Difference between revisions of "Paronychia chartacea"
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==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| − | There are two isolated subspecies. ''P. chartacea ssp. chartacea'' can be found in scrub habitats of the Florida peninsula, this subspecies is a short-lived perennial. ''P. chartacea ssp. minima'' is found in the karst region of the northwest Florida panhandle, it has been described as somewhat less pubescent than ''P. chartacea ssp. chartacea'', and is annual <ref name="center">[[http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/collection/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=3102]] Center for Plant Conservation. Accessed: February 17, 2016</ref><ref name="fws">[[https://www.fws.gov/verobeach/MSRPPDFs/Papery.PDF]] FWS. Accessed: February 16, 2016</ref>. Much of the distinction between the two subspecies is minimal | + | There are two isolated subspecies. ''P. chartacea ssp. chartacea'' can be found in scrub habitats of the Florida peninsula, this subspecies is a short-lived perennial. ''P. chartacea ssp. minima'' is found in the karst region of the northwest Florida panhandle, it has been described as somewhat less pubescent than ''P. chartacea ssp. chartacea'', and is annual <ref name="center">[[http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/collection/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=3102]] Center for Plant Conservation. Accessed: February 17, 2016</ref><ref name="fws">[[https://www.fws.gov/verobeach/MSRPPDFs/Papery.PDF]] FWS. Accessed: February 16, 2016</ref>. Much of the distinction between the two subspecies is minimal. <ref name="Anderson 1991">Anderson, L. 1991. Paronychia chartacea ssp. minima (Caryophyllaceae): a new subspecies of a rare Florida endemic. Sida 14(3): 435-441.</ref> |
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | FSU Herbarium specimen have documented ''P. chartacea'' in sand pine scrubs with ''Hypericum cumulicola'', herbarium labels do not specify what subspecies these specimen are. It can be inferred that the individuals growing in this habitat are of ''P. chartacea ssp. chartacea'' based on previous knowledge of the distribution of the two subspecies. ''P. chartacea ssp. chartacea'' is restricted to the Lake Wales Ridge in Highlands, Polk, Osceola, Orange and Lake Counties. Within this range, it is found growing in sand pine scrubs and Florida rosemary scrubs<ref name="fws"/>. Soils of this area include those of St. Lucie and Archbold soil types | + | FSU Herbarium specimen have documented ''P. chartacea'' in sand pine scrubs with ''Hypericum cumulicola'', herbarium labels do not specify what subspecies these specimen are. It can be inferred that the individuals growing in this habitat are of ''P. chartacea ssp. chartacea'' based on previous knowledge of the distribution of the two subspecies. ''P. chartacea ssp. chartacea'' is restricted to the Lake Wales Ridge in Highlands, Polk, Osceola, Orange and Lake Counties. Within this range, it is found growing in sand pine scrubs and Florida rosemary scrubs<ref name="fws"/>. Soils of this area include those of St. Lucie and Archbold soil types. <ref name="Abrahamson et al. 1984">Abrahamson, W., A. Johnson, J. Layne, and P. Peroni. 1984. Vegetation of the Archbold Biological Station, Florida: An example of the Southern Lake Wales Ridge. Florida Scientist. 47(4):209-250.</ref> It is a gap specialist, occurring at greater densities in areas of open bare sand, and is one of the most abundant species in the rosemary scrub seedbank. <ref name="Schafer et al. 2010">Schafer, J. L., E. S. Menges, et al. (2010). "Effects of Time-Since-Fire and Microhabitat on the Occurrence and Density of the Endemic Paronychia chartacea ssp. chartacea in Florida Scrub and Along Roadsides." The American Midland Naturalist 163(2): 294-310.</ref> |
''P. chartacea ssp. minima'' is found in nearly pure stands in the karst region of the Florida panhandle (Washington and Bay counties). It has been observed growing with ''Amphicarpum muhlenbergianum, Bulbostylis barbata, B. ciliatifolia, Chrysopsis lanuginosa, Eriocaulon lineare'' and ''Hypericum lissophloeus'' <ref name="fws"/>. | ''P. chartacea ssp. minima'' is found in nearly pure stands in the karst region of the Florida panhandle (Washington and Bay counties). It has been observed growing with ''Amphicarpum muhlenbergianum, Bulbostylis barbata, B. ciliatifolia, Chrysopsis lanuginosa, Eriocaulon lineare'' and ''Hypericum lissophloeus'' <ref name="fws"/>. | ||
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | Flowers August through November and fruits in October | + | Flowers August through November and fruits in October. <ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: October 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker, L.J. Brass, Angus Gholson, Robert K. Godfrey, Ann Johnson, Beverly Judd, Walter Judd, Olga Lakela, Eric S. Menges, Susan Wallace, D.B. Ward. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Highlands, Polk, Washington. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref> |
<!--===Seed dispersal===--> | <!--===Seed dispersal===--> | ||
===Seed bank and germination=== | ===Seed bank and germination=== | ||
