Difference between revisions of "Pinus taeda"
(→Ecology) |
|||
| (31 intermediate revisions by 10 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{italic title}} | {{italic title}} | ||
| − | Common name: loblolly pine | + | Common name: loblolly pine, old field pine<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> |
<!-- Get the taxonomy information from the NRCS Plants database --> | <!-- Get the taxonomy information from the NRCS Plants database --> | ||
{{taxobox | {{taxobox | ||
| Line 19: | Line 19: | ||
}} | }} | ||
==Taxonomic Notes== | ==Taxonomic Notes== | ||
| − | Synonyms: none | + | Synonyms: none<ref name=weakley/> |
| − | Varieties: none | + | Varieties: none<ref name=weakley/> |
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| − | ''P. taeda'' is a perennial tree of the ''Pinaceae'' family native to North America. <ref name= "USDA Plant Database"> USDA Plant Database [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PITA https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PITA] </ref> | + | ''P. taeda'' is a perennial tree of the ''Pinaceae'' family native to North America.<ref name= "USDA Plant Database"> USDA Plant Database [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PITA https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PITA] </ref> |
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| − | ''P. taeda'' is found in the southeastern corner of the United States excluding Indiana and West Virginia. <ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/> | + | ''P. taeda'' is found in the southeastern corner of the United States excluding Indiana and West Virginia.<ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/> |
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | ''P. taeda'' proliferates in forests, fields, and pine plantations. <ref name= | + | ''P. taeda'' proliferates in forests, fields, and pine plantations.<ref name=weakley/> Specimens have been collected from palm hammock ear edge of river, open pine woodland, small old field, mesic coastal palm oak hammock, loamy soil near small pond, palmetto flatwoods, open pasture, mixed hardwoods, and pine flatwoods.<ref name = "FSU herbarium"> URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, R.K. Godfrey, Angus Gholson, Gary Knight, S.W. Leonard, Patricia Elliot, K. Craddock Burks, k. Studenroth, C. Florke, A.G. Shuey, J. Poppleton, D.B. Ward, S.S. Ward, T. Myint, P. Cmanor, S.Snedaker, Kurt Blum, J.M. Kane, T. MacClendon, K. MacClendon. States and counties: Florida (Franklin, Leon, Wakulla, Taylor, Gadsden, Leon, Jackson, Orange, Liberty, Levy, Jefferson, Lake, Escambia, Hamilton, St. Johns, Washington, Calhoun) Georgia (Thomas)</ref> |
| + | |||
| + | ''P. taeda'' became absent in response to military training in west Georgia longleaf pine forests. It has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished pine forests that were disturbed by this activity.<ref name=dale>Dale, V.H., S.C. Beyeler, and B. Jackson. (2002). Understory vegetation indicators of anthropogenic disturbance in longleaf pine forests at Fort Benning, Georgia, USA. Ecological Indicators 1(3):155-170.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ''Pinus taeda'' is frequent and abundant in the Peninsula Xeric Sandhills, North Florida Longleaf Woodlands, North Florida Subxeric Sandhills, Clayhill Longleaf Woodlands, and Upper Panhandle Savannas community types as described in Carr et al. (2010).<ref>Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.</ref> | ||
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | ''P. taeda'' | + | ''P. taeda'' has been observed flowering in March.<ref name= "PanFlora"> Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 24 MAY 2018 </ref> |
===Seed dispersal=== | ===Seed dispersal=== | ||
| − | This species is thought to be dispersed by wind. <ref> Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.</ref> | + | This species is thought to be dispersed by wind.<ref> Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.</ref> |
| − | + | ===Seed bank and germination=== | |
| + | Seeds of ''P. taeda'' have low viability after one year.<ref>Kirkman, L. K. and R. R. Sharitz (1994). Vegetation disturbance and maintenance of diversity in intermittently flooded Carolina bays in South Carolina. Ecological Applications 4: 177-188.</ref> | ||
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | ''P. taeda'' is fire resistant and has a high fire tolerance | + | ''P. taeda'' is fire resistant and has a high fire tolerance<ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/> as evidenced by populations known to persist through repeated annual burning.<ref>Glitzenstein, J. S., D. R. Streng, R. E. Masters, K. M. Robertson and S. M. Hermann 2012. Fire-frequency effects on vegetation in north Florida pinelands: Another look at the long-term Stoddard Fire Research Plots at Tall Timbers Research Station. Forest Ecology and Management 264: 197-209.</ref><ref>Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref> |
| − | <!--===Pollination===--> | + | |
| − | + | <!--===Pollination===--> | |
| − | <!--==Diseases and parasites==--> | + | ===Herbivory and toxicology===<!--Common herbivores, granivory, insect hosting, poisonous chemicals, allelopathy, etc--> |
