Difference between revisions of "Rhexia mariana"
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| − | Common | + | Common names: Maryland meadow-beauty, Pale Meadow-beauty, Dull Meadow-beauty |
==Taxonomic notes== | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| + | Synonyms: ''Rhexia mariana'' var. ''leiosperma'' Fernald & Griscom; ''R. delicatula'' Small | ||
| + | |||
| + | Variety: ''Rhexia mariana'' Linnaeus var. ''mariana'' | ||
| + | |||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| − | ''R. mariana'' is distinguished from ''R. cubensis'' by not having cubensis seeds, and having narrower leaves, uniformly smaller flowers, and a smaller hypanthia | + | ''R. mariana'' is distinguished from ''R. cubensis'' by not having cubensis seeds, and having narrower leaves, uniformly smaller flowers, and a smaller hypanthia. It has been observed to be non-tuberiferous and rhizomatous. It is also capable of forming clones.<ref name="fsu">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: November 2015. Collectors: P. Adams, Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker, R.R. Bounds, Jane Brockmann, Andre F. Clewell, R.A. Davidson, D.L. Fichtner, H.E. Grelen, Robert K. Godfrey, R.D. Houk, C.W. James, Gary R. Knight, R. Komarek, Robert Kral, O. Lakela, C.W. James, John Morrill, T. Myint, R.A. Norris, Jackie Patman, Gwynn W. Ramsey, James D. Ray Jr., P.L. Redfearn, Cecil R. Slaughter, R.R. Smith, R.F. Thorne, E. Tyson, Jean W. Wooten. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Brevard, Calhoun, Citrus, Collier, Columbia, DeSoto, Dixie, Escambia, Flagler, Franklin, Gadsden, Glades, Hernando, Hillsborough, Holmes, Indian River, Jackson, Jefferson, Lafayette, Lee, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Madison, Pasco, Polk, Putnam, Sumter, Taylor, Wakulla, Washington. Georgia: Grady, Thomas. North Carolina: Wilson. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref> |
| + | |||
| + | "Erect, herbaceous, hermaphroditic, cymose perennials. Leaves opposite, sessile or petioles to 2 mm long. Flowers 4-merous, floral parts perigynous; stamens 8, anthers 1-locular, poricidal, usually with a basal spur. Capsules globose or subglobose; hypanthium cylindrical in anthesis, urceolate at maturity; stipes or pedicels 2-4.5 mm long; seeds brownish or yellowish, crescent-shape, papillose lined, 0.5-1 mm long except for ''R. petiolate'' and ''R. alifanus''."<ref name="Radford et al 1964">Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 743. Print.</ref> | ||
| − | + | "Hirsute branches or unbranched perennial; frequently colonial from elongate, horizontal roots; stems to 8 dm tall, faces unequal. Leaves linear, elliptic, lanceolate, ovate, or obovate, to 6.5 cm long and 2 cm wide, sparsely hirsute, 3-nerved, acute, ciliate-serrate, base rounded to attenuate. Sepals linear, 1-2.5 mm long; petals purplish to white, 10-25 mm long; anthers 6-10 mm long. Capsules 4.5-7 mm in diam., hypanthium usually 6-10 mm long, glandular hirsute or glabrous, neck ca. equaling body."<ref name="Radford et al 1964"/> | |
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| + | Distributed in the Coastal Plain from eastern Massachusetts south to Florida and across to Texas.<ref name="wildflower">[[http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=RHMA]] Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Accessed: March 7, 2016</ref> | ||
| + | |||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | In the Coastal Plain, ''Rhexia mariana'' has occurred in titi swamps, pine-saw palmetto flatwoods, sedgy swales in ancient dunes, shaded areas adjacent to cypress ponds, river floodplain forests, a clearing by a cypress-titi swamp, pine flatwoods, seepage bogs, pond margins, saw palmetto savanna bogs, open lake flats, live oak-longleaf pine woodlands, mixed hardwood/cabbage palm hammocks, turkey oak/longleaf pine scrubs and boggy seepage slopes. It has been observed in disturbed sites such as railroad banks bordering low pinelands, moist roadside ditches, secondary grazed upland hammocks, and bulldozed slash pine-saw palmetto flatwoods | + | In the Coastal Plain, ''Rhexia mariana'' has occurred in titi swamps, pine-saw palmetto flatwoods, sedgy swales in ancient dunes, shaded areas adjacent to cypress ponds, river floodplain forests, a clearing by a cypress-titi swamp, pine flatwoods, seepage bogs, pond margins, saw palmetto savanna bogs, open lake flats, live oak-longleaf pine woodlands, mixed hardwood/cabbage palm hammocks, turkey oak/longleaf pine scrubs and boggy seepage slopes. It has been observed in disturbed sites such as railroad banks bordering low pinelands, moist roadside ditches, secondary grazed upland hammocks, and bulldozed slash pine-saw palmetto flatwoods. Soil types include white sand, sandy peat, loamy sand, sandy loam and loam. |
| + | |||
