Difference between revisions of "Pityopsis aspera"

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Common name: Pineland silkgrass
 
Common name: Pineland silkgrass
 
==Taxonomic notes==
 
==Taxonomic notes==
Synonyms: ''Pityopsis aspera'' (Shuttleworth ex Small) Small var. ''aspera''; ''Pityopsis aspera''; ''Chrysopsis graminifolia'' (Michaux) Elliott var. ''aspera'' (Shuttleworth ex Small) A. Gray; ''Heterotheca aspera'' (Shuttleworth ex Small) Shinners
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Synonyms: ''Chrysopsis graminifolia'' (Michaux) Elliott var. ''aspera'' (Shuttleworth ex Small) A. Gray; ''Heterotheca aspera'' (Shuttleworth ex Small) Shinners.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref>
  
 
==Description==  
 
==Description==  
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
A description of ''Pityopsis aspera'' is provided in [http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250067348 The Flora of North America].
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''Pityopsis aspera'' is a cepitose, sericeous-floccose perennial with an erect, 4-8 dm tall stem and appressed or ascending leaves. The leaves are linear, grass-like, and entire. They are basal parallel-veined, 1-3.5 dm long and 3-10 mm wide. The heads number three to many and grow in corymbs. The involucres are cylindric to campanulate, 7-8 mm long, and 5-8 mm broad. The bracts are linear, appressed, and stipitate-glandular. The rays are numbered 4-10 and 1-1.5 cm long. The nutlets are reddish-brown to black, fusiform, pubescent, and 2.3-3 mm long. The pappus is colored tan to cinnamon and 4.5-6 mm long.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> 
  
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
 +
This plant ranges from the eastern Florida Panhandle to adjacent central Georgia.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref>
 +
 
==Ecology==
 
==Ecology==
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
''P. aspera'' is distributed across southern Georgia and northern Florida <ref name="Gowe and Brewer 2005">Gowe, A. K. and J. S. Brewer (2005). "The evolution of fire-dependent flowering in goldenasters (Pityopsis spp.)." Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 132: 384-400.</ref> and is commonly found in Florida sandhill community.<ref name="Downer 2012"/> Habitats documented include longleaf wiregrass sandhills, deep sand banks along hardwood hammocks, open pinewoods, longleaf pine/turkey oaks, scrub oak barrens, longleaf pine savannas, sand pine-evergreen oak scrubs, a high bluff, and chestnut oak woods. <ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: July 2015. Collectors: John B. Nelson, R.K. Godfrey, John Morrill, Loran C. Anderson, Douglas E. Kennemore, Jr., R. Komarek, Kevin Oakes, M. Davis, Bruce Hansen, JoAnn Hansen, Lloyd H. Shinners, Kurt E. Blum, Sidney McDaniel, R. Kral,  Richard D. Houk, H. E. Grelen, A. F. Clewell, Paul L. Redfearn, Jr., Gary R. Knight, Jean Wooten, Richard S. Mitchell, A. Dobay, Krista Heine, Batson, Wilbur H. Duncan, Krista Heine, A. Dobay, John H. Beaman, William B. Fox, A.B. Seymour, Angus Gholson, C. Ritchie Bell, W.J. Dress, R.V. Moran, Samuel B. Jones, Jr., Cindi Stewart, MacClendons. States and Counties: Florida: Baker, Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Grady, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Union, Wakulla, Walton, Washington. Georgia: Baker, Bartow, Bulloch, Clayton, Decatur, Grady, Houston, Macon, Taylor, Thomas, Upson. South Carolina: Aiken, Chester, York. North Carolina: Alegheny, Alexander, Burke, Gatson, Johnston, McDowell, Moore, Richmond, Rutherford, Surry, Wake. Virginia: Brunswick. Mississippi: Forrest, Harrison, Lamar. Alabama: Baldwin, Barbour, Covington, Geneva, Lee, Mobile. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref> In disturbed areas it grows in beds of old railroads, roadsides with bahia grass, a clearing of mixed pine-hardwood stand, harrowed areas, bordering fields, and on golf course edges alongside broomsage. <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> Soil types include sand, dry loamy sand, dry clayey sand, gray sand, wet soil, dry sand-clay bank, loam soil, red clay bank and gravelly-clay. <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>
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''P. aspera'' is distributed across southern Georgia and northern Florida<ref name="Gowe and Brewer 2005">Gowe, A. K. and J. S. Brewer (2005). "The evolution of fire-dependent flowering in goldenasters (Pityopsis spp.)." Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 132: 384-400.</ref> and is commonly found in Florida sandhill community.<ref name="Downer 2012"/> Habitats documented include longleaf wiregrass sandhills, deep sand banks along hardwood hammocks, open pinewoods, longleaf pine/turkey oaks, scrub oak barrens, longleaf pine savannas, sand pine-evergreen oak scrubs, a high bluff, and chestnut oak woods.<ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: July 2015. Collectors: John B. Nelson, R.K. Godfrey, John Morrill, Loran C. Anderson, Douglas E. Kennemore, Jr., R. Komarek, Kevin Oakes, M. Davis, Bruce Hansen, JoAnn Hansen, Lloyd H. Shinners, Kurt E. Blum, Sidney McDaniel, R. Kral,  Richard D. Houk, H. E. Grelen, A. F. Clewell, Paul L. Redfearn, Jr., Gary R. Knight, Jean Wooten, Richard S. Mitchell, A. Dobay, Krista Heine, Batson, Wilbur H. Duncan, Krista Heine, A. Dobay, John H. Beaman, William B. Fox, A.B. Seymour, Angus Gholson, C. Ritchie Bell, W.J. Dress, R.V. Moran, Samuel B. Jones, Jr., Cindi Stewart, MacClendons. States and Counties: Florida: Baker, Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Grady, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Union, Wakulla, Walton, Washington. Georgia: Baker, Bartow, Bulloch, Clayton, Decatur, Grady, Houston, Macon, Taylor, Thomas, Upson. South Carolina: Aiken, Chester, York. North Carolina: Alegheny, Alexander, Burke, Gatson, Johnston, McDowell, Moore, Richmond, Rutherford, Surry, Wake. Virginia: Brunswick. Mississippi: Forrest, Harrison, Lamar. Alabama: Baldwin, Barbour, Covington, Geneva, Lee, Mobile. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref> In disturbed areas it grows in beds of old railroads, roadsides with bahia grass, a clearing of mixed pine-hardwood stand, harrowed areas, bordering fields, and on golf course edges alongside broomsage.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> Soil types include sand, dry loamy sand, dry clayey sand, gray sand, wet soil, dry sand-clay bank, loam soil, red clay bank, and gravelly-clay.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>
  