| − | Germination of ''P. chartacea ssp. chartacea'' is highest in intact scrubs because invertebrate predators may use the low shrub cover of the rosemary scrubs to hide from carnivorous predators which are less likely to forage in degraded scrubs | + | Germination of ''P. chartacea ssp. chartacea'' is highest in intact scrubs because invertebrate predators may use the low shrub cover of the rosemary scrubs to hide from carnivorous predators which are less likely to forage in degraded scrubs. <ref name="Stephens et al. 2012">Stephens, E. L., L. U. Z. Castro-Morales, et al. (2012). "Post-Dispersal Seed Predation, Germination, and Seedling Survival of Five Rare Florida Scrub Species in Intact and Degraded Habitats." The American Midland Naturalist 167(2): 223-239</ref> Schafer et al. 2010 found it to be one of the most abundant species in the rosemary scrub seedbank. It is an annual and obligate seeder with germination frequency increasing post-burn. <ref name="Weekley and Menges 2003">Weekley, C. W. and E. S. Menges (2003). "Species and Vegetation Responses to Prescribed Fire in a Long-Unburned, Endemic-Rich Lake Wales Ridge Scrub." The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 130(4): 265-282.</ref> Seedlings have been observed to germinate over a broad range of months. <ref name="Hawkes and Menges 2003">Hawkes, C. V. and E. S. Menges (2003). "Effects of Lichens on Seedling Emergence in a Xeric Florida Shrubland." Southeastern Naturalist 2(2): 223-234./ref> |
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | ''P. chartacea ssp. chartacea'' is a gap specialist, and can be found in high densities in gaps of rosemary scrubs. Rosemary scrubs experience fire in intervals of 10 to 100 years. Florida rosemary (''Ceratiola ericoides'') leaches allelopathic chemicals from its roots which can inhibit germination and kill neighboring herbs. It has been observed that the frequency increases post-fire, this is possibly due to ''C. ericoides'' individuals being killed by fire | + | ''P. chartacea ssp. chartacea'' is a gap specialist, and can be found in high densities in gaps of rosemary scrubs. Rosemary scrubs experience fire in intervals of 10 to 100 years. Florida rosemary (''Ceratiola ericoides'') leaches allelopathic chemicals from its roots which can inhibit germination and kill neighboring herbs. It has been observed that the frequency increases post-fire, this is possibly due to ''C. ericoides'' individuals being killed by fire. <ref name="Weekley and Menges 2003"/> Occurrence and density of ''P. chartacea ssp. chartacea'' declined with time since fire in rosemary scrubs <ref name="Schafer et al. 2010"/> this is possibly due to the increase of ''C. ericoides''. |
===Pollination=== | ===Pollination=== | ||
| − | The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of ''Paronychia chartacea'' at Archbold Biological Station | + | The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of ''Paronychia chartacea'' at Archbold Biological Station: <ref name="Deyrup 2015">Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.</ref> |
Halictidae: ''Lasioglossum miniatulus, L. nymphalis, L. placidensis'' | Halictidae: ''Lasioglossum miniatulus, L. nymphalis, L. placidensis'' | ||
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<!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
==Conservation and management== | ==Conservation and management== | ||
| − | ''P. chartacea ssp. chartacea'' is limited to the Lake Wales Ridge, which is threatened due to fragmentation from urban and agricultural development. The loss of the scrub habitat is the primary reason this subspecies is threatened<ref name="fws"/>. By 1980, more than two-thirds of the historic scrub habitat was destroyed | + | ''P. chartacea ssp. chartacea'' is limited to the Lake Wales Ridge, which is threatened due to fragmentation from urban and agricultural development. The loss of the scrub habitat is the primary reason this subspecies is threatened<ref name="fws"/>. By 1980, more than two-thirds of the historic scrub habitat was destroyed. <ref name="Christman 1988">Christman, S. 1988. Endemism and Florida’s interior sand pine scrub. Final project report, project no. GFC-84-101. Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission; Tallahassee, Florida</ref> Fire suppression is also threatening to this species. |
==Cultivation and restoration== | ==Cultivation and restoration== | ||
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</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
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Molly, E. H. and E. S. Menges (2002). "Allelopathic Effects and Root Distribution of Ceratiola ericoides (Empetraceae) on Seven Rosemary Scrub Species." American Journal of Botany 89(7): 1113-1118. | Molly, E. H. and E. S. Menges (2002). "Allelopathic Effects and Root Distribution of Ceratiola ericoides (Empetraceae) on Seven Rosemary Scrub Species." American Journal of Botany 89(7): 1113-1118. | ||
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Revision as of 16:05, 3 August 2016
| Paronychia chartacea | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by Shirley Denton (copyrighted, use by photographer’s permission only), Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Caryophyllaceae |
| Genus: | Paronychia |
| Species: | P. chartacea |
| Binomial name | |
| Paronychia chartacea Fernald | |
| |
| Natural range of Paronychia chartacea from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common name: paper nailwort
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: Paronychia chartacea Fernald var. minima (L.C. Anderson) R.L. Hartman; Nyachia pulvinata Small; P. chartacea Fernald ssp. minima L.C. Anderson
Description
A description of Paronychia chartacea is provided in The Flora of North America.