| + | ''R. mariana'' increased its frequency in response to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests. It has shown regrowth in reestablished flatwood habitat that was disturbed by these practices.<ref>Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Associated species include ''Rhexia cubensis, Eleocharis melanocarpa, Ilex, Andropogon, Pinus palustris, Panicum, Hyptis, Eriocaulon, Aletris, Sabatia bartamii, Manisuris rugosa, Rhynchospora, Myrica, Magnolia virginiana, Persea borbonia, Smilax, Liatris spicata, Hypericum gymnathum, Juncus'', and sweetgum.<ref name="fsu"/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ''Rhexia mariana'' var. ''mariana'' is an indicator species for the Wet Depression Prairies community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).<ref>Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.</ref> | ||
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | + | ''R. mariana'' has been observed flowering April to November with peak inflorescence in July and fruits May through October.<ref name="fsu"/><ref>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 13 DEC 2016</ref> | |
===Seed dispersal=== | ===Seed dispersal=== | ||
| + | Fruits are dry and dehiscent.<ref name="gobotany">[[https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/rhexia/mariana/]]Go Botany. Accessed: March 7, 2016</ref> This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity.<ref>Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
===Seed bank and germination=== | ===Seed bank and germination=== | ||
| + | Seeds and rhizomes are able to persist in the soil for several years until conditions are ideal for germination.<ref name="newengland"/> This plant was found in the seed banks of depression bays in western South Carolina that are dominated by shrubs, forests, and herbaceous vegetation.<ref>Navarra, J. J. and P. F. Quintana-Ascencio 2012. Spatial pattern and composition of the Florida scrub seed bank and vegetation along an anthropegenic disturbance gradient. Applied Vegetation Science 15:349-358. </ref> | ||
| + | |||
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | ''Rhexia mariana'' has been observed growing in annually burned longleaf pinewoods and a burned bayhead | + | ''Rhexia mariana'' has been observed growing in annually burned longleaf pinewoods and a burned bayhead.<ref name="fsu"/> Populations have been known to persist through repeated annual burning.<ref>Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref> |
===Pollination=== | ===Pollination=== | ||
| − | + | ''Rhexia mariana'' was observed at the Archbold Biological Station with pollinators from the Apidae family such as ''Bombus impatiens'' and sweat bees from the Halictidae family such as ''Augochloropsis anonyma'' and ''A. metallica''<ref name="Deyrup 2015">Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.</ref> The foliage of ''R. mariana'' is eaten by deer.<ref name="newengland">[[https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/rhexia/mariana/]]Accessed: March 7, 2016</ref> | |
| + | <!--===Herbivory and toxicology===<!--Common herbivores, granivory, insect hosting, poisonous chemicals, allelopathy, etc--> | ||
| + | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
| − | + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== | |
| − | + | ==Cultural use== | |
| + | It is possible the greens and tubers can be used in salads for a sweetish, nutty taste.<ref> Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.</ref> | ||
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==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
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<gallery widths=180px> | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
| − | File:Rhexia mariana MMS 2.jpg| <center> ''Rhexia mariana'' <p> Photo by Michelle M. Smith </p><p> | + | File:Rhexia mariana MMS 2.jpg| <center> ''Rhexia mariana'' <p> Photo by Michelle M. Smith </p><p> |
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| + | File:Rhexia mariana MMS 3.jpg| <center> ''Rhexia mariana'' <p> Photo by Michelle Smith </p><p> | ||
</nowiki></gallery> | </nowiki></gallery> | ||
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==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
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Latest revision as of 11:03, 15 July 2022
| Rhexia mariana | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo taken by Michelle M. Smith, Thomasville, Georgia | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Melastomataceae |
| Genus: | Rhexia |
| Species: | R. mariana |
| Binomial name | |
| Rhexia mariana L. | |
| |
| Natural range of Rhexia mariana from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common names: Maryland meadow-beauty, Pale Meadow-beauty, Dull Meadow-beauty
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: Rhexia mariana var. leiosperma Fernald & Griscom; R. delicatula Small
Variety: Rhexia mariana Linnaeus var. mariana
Description
R. mariana is distinguished from R. cubensis by not having cubensis seeds, and having narrower leaves, uniformly smaller flowers, and a smaller hypanthia. It has been observed to be non-tuberiferous and rhizomatous. It is also capable of forming clones.[1]
"Erect, herbaceous, hermaphroditic, cymose perennials. Leaves opposite, sessile or petioles to 2 mm long. Flowers 4-merous, floral parts perigynous; stamens 8, anthers 1-locular, poricidal, usually with a basal spur. Capsules globose or subglobose; hypanthium cylindrical in anthesis, urceolate at maturity; stipes or pedicels 2-4.5 mm long; seeds brownish or yellowish, crescent-shape, papillose lined, 0.5-1 mm long except for R. petiolate and R. alifanus."[2]
