Difference between revisions of "Plantago virginica"
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{{taxobox | {{taxobox | ||
| name = Plantago virginica | | name = Plantago virginica | ||
| − | | image = | + | | image = Plan_virg.jpg |
| − | | image_caption = | + | | image_caption = Photo by John R. Gwaltney, [http://www.southeasternflora.com/index.asp Southeastern Flora.com] |
| regnum = Plantae | | regnum = Plantae | ||
| divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants | | divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants | ||
| Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
| binomial_authority = L. | | binomial_authority = L. | ||
| range_map = PHYS_VIRG_dist.jpg | | range_map = PHYS_VIRG_dist.jpg | ||
| − | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Plantago virginica'' from USDA NRCS [http:// | + | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Plantago virginica'' from USDA NRCS [http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PLVI Plants Database]. |
}} | }} | ||
| + | Common names: Virginia plantain, hoary plantain | ||
| + | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| + | Synonyms: none<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Varieties: ''Plantago virginica'' var. '' virginica''; ''Plantago virginica'' var. ''viridescens'' Fernald<ref name=weakley/> | ||
| + | |||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| + | "Perennial or annual acaulescent or caulescent herbs. Leaves all basal, or opposite on freely branched stems. Spike bracteate. Calyx actinomorphic, sepals 4, united only at the base; corolla actinomorphic, united ½ or more its length, lobes 4, erect, spreading or reflexed, papery, persistent in fruit. Stamens 4, barely to long exserted; stigma 2-cleft, ovary superior. Capsule circumscissile, 2-locular, 2 to many seeded."<ref name="Radford et al 1964">Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 974-977. Print.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | "Acaulescent winter annual with a tap root, often dioecious. Leaves pubescent, oblanceolate to elliptic, the longest ones 2-15 cm long, 0.5-4 cm wide acute to obtuse, irregularly dentate to nearly entire, base attenuate; petioles usually purple at the base, obscured by decurrent blade tissue. Scape hollow, terete, 4-18 cm long. Spike 1-15 cm long, densely flowered and fruited. Bracts and sepals obtuse, calyx lobes 2-2.3 mm long, about equaling to 2X as long as the bracts, margins hyaline; corolla lobes 1.5-2.9 mm long, about equal to tube. Stamens and stigma well exserted. Capsule 2-seeded, 2-3 mm long, circumscissile near the middle. Seeds light brown, nearly smooth, lustrous, grooved on the back, the hilum inconspicuous, ellipsoid, 1.5-1.8 mm long."<ref name="Radford et al 1964"/> | ||
| + | |||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| + | A natural community of ''P. virginica'' is a frequently burned mature longleaf pine-wiregrass community.<ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: July 2015. Collectors: Robert K. Godfrey, Andre F. Clewell, R.A. Norris, R.F. Doren, R. Komarek, Loran C. Anderson. States and Counties: Florida: Gadsden, Holmes, Leon, Liberty, Wakulla, Washington. Georgia: Grady, Thomas. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref> In human disturbed areas it has been documented to grow in a mowed grassy roadside, old biocontrol plots, and a lawn near a T.V. tower.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> It has been observed growing with ''Pinus palustris'' and ''Aristida.''<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> It is known to grow in loamy soil and sand of disturbed roadsides.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> | ||
| + | |||
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | ===Seed dispersal=== | + | ''P. virginica'' has been recorded flowering from January to May and in December with peak inflorescence in April.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/><ref>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 12 DEC 2016</ref> |
| + | <!--===Seed dispersal===--> | ||
| + | |||
===Seed bank and germination=== | ===Seed bank and germination=== | ||
| − | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | + | When exposed to natural seasonal changes, buried seeds of P. virginica exhibit an annual conditional dormancy/non-dormancy cycle.<ref name="Baskin et al. 2003">Baskin, C. C., J. M. Baskin, et al. (2003). "Seasonal changes in the germination responses of buried seeds of three native eastern North American winter annuals." Plant Species Biology 18: 59-66.</ref> Dormancy is broken in the summer, with the germination season extending from September to November.<ref name="Baskin et al. 2003"/> Peak germination for P. virginica occurs in October.<ref name="Baskin et al. 2003"/> |
| − | ===Pollination=== | + | <!--===Fire ecology===--> <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> |
| − | === | + | <!--===Pollination===--> |
