Difference between revisions of "Piptochaetium avenaceum"
Lsandstrum (talk | contribs) |
Emmazeitler (talk | contribs) |
||
| Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | Common names: Blackseed speargrass, Eastern needlegrass, | + | Common names: Blackseed speargrass, Eastern needlegrass, Black oatgrass<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> |
==Taxonomic notes== | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| − | + | Synonyms: ''Stipa avenacea'' Linnaeus.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | |
| + | |||
| + | Varieties: none.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | ||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
| − | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/ | + | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perennial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> |
| + | ''P. avenaceum'' is a cespitose perennial with culms that are 5-10 dm tall and glabrous nodes and internodes. The leaves are basal, with blades that are 3.5 dm long, 1-1.5 mm wides, scaberulous above and on the margins, and glabrous beneath. The sheaths are 2 mm long and have a glabrous texture, scarious margin and ligule. The open panicle is 1-3 dm long and 3-6 cm broad. The branches are ascending and scaberulous. Spikelets are 1-flowered, disarticulating above glumes, and 1 cm long (excluding the lemma awn). Glumes are scarious, acuminate to short-awned. The first glume is 3-nerved and 9-11 mm long, while the second glume is 5-nerved and 11-13 mm long. The lemmas are nerveless, brownish-purplish, lustrous, indurate, with scarious margins. Their bodies are 9-10 mm long and their awns are 4-6 cm long. The paleas are 9-10 mm long, scarious, glabrous, acuminate, with a brown hirsute callus. The grain is yellowish, linear, and 5-6 mm long.<ref name="radford">Radford, A. E., Ahles, H. E., & Bell, C. R. (1968). Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.</ref> | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| + | This plant ranges from Massachusetts, Kentucky, southern Illinois, and central Oklahoma to central Florida and southern Texas. There are disjunct populations in northern Indiana and western Michigan.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | In the Coastal Plain in Florida and Georgia, ''Piptochaetium avenaceum'' is found in live oak groves, open sandy ridges, mesic coastal hammocks, woodland openings, floodplain edges, along creeks, lake slopes, upland mixed forests, mixed pinewoods, open mixed woodlands, annually burned savannas and pine-oak, open stand of shrubs and trees of ''Ilex vomitoria'', and floodplains. <ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: July 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, K. MacClendon, T. MacClendon, Robert K. Godfrey, K. Craddock Burks, Jean W. Wooten, Swallen, George R. Cooley, Joseph Monachino, Gary R. Knight, Brenda Herring, Don Herring, Richard S. Mitchell, H. Kurz, Patricia Elliot, R. Komarek, R. A. Norris, Matt Hils, Annie Schmidt. States and Counties: Florida: Alachua, Calhoun, Escambia, Gadsden, Hernando, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Nassau, Okaloosa, St. Johns, Suwannee, Wakulla. Georgia: Grady, Thomas. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref> Human disturbed areas include roadsides, recreation areas, nature trails, stands of old field pines cleared of underbrush, and along city roads. It has been observed to grow in dry loamy sand, sandy soils, limestone outcrops, calcareous slopes and moist loamy sands. <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> | + | In the Coastal Plain in Florida and Georgia, ''Piptochaetium avenaceum'' is found in live oak groves, open sandy ridges, mesic coastal hammocks, woodland openings, floodplain edges, along creeks, lake slopes, upland mixed forests, mixed pinewoods, open mixed woodlands, annually burned savannas and pine-oak, open stand of shrubs and trees of ''Ilex vomitoria'', and floodplains.<ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: July 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, K. MacClendon, T. MacClendon, Robert K. Godfrey, K. Craddock Burks, Jean W. Wooten, Swallen, George R. Cooley, Joseph Monachino, Gary R. Knight, Brenda Herring, Don Herring, Richard S. Mitchell, H. Kurz, Patricia Elliot, R. Komarek, R. A. Norris, Matt Hils, Annie Schmidt. States and Counties: Florida: Alachua, Calhoun, Escambia, Gadsden, Hernando, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Nassau, Okaloosa, St. Johns, Suwannee, Wakulla. Georgia: Grady, Thomas. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref> Human disturbed areas include roadsides, recreation areas, nature trails, stands of old field pines cleared of underbrush, and along city roads. It has been observed to grow in dry loamy sand, sandy soils, limestone outcrops, calcareous slopes and moist loamy sands.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> |
''P. avenaceum'' responds negatively to soil disturbance in old field longleaf communities in South Carolina.<ref>Brudvig, L.A. and E.I. Damchen. (2011). Land-use history, historical connectivity, and land management interact to determine longleaf pine woodland understory richness and composition. Ecography 34: 257-266.</ref> It also responds negatively to agricultural-based soil disturbance in South Carolina coastal plain communities. This marks it as an indicator species for remnant woodland.<ref>Brudvig, L.A., E Grman, C.W. Habeck, and J.A. Ledvina. (2013). Strong legacy of agricultural land use on soils and understory plant communities in longleaf pine woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management 310: 944-955.</ref><ref>Brudvig, L.A., J.L. Orrock, E.I. Damschen, C.D. Collins, P.G. Hahn, W.B. Mattingly, J.W. Veldman, and J.L. Walker. (2014). Land-Use History and Contemporary Management Inform an Ecological Reference Model for Longleaf Pine Woodland Understory Plant Communities. PLoS ONE 9(1): e86604.</ref> | ''P. avenaceum'' responds negatively to soil disturbance in old field longleaf communities in South Carolina.<ref>Brudvig, L.A. and E.I. Damchen. (2011). Land-use history, historical connectivity, and land management interact to determine longleaf pine woodland understory richness and composition. Ecography 34: 257-266.</ref> It also responds negatively to agricultural-based soil disturbance in South Carolina coastal plain communities. This marks it as an indicator species for remnant woodland.<ref>Brudvig, L.A., E Grman, C.W. Habeck, and J.A. Ledvina. (2013). Strong legacy of agricultural land use on soils and understory plant communities in longleaf pine woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management 310: 944-955.</ref><ref>Brudvig, L.A., J.L. Orrock, E.I. Damschen, C.D. Collins, P.G. Hahn, W.B. Mattingly, J.W. Veldman, and J.L. Walker. (2014). Land-Use History and Contemporary Management Inform an Ecological Reference Model for Longleaf Pine Woodland Understory Plant Communities. PLoS ONE 9(1): e86604.</ref> | ||