"Hirsute branches or unbranched perennial; frequently colonial from elongate, horizontal roots; stems to 8 dm tall, faces unequal. Leaves linear, elliptic, lanceolate, ovate, or obovate, to 6.5 cm long and 2 cm wide, sparsely hirsute, 3-nerved, acute, ciliate-serrate, base rounded to attenuate. Sepals linear, 1-2.5 mm long; petals purplish to white, 10-25 mm long; anthers 6-10 mm long. Capsules 4.5-7 mm in diam., hypanthium usually 6-10 mm long, glandular hirsute or glabrous, neck ca. equaling body."[2]
Distribution
Distributed in the Coastal Plain from eastern Massachusetts south to Florida and across to Texas.[3]
Ecology
Habitat
In the Coastal Plain, Rhexia mariana has occurred in titi swamps, pine-saw palmetto flatwoods, sedgy swales in ancient dunes, shaded areas adjacent to cypress ponds, river floodplain forests, a clearing by a cypress-titi swamp, pine flatwoods, seepage bogs, pond margins, saw palmetto savanna bogs, open lake flats, live oak-longleaf pine woodlands, mixed hardwood/cabbage palm hammocks, turkey oak/longleaf pine scrubs and boggy seepage slopes. It has been observed in disturbed sites such as railroad banks bordering low pinelands, moist roadside ditches, secondary grazed upland hammocks, and bulldozed slash pine-saw palmetto flatwoods. Soil types include white sand, sandy peat, loamy sand, sandy loam and loam.
R. mariana increased its frequency in response to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests. It has shown regrowth in reestablished flatwood habitat that was disturbed by these practices.[4]
Associated species include Rhexia cubensis, Eleocharis melanocarpa, Ilex, Andropogon, Pinus palustris, Panicum, Hyptis, Eriocaulon, Aletris, Sabatia bartamii, Manisuris rugosa, Rhynchospora, Myrica, Magnolia virginiana, Persea borbonia, Smilax, Liatris spicata, Hypericum gymnathum, Juncus, and sweetgum.[1]
Rhexia mariana var. mariana is an indicator species for the Wet Depression Prairies community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).[5]
Phenology
R. mariana has been observed flowering April to November with peak inflorescence in July and fruits May through October.[1][6]
Seed dispersal
Fruits are dry and dehiscent.[7] This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity.[8]
Seed bank and germination
Seeds and rhizomes are able to persist in the soil for several years until conditions are ideal for germination.[9] This plant was found in the seed banks of depression bays in western South Carolina that are dominated by shrubs, forests, and herbaceous vegetation.[10]
Fire ecology
Rhexia mariana has been observed growing in annually burned longleaf pinewoods and a burned bayhead.[1] Populations have been known to persist through repeated annual burning.[11]
Pollination
Rhexia mariana was observed at the Archbold Biological Station with pollinators from the Apidae family such as Bombus impatiens and sweat bees from the Halictidae family such as Augochloropsis anonyma and A. metallica[12] The foliage of R. mariana is eaten by deer.[9]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
Cultural use
It is possible the greens and tubers can be used in salads for a sweetish, nutty taste.[13]
Photo Gallery
Rhexia mariana Photo by Michelle M. Smith
Rhexia mariana Photo by Michelle Smith
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: November 2015. Collectors: P. Adams, Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker, R.R. Bounds, Jane Brockmann, Andre F. Clewell, R.A. Davidson, D.L. Fichtner, H.E. Grelen, Robert K. Godfrey, R.D. Houk, C.W. James, Gary R. Knight, R. Komarek, Robert Kral, O. Lakela, C.W. James, John Morrill, T. Myint, R.A. Norris, Jackie Patman, Gwynn W. Ramsey, James D. Ray Jr., P.L. Redfearn, Cecil R. Slaughter, R.R. Smith, R.F. Thorne, E. Tyson, Jean W. Wooten. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Brevard, Calhoun, Citrus, Collier, Columbia, DeSoto, Dixie, Escambia, Flagler, Franklin, Gadsden, Glades, Hernando, Hillsborough, Holmes, Indian River, Jackson, Jefferson, Lafayette, Lee, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Madison, Pasco, Polk, Putnam, Sumter, Taylor, Wakulla, Washington. Georgia: Grady, Thomas. North Carolina: Wilson. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 743. Print.
- ↑ [[1]] Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Accessed: March 7, 2016
- ↑ Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.
- ↑ Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 13 DEC 2016
- ↑ [[2]]Go Botany. Accessed: March 7, 2016
- ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 [[3]]Accessed: March 7, 2016
- ↑ Navarra, J. J. and P. F. Quintana-Ascencio 2012. Spatial pattern and composition of the Florida scrub seed bank and vegetation along an anthropegenic disturbance gradient. Applied Vegetation Science 15:349-358.
- ↑ Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.
- ↑ Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.
- ↑ Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.
