Difference between revisions of "Richardia scabra"
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Common names: Rough Mexican flower<ref name="Nelson 2006"/>, Rough Mexican clover | Common names: Rough Mexican flower<ref name="Nelson 2006"/>, Rough Mexican clover | ||
==Taxonomic notes== | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| + | Synonyms: none | ||
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| + | Varieties: none | ||
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==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| − | "Diffuse, decumbent, pubescent to pilose annuals or perennials, the stem 1-7 dm long or tall. Leaves opposite, connected by fimbriate stipules, lanceolate to elliptic or weakly oblanceolate, 2.5-7 cm long including the often indehiscent petioles, 1-2 cm wide. Inflorescences terminal, glomerate, involucrate, the bracts ovate or widely ovate-lanceolate, often dimorphic; corolla white, funnelform, lobes shorter than tube, anthers inserted at the rim of the tube. Fruit leathery, 3-4 mm long, separating into 4 in dehiscent carpels." <ref name="Radford et al 1964">Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 981. Print.</ref> | + | "Diffuse, decumbent, pubescent to pilose annuals or perennials, the stem 1-7 dm long or tall. Leaves opposite, connected by fimbriate stipules, lanceolate to elliptic or weakly oblanceolate, 2.5-7 cm long including the often indehiscent petioles, 1-2 cm wide. Inflorescences terminal, glomerate, involucrate, the bracts ovate or widely ovate-lanceolate, often dimorphic; corolla white, funnelform, lobes shorter than tube, anthers inserted at the rim of the tube. Fruit leathery, 3-4 mm long, separating into 4 in dehiscent carpels."<ref name="Radford et al 1964">Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 981. Print.</ref> |
| − | "Annual. Corolla 5-6 mm long, lobes less than 1/3 the length of the tube. Fruit tuberculate." <ref name="Radford et al 1964"/> | + | "Annual. Corolla 5-6 mm long, lobes less than 1/3 the length of the tube. Fruit tuberculate."<ref name="Radford et al 1964"/> |
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| − | It is observed in South Carolina Coastal Plain. <ref name="Lewis and Harshbarger 1976">Lewis, C. E. and T. J. Harshbarger. 1976. Shrub and herbaceous vegetation after 20 years of prescribed burning in the South Carolina coastal plain. Journal of Range Management 29:13-18.</ref> | + | It is observed in South Carolina Coastal Plain.<ref name="Lewis and Harshbarger 1976">Lewis, C. E. and T. J. Harshbarger. 1976. Shrub and herbaceous vegetation after 20 years of prescribed burning in the South Carolina coastal plain. Journal of Range Management 29:13-18.</ref> |
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | In the Coastal Plain region, ''R. scabra'' can be found in woodlands and upland pine communities. <ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: July 2015. Collectors: : R. Komarek, Robert K. Godfrey, Andre F. Clewell, R. A. Norris, Loran C. Anderson, Edwin L. Tyson, D. E. Breedlove, Peter H. Raven, K E Blum, J. Dwyer, H. Loftin, Edwin L. Tyson, C. Kupfer, H. Smith, G. Martinez Calderon. States and Counties: Florida: Leon, Lafayette, Liberty. Georgia: Baker, Thomas. Country: Panama, Mexico. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref> It can also be found in vacant lots, roadsides, abandoned fields, and powerline corridors. <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> <ref name="Nelson 2006">Nelson, Gil. Atlantic Coastal Plain Wildflowers: A Field Guide to the Wildflowers of the Coastal Regions of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Northeastern Florida. Guilford, CT: FalconGuide, 2006. 159. Print.</ref> It grows in fine sandy loams, that are poorly drained with slow permeability. <ref name="Lewis and Harshbarger 1976">Lewis, C. E. and T. J. Harshbarger. 1976. Shrub and herbaceous vegetation after 20 years of prescribed burning in the South Carolina coastal plain. Journal of Range Management 29:13-18.</ref> | + | In the Coastal Plain region, ''R. scabra'' can be found in woodlands and upland pine communities.<ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: July 2015. Collectors: : R. Komarek, Robert K. Godfrey, Andre F. Clewell, R. A. Norris, Loran C. Anderson, Edwin L. Tyson, D. E. Breedlove, Peter H. Raven, K E Blum, J. Dwyer, H. Loftin, Edwin L. Tyson, C. Kupfer, H. Smith, G. Martinez Calderon. States and Counties: Florida: Leon, Lafayette, Liberty. Georgia: Baker, Thomas. Country: Panama, Mexico. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref> It can also be found in vacant lots, roadsides, abandoned fields, and powerline corridors.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/><ref name="Nelson 2006">Nelson, Gil. Atlantic Coastal Plain Wildflowers: A Field Guide to the Wildflowers of the Coastal Regions of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Northeastern Florida. Guilford, CT: FalconGuide, 2006. 159. Print.</ref> It grows in fine sandy loams, that are poorly drained with slow permeability.<ref name="Lewis and Harshbarger 1976">Lewis, C. E. and T. J. Harshbarger. 1976. Shrub and herbaceous vegetation after 20 years of prescribed burning in the South Carolina coastal plain. Journal of Range Management 29:13-18.</ref> |
| + | |||
| + | ''R. scabra'' does not respond to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests.<ref>Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.</ref> | ||
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | + | ''R. scabra'' has been observed flowering in March, May, and from June through December.<ref name="Nelson 2006"/><ref>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 13 DEC 2016</ref> | |
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<!--===Seed dispersal===--> | <!--===Seed dispersal===--> | ||
<!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | <!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | ||
<!--===Fire ecology===--> <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | <!--===Fire ecology===--> <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| + | <!--===Pollination===--> | ||
| + | ===Herbivory and toxicology===<!--Common herbivores, granivory, insect hosting, poisonous chemicals, allelopathy, etc--> | ||
| + | ''Richardia scabra'' has been observed at the Archbold Biological Station to host a variety of bees and wasps. More specifically, this species hosts members of the Apidae family such as ''Apis mellifera'' and ''Bombus pennsylvanicus'', as well as members of the Halictidae family such as ''Agapostemon splendens, Augochloropsis sumptuosa,'' and ''Lasioglossum lepidii'', members of the Megachilidae family such as ''Anthidiellum notatum rufomaculatum,'' and ''Megachile mendica'', members of the Sphecidae family such as ''Ammophila pictipennis, Cerceris tolteca, Prionyx thomae, Stictia carolina,'' and ''Tachytes pepticus'', and members of the Vespidae family such as ''Leptochilus republicanus,'' and ''Parancistrocerus salcularis rufulus.''<ref name="Deyrup 2015">Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.</ref> Deyrup observed ''Agapostemon splendens, Augochloropsis sumptuosa, Anthidiellum maculatum rufimaculatum, Megachile mendica, M. texana, Apis mellifera,'' and ''Bombus pennsylvanicus'', on ''R. scabra.''<ref name="Deyrup et al 2002">Deyrup, Mark, Jayanthi Edirisinghe, and Beth Norden. 2002. The Diversity and Floral Hosts of Bees at the Archbold Biological Station, Florida (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Insect Mundi 16.1-3: 87-120.</ref> Additionally, ''R. scabra'' has been observed to host species such as ''Florilegus condignus'' (family Apidae) and ''Aphis sp.'' (family Aphididae).<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref> ''R. scabra'' was heavily fed on by Gopher tortoises in agricultural areas of southwestern Georgia.<ref name="Garner and Landers 1981">Garner, J. A. and J. L. Landers. 1981. Foods and habitat of the gopher tortoise in southwestern Georgia. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 35:120-134.</ref> | ||
| + | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
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| − | == | + | ==Cultural use== |
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
<gallery widths=180px> | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
Latest revision as of 11:23, 15 July 2022
| Richardia scabra | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo was taken by Gil Nelson | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Rubiales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | Richardia |