| − | Associated species include ''Melica mutica, Festuca, Erigeron, Verbena, Vitis rotundifolia, Rubus trivialis'' and ''Ilex vomitoria.'' <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> | + | Associated species include ''Melica mutica, Festuca, Erigeron, Verbena, Vitis rotundifolia, Rubus trivialis'' and ''Ilex vomitoria.''<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> |
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | ''P. avenaceum'' | + | ''P. avenaceum'' flowers from April through June.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> |
<!--===Seed dispersal===--> | <!--===Seed dispersal===--> | ||
<!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | <!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | ||
Revision as of 11:19, 17 November 2020
| Piptochaetium avenaceum | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by Guy Anglin, Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Liliopsida – Monocotyledons |
| Order: | Cyperales |
| Family: | Poaceae ⁄ Gramineae |
| Genus: | Piptochaetium |
| Species: | P. avenaceum |
| Binomial name | |
| Piptochaetium avenaceum (L.) Parodi | |
| |
| Natural range of Piptochaetium avenaceum from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common names: Blackseed speargrass, Eastern needlegrass, Black oatgrass[1]
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: Stipa avenacea Linnaeus.[1]
Varieties: none.[1]
Description
P. avenaceum is a cespitose perennial with culms that are 5-10 dm tall and glabrous nodes and internodes. The leaves are basal, with blades that are 3.5 dm long, 1-1.5 mm wides, scaberulous above and on the margins, and glabrous beneath. The sheaths are 2 mm long and have a glabrous texture, scarious margin and ligule. The open panicle is 1-3 dm long and 3-6 cm broad. The branches are ascending and scaberulous. Spikelets are 1-flowered, disarticulating above glumes, and 1 cm long (excluding the lemma awn). Glumes are scarious, acuminate to short-awned. The first glume is 3-nerved and 9-11 mm long, while the second glume is 5-nerved and 11-13 mm long. The lemmas are nerveless, brownish-purplish, lustrous, indurate, with scarious margins. Their bodies are 9-10 mm long and their awns are 4-6 cm long. The paleas are 9-10 mm long, scarious, glabrous, acuminate, with a brown hirsute callus. The grain is yellowish, linear, and 5-6 mm long.[2]
Distribution
This plant ranges from Massachusetts, Kentucky, southern Illinois, and central Oklahoma to central Florida and southern Texas. There are disjunct populations in northern Indiana and western Michigan.[1]
Ecology
Habitat
In the Coastal Plain in Florida and Georgia, Piptochaetium avenaceum is found in live oak groves, open sandy ridges, mesic coastal hammocks, woodland openings, floodplain edges, along creeks, lake slopes, upland mixed forests, mixed pinewoods, open mixed woodlands, annually burned savannas and pine-oak, open stand of shrubs and trees of Ilex vomitoria, and floodplains.[3] Human disturbed areas include roadsides, recreation areas, nature trails, stands of old field pines cleared of underbrush, and along city roads. It has been observed to grow in dry loamy sand, sandy soils, limestone outcrops, calcareous slopes and moist loamy sands.[3] P. avenaceum responds negatively to soil disturbance in old field longleaf communities in South Carolina.[4] It also responds negatively to agricultural-based soil disturbance in South Carolina coastal plain communities. This marks it as an indicator species for remnant woodland.[5][6]
Associated species include Melica mutica, Festuca, Erigeron, Verbena, Vitis rotundifolia, Rubus trivialis and Ilex vomitoria.[3]
Phenology
P. avenaceum flowers from April through June.[1]
Conservation and management
Cultivation and restoration
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ Radford, A. E., Ahles, H. E., & Bell, C. R. (1968). Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: July 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, K. MacClendon, T. MacClendon, Robert K. Godfrey, K. Craddock Burks, Jean W. Wooten, Swallen, George R. Cooley, Joseph Monachino, Gary R. Knight, Brenda Herring, Don Herring, Richard S. Mitchell, H. Kurz, Patricia Elliot, R. Komarek, R. A. Norris, Matt Hils, Annie Schmidt. States and Counties: Florida: Alachua, Calhoun, Escambia, Gadsden, Hernando, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Nassau, Okaloosa, St. Johns, Suwannee, Wakulla. Georgia: Grady, Thomas. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
- ↑ Brudvig, L.A. and E.I. Damchen. (2011). Land-use history, historical connectivity, and land management interact to determine longleaf pine woodland understory richness and composition. Ecography 34: 257-266.
- ↑ Brudvig, L.A., E Grman, C.W. Habeck, and J.A. Ledvina. (2013). Strong legacy of agricultural land use on soils and understory plant communities in longleaf pine woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management 310: 944-955.
- ↑ Brudvig, L.A., J.L. Orrock, E.I. Damschen, C.D. Collins, P.G. Hahn, W.B. Mattingly, J.W. Veldman, and J.L. Walker. (2014). Land-Use History and Contemporary Management Inform an Ecological Reference Model for Longleaf Pine Woodland Understory Plant Communities. PLoS ONE 9(1): e86604.
