Biological Station:[6]
Halictidae: Augochlorella gratiosa
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
In Northern Australia, it is considered an invasive species. It dominates improved pastures, disturbed areas, and contaminates agricultural produce.[4]
Cultural use
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 [[1]]Eat the Weeds. Accessed: March 14, 2016
- ↑ [[2]]Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed: March 15, 2016
- ↑ Flanagan, G. J., L. A. Hills, et al. (2000). "The successful bioloical control of spinyhead Sida, Sida acuta [Malvaceae], by Calligrapha pantherina in Australia's Northern Territory." Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 [[3]]Accessed: March 15, 2016
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lonsdale, W. M., G. Farrell, et al. (1995). "Biological Control of a Tropical Weed: A Population Model and Experiment for Sida acuta." Journal of Applied Ecology 32(2): 391-399.
- ↑ Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.