| Species: | R. scabra |
| Binomial name | |
| Richardia scabra L. | |
| |
| Natural range of Richardia scabra from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common names: Rough Mexican flower[1], Rough Mexican clover
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: none
Varieties: none
Description
"Diffuse, decumbent, pubescent to pilose annuals or perennials, the stem 1-7 dm long or tall. Leaves opposite, connected by fimbriate stipules, lanceolate to elliptic or weakly oblanceolate, 2.5-7 cm long including the often indehiscent petioles, 1-2 cm wide. Inflorescences terminal, glomerate, involucrate, the bracts ovate or widely ovate-lanceolate, often dimorphic; corolla white, funnelform, lobes shorter than tube, anthers inserted at the rim of the tube. Fruit leathery, 3-4 mm long, separating into 4 in dehiscent carpels."[2]
"Annual. Corolla 5-6 mm long, lobes less than 1/3 the length of the tube. Fruit tuberculate."[2]
Distribution
It is observed in South Carolina Coastal Plain.[3]
Ecology
Habitat
In the Coastal Plain region, R. scabra can be found in woodlands and upland pine communities.[4] It can also be found in vacant lots, roadsides, abandoned fields, and powerline corridors.[4][1] It grows in fine sandy loams, that are poorly drained with slow permeability.[3]
R. scabra does not respond to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests.[5]
Phenology
R. scabra has been observed flowering in March, May, and from June through December.[1][6]
Herbivory and toxicology
Richardia scabra has been observed at the Archbold Biological Station to host a variety of bees and wasps. More specifically, this species hosts members of the Apidae family such as Apis mellifera and Bombus pennsylvanicus, as well as members of the Halictidae family such as Agapostemon splendens, Augochloropsis sumptuosa, and Lasioglossum lepidii, members of the Megachilidae family such as Anthidiellum notatum rufomaculatum, and Megachile mendica, members of the Sphecidae family such as Ammophila pictipennis, Cerceris tolteca, Prionyx thomae, Stictia carolina, and Tachytes pepticus, and members of the Vespidae family such as Leptochilus republicanus, and Parancistrocerus salcularis rufulus.[7] Deyrup observed Agapostemon splendens, Augochloropsis sumptuosa, Anthidiellum maculatum rufimaculatum, Megachile mendica, M. texana, Apis mellifera, and Bombus pennsylvanicus, on R. scabra.[8] Additionally, R. scabra has been observed to host species such as Florilegus condignus (family Apidae) and Aphis sp. (family Aphididae).[9] R. scabra was heavily fed on by Gopher tortoises in agricultural areas of southwestern Georgia.[10]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
Cultural use
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nelson, Gil. Atlantic Coastal Plain Wildflowers: A Field Guide to the Wildflowers of the Coastal Regions of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Northeastern Florida. Guilford, CT: FalconGuide, 2006. 159. Print.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 981. Print.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lewis, C. E. and T. J. Harshbarger. 1976. Shrub and herbaceous vegetation after 20 years of prescribed burning in the South Carolina coastal plain. Journal of Range Management 29:13-18.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: July 2015. Collectors: : R. Komarek, Robert K. Godfrey, Andre F. Clewell, R. A. Norris, Loran C. Anderson, Edwin L. Tyson, D. E. Breedlove, Peter H. Raven, K E Blum, J. Dwyer, H. Loftin, Edwin L. Tyson, C. Kupfer, H. Smith, G. Martinez Calderon. States and Counties: Florida: Leon, Lafayette, Liberty. Georgia: Baker, Thomas. Country: Panama, Mexico. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
- ↑ Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 13 DEC 2016
- ↑ Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.
- ↑ Deyrup, Mark, Jayanthi Edirisinghe, and Beth Norden. 2002. The Diversity and Floral Hosts of Bees at the Archbold Biological Station, Florida (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Insect Mundi 16.1-3: 87-120.
- ↑ Discoverlife.org [1]
- ↑ Garner, J. A. and J. L. Landers. 1981. Foods and habitat of the gopher tortoise in southwestern Georgia. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 35:120-134.