| − | ===Diseases and parasites=== | + | <!--===Herbivory and toxicology=====><!--Common herbivores, granivory, insect hosting, poisonous chemicals, allelopathy, etc--> |
| − | ==Conservation and | + | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> |
| − | == | + | |
| + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Cultural use== | ||
| + | Historically, the leaves were used as a tonic, the seeds as a laxative. The seeds can be soaked to extract gum for use in lotions. Crushed leaves were used as an ointment on injuries to reduce swelling, and the leaves or roots boiled were used in relieving soreness in breasts. Parts of the plant were used in treating dysentery, constipation, and blood disorders.<ref> Korchmal, Arnold & Connie. 1973. A Guide to the Medicinal Plants of the United States. The New York Times Book Company, New York.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
| + | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
| + | </gallery> | ||
| + | |||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
| − | |||
Latest revision as of 15:47, 3 July 2023
| Plantago virginica | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by John R. Gwaltney, Southeastern Flora.com | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Plantaginales |
| Family: | Plantaginaceae |
| Genus: | Plantago |
| Species: | P. virginica |
| Binomial name | |
| Plantago virginica L. | |
| |
| Natural range of Plantago virginica from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common names: Virginia plantain, hoary plantain
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: none[1]
Varieties: Plantago virginica var. virginica; Plantago virginica var. viridescens Fernald[1]
Description
"Perennial or annual acaulescent or caulescent herbs. Leaves all basal, or opposite on freely branched stems. Spike bracteate. Calyx actinomorphic, sepals 4, united only at the base; corolla actinomorphic, united ½ or more its length, lobes 4, erect, spreading or reflexed, papery, persistent in fruit. Stamens 4, barely to long exserted; stigma 2-cleft, ovary superior. Capsule circumscissile, 2-locular, 2 to many seeded."[2]
"Acaulescent winter annual with a tap root, often dioecious. Leaves pubescent, oblanceolate to elliptic, the longest ones 2-15 cm long, 0.5-4 cm wide acute to obtuse, irregularly dentate to nearly entire, base attenuate; petioles usually purple at the base, obscured by decurrent blade tissue. Scape hollow, terete, 4-18 cm long. Spike 1-15 cm long, densely flowered and fruited. Bracts and sepals obtuse, calyx lobes 2-2.3 mm long, about equaling to 2X as long as the bracts, margins hyaline; corolla lobes 1.5-2.9 mm long, about equal to tube. Stamens and stigma well exserted. Capsule 2-seeded, 2-3 mm long, circumscissile near the middle. Seeds light brown, nearly smooth, lustrous, grooved on the back, the hilum inconspicuous, ellipsoid, 1.5-1.8 mm long."[2]
Distribution
Ecology
Habitat
A natural community of P. virginica is a frequently burned mature longleaf pine-wiregrass community.[3] In human disturbed areas it has been documented to grow in a mowed grassy roadside, old biocontrol plots, and a lawn near a T.V. tower.[3] It has been observed growing with Pinus palustris and Aristida.[3] It is known to grow in loamy soil and sand of disturbed roadsides.[3]
Phenology
P. virginica has been recorded flowering from January to May and in December with peak inflorescence in April.[3][4]
Seed bank and germination
When exposed to natural seasonal changes, buried seeds of P. virginica exhibit an annual conditional dormancy/non-dormancy cycle.[5] Dormancy is broken in the summer, with the germination season extending from September to November.[5] Peak germination for P. virginica occurs in October.[5]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
Cultural use
Historically, the leaves were used as a tonic, the seeds as a laxative. The seeds can be soaked to extract gum for use in lotions. Crushed leaves were used as an ointment on injuries to reduce swelling, and the leaves or roots boiled were used in relieving soreness in breasts. Parts of the plant were used in treating dysentery, constipation, and blood disorders.[6]
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 974-977. Print.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: July 2015. Collectors: Robert K. Godfrey, Andre F. Clewell, R.A. Norris, R.F. Doren, R. Komarek, Loran C. Anderson. States and Counties: Florida: Gadsden, Holmes, Leon, Liberty, Wakulla, Washington. Georgia: Grady, Thomas. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 12 DEC 2016
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Baskin, C. C., J. M. Baskin, et al. (2003). "Seasonal changes in the germination responses of buried seeds of three native eastern North American winter annuals." Plant Species Biology 18: 59-66.
- ↑ Korchmal, Arnold & Connie. 1973. A Guide to the Medicinal Plants of the United States. The New York Times Book Company, New York.