| + | ''Pinus taeda'' has been observed to host leafcutting bees such as ''Spissistilus festinus'' (family Membracidae), swallowtail butterflys such as ''Graphium sp.'' (family Papilionidae), aphids from the Aphididae family such as ''Cinara sp.'' and ''Uroleucon sp.'', assassin bugs from the Reduviidae family such as ''Apiomerus crassipes'', ''Rhynocoris sp.'' and ''Zelus tetracanthus'', and plant bugs from the Miridae family such as ''Phoenicocoris claricornis'' and ''Pilophorus laetus''.<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== | ||
| + | ''P. taeda'' is listed as a weedy or invasive species by the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk Project Biological Resources Division.<ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/> This species should avoid soil disturbance by military training to conserve its presence in pine communities.<ref name=dale/> | ||
| − | == | + | ==Cultural use== |
| − | + | Tar from these trees can be used as inhalants for treating pulmonary diseases. Salves and oils could be used for acne and skin diseases, intestinal worms, as a stimulant, and as a laxative. | |
| − | |||
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
<gallery widths=180px> | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
Latest revision as of 10:13, 20 June 2023
Common name: loblolly pine, old field pine[1]
| Pinus taeda | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by John Gwaltney hosted at Southeastern Flora.com | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicots |
| Order: | Pinales |
| Family: | Pinaceae |
| Genus: | Pinus |
| Species: | P. taeda |
| Binomial name | |
| Pinus taeda L. | |
| |
| Natural range of Pinus taeda from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Contents
Taxonomic Notes
Synonyms: none[1]
Varieties: none[1]
Description
P. taeda is a perennial tree of the Pinaceae family native to North America.[2]
Distribution
P. taeda is found in the southeastern corner of the United States excluding Indiana and West Virginia.[2]
Ecology
Habitat
P. taeda proliferates in forests, fields, and pine plantations.[1] Specimens have been collected from palm hammock ear edge of river, open pine woodland, small old field, mesic coastal palm oak hammock, loamy soil near small pond, palmetto flatwoods, open pasture, mixed hardwoods, and pine flatwoods.[3]
P. taeda became absent in response to military training in west Georgia longleaf pine forests. It has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished pine forests that were disturbed by this activity.[4]
Pinus taeda is frequent and abundant in the Peninsula Xeric Sandhills, North Florida Longleaf Woodlands, North Florida Subxeric Sandhills, Clayhill Longleaf Woodlands, and Upper Panhandle Savannas community types as described in Carr et al. (2010).[5]
Phenology
P. taeda has been observed flowering in March.[6]
Seed dispersal
This species is thought to be dispersed by wind.[7]
Seed bank and germination
Seeds of P. taeda have low viability after one year.[8]
Fire ecology
P. taeda is fire resistant and has a high fire tolerance[2] as evidenced by populations known to persist through repeated annual burning.[9][10]
Herbivory and toxicology
Pinus taeda has been observed to host leafcutting bees such as Spissistilus festinus (family Membracidae), swallowtail butterflys such as Graphium sp. (family Papilionidae), aphids from the Aphididae family such as Cinara sp. and Uroleucon sp., assassin bugs from the Reduviidae family such as Apiomerus crassipes, Rhynocoris sp. and Zelus tetracanthus, and plant bugs from the Miridae family such as Phoenicocoris claricornis and Pilophorus laetus.[11]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
P. taeda is listed as a weedy or invasive species by the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk Project Biological Resources Division.[2] This species should avoid soil disturbance by military training to conserve its presence in pine communities.[4]
Cultural use
Tar from these trees can be used as inhalants for treating pulmonary diseases. Salves and oils could be used for acne and skin diseases, intestinal worms, as a stimulant, and as a laxative.
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 USDA Plant Database https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PITA
- ↑ URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, R.K. Godfrey, Angus Gholson, Gary Knight, S.W. Leonard, Patricia Elliot, K. Craddock Burks, k. Studenroth, C. Florke, A.G. Shuey, J. Poppleton, D.B. Ward, S.S. Ward, T. Myint, P. Cmanor, S.Snedaker, Kurt Blum, J.M. Kane, T. MacClendon, K. MacClendon. States and counties: Florida (Franklin, Leon, Wakulla, Taylor, Gadsden, Leon, Jackson, Orange, Liberty, Levy, Jefferson, Lake, Escambia, Hamilton, St. Johns, Washington, Calhoun) Georgia (Thomas)
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Dale, V.H., S.C. Beyeler, and B. Jackson. (2002). Understory vegetation indicators of anthropogenic disturbance in longleaf pine forests at Fort Benning, Georgia, USA. Ecological Indicators 1(3):155-170.
- ↑ Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 24 MAY 2018
- ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
- ↑ Kirkman, L. K. and R. R. Sharitz (1994). Vegetation disturbance and maintenance of diversity in intermittently flooded Carolina bays in South Carolina. Ecological Applications 4: 177-188.
- ↑ Glitzenstein, J. S., D. R. Streng, R. E. Masters, K. M. Robertson and S. M. Hermann 2012. Fire-frequency effects on vegetation in north Florida pinelands: Another look at the long-term Stoddard Fire Research Plots at Tall Timbers Research Station. Forest Ecology and Management 264: 197-209.
- ↑ Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.
- ↑ Discoverlife.org [1]