Associated species include ''Pityopsis flexuosa, Pinus palustris, Aristida stricta, Chrysopsis latisquamea, Chrysopsis gossypina Quercus, Paronychia'', bahia grass, ''Haplopappus divaricatus, Eupatorium pinnatifidum, Lechea, Diodia teres, Dicanthelium, Lespedeza hirta, Polygonella gracilis, Vaccinium arboreum'', sandpine, ''Microcephala, Liatris, Panicum, Leptoloma cognata, Phoebanthus, Scleria ciliata, Helianthus microcephalus, Helianthus atrorubens, Silphium compositum, Eupatorium, Heterotheca latifolia'' and chestnut oak. <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>
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Associated species include ''Pityopsis flexuosa, Pinus palustris, Aristida stricta, Chrysopsis latisquamea, Chrysopsis gossypina Quercus, Paronychia'', bahia grass, ''Haplopappus divaricatus, Eupatorium pinnatifidum, Lechea, Diodia teres, Dicanthelium, Lespedeza hirta, Polygonella gracilis, Vaccinium arboreum'', sandpine, ''Microcephala, Liatris, Panicum, Leptoloma cognata, Phoebanthus, Scleria ciliata, Helianthus microcephalus, Helianthus atrorubens, Silphium compositum, Eupatorium, Heterotheca latifolia'' and chestnut oak.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>
  
 
''Pityopsis aspera'' is an indicator species for the Panhandle Xeric Sandhills community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).<ref>Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.</ref>
 
''Pityopsis aspera'' is an indicator species for the Panhandle Xeric Sandhills community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).<ref>Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.</ref>
  
 
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
 
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
''P. aspera'' has been observed flowering in May and from July to December and fruiting have been recorded August through December.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/><ref>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/  Accessed: 12 DEC 2016</ref>
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''P. aspera'' flowers from August through October.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref>
<!--===Seed dispersal===-->
 
 
<!--===Seed bank and germination===-->
 
<!--===Seed bank and germination===-->
  
 
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
 
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
''P. aspera'' occurs in areas with an estimated pre-settlement fire-return interval of 1-3 years <ref name="Gowe and Brewer 2005"/> and flowers within two months of burning in early summer. <ref name="Robertson">Robertson, Kevin M. 2014. Personal observation.</ref>
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''P. aspera'' occurs in areas with an estimated pre-settlement fire-return interval of 1-3 years<ref name="Gowe and Brewer 2005"/> and flowers within two months of burning in early summer.<ref name="Robertson">Robertson, Kevin M. 2014. Personal observation.</ref>
 
<!--===Pollination===-->  
 
<!--===Pollination===-->  
 
<!--===Use by animals===--> <!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->
 
<!--===Use by animals===--> <!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->

Revision as of 11:38, 17 November 2020

Pityopsis aspera
Pityopsis aspera and butterfly KMR 2011 Avalon.jpg
Photo taken by Kevin Robertson
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae ⁄ Compositae
Genus: Pityopsis
Species: P. aspera
Binomial name
Physalis arenicola
(Shuttlw. ex Small) Small
PITY ASPE dist.jpg
Natural range of Physalis arenicola from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Common name: Pineland silkgrass

Taxonomic notes

Synonyms: Chrysopsis graminifolia (Michaux) Elliott var. aspera (Shuttleworth ex Small) A. Gray; Heterotheca aspera (Shuttleworth ex Small) Shinners.[1]

Description

Pityopsis aspera is a cepitose, sericeous-floccose perennial with an erect, 4-8 dm tall stem and appressed or ascending leaves. The leaves are linear, grass-like, and entire. They are basal parallel-veined, 1-3.5 dm long and 3-10 mm wide. The heads number three to many and grow in corymbs. The involucres are cylindric to campanulate, 7-8 mm long, and 5-8 mm broad. The bracts are linear, appressed, and stipitate-glandular. The rays are numbered 4-10 and 1-1.5 cm long. The nutlets are reddish-brown to black, fusiform, pubescent, and 2.3-3 mm long. The pappus is colored tan to cinnamon and 4.5-6 mm long.[1]

Distribution

This plant ranges from the eastern Florida Panhandle to adjacent central Georgia.[1]

Ecology

Habitat

P. aspera is distributed across southern Georgia and northern Florida[2] and is commonly found in Florida sandhill community.[3] Habitats documented include longleaf wiregrass sandhills, deep sand banks along hardwood hammocks, open pinewoods, longleaf pine/turkey oaks, scrub oak barrens, longleaf pine savannas, sand pine-evergreen oak scrubs, a high bluff, and chestnut oak woods.[4] In disturbed areas it grows in beds of old railroads, roadsides with bahia grass, a clearing of mixed pine-hardwood stand, harrowed areas, bordering fields, and on golf course edges alongside broomsage.[4] Soil types include sand, dry loamy sand, dry clayey sand, gray sand, wet soil, dry sand-clay bank, loam soil, red clay bank, and gravelly-clay.[4]

Associated species include Pityopsis flexuosa, Pinus palustris, Aristida stricta, Chrysopsis latisquamea, Chrysopsis gossypina Quercus, Paronychia, bahia grass, Haplopappus divaricatus, Eupatorium pinnatifidum, Lechea, Diodia teres, Dicanthelium, Lespedeza hirta, Polygonella gracilis, Vaccinium arboreum, sandpine, Microcephala, Liatris, Panicum, Leptoloma cognata, Phoebanthus, Scleria ciliata, Helianthus microcephalus, Helianthus atrorubens, Silphium compositum, Eupatorium, Heterotheca latifolia and chestnut oak.[4]

Pityopsis aspera is an indicator species for the Panhandle Xeric Sandhills community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).[5]

Phenology

P. aspera flowers from August through October.[1]

Fire ecology

P. aspera occurs in areas with an estimated pre-settlement fire-return interval of 1-3 years[2] and flowers within two months of burning in early summer.[6]

Conservation and management

Cultivation and restoration

Photo Gallery

References and notes

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Gowe, A. K. and J. S. Brewer (2005). "The evolution of fire-dependent flowering in goldenasters (Pityopsis spp.)." Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 132: 384-400.
  3. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Downer 2012
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: July 2015. Collectors: John B. Nelson, R.K. Godfrey, John Morrill, Loran C. Anderson, Douglas E. Kennemore, Jr., R. Komarek, Kevin Oakes, M. Davis, Bruce Hansen, JoAnn Hansen, Lloyd H. Shinners, Kurt E. Blum, Sidney McDaniel, R. Kral, Richard D. Houk, H. E. Grelen, A. F. Clewell, Paul L. Redfearn, Jr., Gary R. Knight, Jean Wooten, Richard S. Mitchell, A. Dobay, Krista Heine, Batson, Wilbur H. Duncan, Krista Heine, A. Dobay, John H. Beaman, William B. Fox, A.B. Seymour, Angus Gholson, C. Ritchie Bell, W.J. Dress, R.V. Moran, Samuel B. Jones, Jr., Cindi Stewart, MacClendons. States and Counties: Florida: Baker, Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Grady, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Union, Wakulla, Walton, Washington. Georgia: Baker, Bartow, Bulloch, Clayton, Decatur, Grady, Houston, Macon, Taylor, Thomas, Upson. South Carolina: Aiken, Chester, York. North Carolina: Alegheny, Alexander, Burke, Gatson, Johnston, McDowell, Moore, Richmond, Rutherford, Surry, Wake. Virginia: Brunswick. Mississippi: Forrest, Harrison, Lamar. Alabama: Baldwin, Barbour, Covington, Geneva, Lee, Mobile. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
  5. Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.
  6. Robertson, Kevin M. 2014. Personal observation.