Distribution
There are two isolated subspecies. P. chartacea ssp. chartacea can be found in scrub habitats of the Florida peninsula, this subspecies is a short-lived perennial. P. chartacea ssp. minima is found in the karst region of the northwest Florida panhandle, it has been described as somewhat less pubescent than P. chartacea ssp. chartacea, and is annual [1][2]. Much of the distinction between the two subspecies is minimal. [3]
Ecology
Habitat
FSU Herbarium specimen have documented P. chartacea in sand pine scrubs with Hypericum cumulicola, herbarium labels do not specify what subspecies these specimen are. It can be inferred that the individuals growing in this habitat are of P. chartacea ssp. chartacea based on previous knowledge of the distribution of the two subspecies. P. chartacea ssp. chartacea is restricted to the Lake Wales Ridge in Highlands, Polk, Osceola, Orange and Lake Counties. Within this range, it is found growing in sand pine scrubs and Florida rosemary scrubs[2]. Soils of this area include those of St. Lucie and Archbold soil types. [4] It is a gap specialist, occurring at greater densities in areas of open bare sand, and is one of the most abundant species in the rosemary scrub seedbank. [5]
P. chartacea ssp. minima is found in nearly pure stands in the karst region of the Florida panhandle (Washington and Bay counties). It has been observed growing with Amphicarpum muhlenbergianum, Bulbostylis barbata, B. ciliatifolia, Chrysopsis lanuginosa, Eriocaulon lineare and Hypericum lissophloeus [2].
Phenology
Flowers August through November and fruits in October. [6]
Seed bank and germination
Germination of P. chartacea ssp. chartacea is highest in intact scrubs because invertebrate predators may use the low shrub cover of the rosemary scrubs to hide from carnivorous predators which are less likely to forage in degraded scrubs. [7] Schafer et al. 2010 found it to be one of the most abundant species in the rosemary scrub seedbank. It is an annual and obligate seeder with germination frequency increasing post-burn. [8] Seedlings have been observed to germinate over a broad range of months. Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag
Halictidae: Lasioglossum miniatulus, L. nymphalis, L. placidensis
Pompilidae: Anoplius semirufus, Episyron conterminus posterus
Sphecidae: Tachysphex apicalis, T. similis
Vespidae: Leptochilus krombeini, Parancistrocerus salcularis rufulus
Conservation and management
P. chartacea ssp. chartacea is limited to the Lake Wales Ridge, which is threatened due to fragmentation from urban and agricultural development. The loss of the scrub habitat is the primary reason this subspecies is threatened[2]. By 1980, more than two-thirds of the historic scrub habitat was destroyed. [9] Fire suppression is also threatening to this species.
Cultivation and restoration
Photo Gallery
References and notes
Molly, E. H. and E. S. Menges (2002). "Allelopathic Effects and Root Distribution of Ceratiola ericoides (Empetraceae) on Seven Rosemary Scrub Species." American Journal of Botany 89(7): 1113-1118.
- ↑ [[1]] Center for Plant Conservation. Accessed: February 17, 2016
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 [[2]] FWS. Accessed: February 16, 2016
- ↑ Anderson, L. 1991. Paronychia chartacea ssp. minima (Caryophyllaceae): a new subspecies of a rare Florida endemic. Sida 14(3): 435-441.
- ↑ Abrahamson, W., A. Johnson, J. Layne, and P. Peroni. 1984. Vegetation of the Archbold Biological Station, Florida: An example of the Southern Lake Wales Ridge. Florida Scientist. 47(4):209-250.
- ↑ Schafer, J. L., E. S. Menges, et al. (2010). "Effects of Time-Since-Fire and Microhabitat on the Occurrence and Density of the Endemic Paronychia chartacea ssp. chartacea in Florida Scrub and Along Roadsides." The American Midland Naturalist 163(2): 294-310.
- ↑ Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: October 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker, L.J. Brass, Angus Gholson, Robert K. Godfrey, Ann Johnson, Beverly Judd, Walter Judd, Olga Lakela, Eric S. Menges, Susan Wallace, D.B. Ward. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Highlands, Polk, Washington. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
- ↑ Stephens, E. L., L. U. Z. Castro-Morales, et al. (2012). "Post-Dispersal Seed Predation, Germination, and Seedling Survival of Five Rare Florida Scrub Species in Intact and Degraded Habitats." The American Midland Naturalist 167(2): 223-239
- ↑ Weekley, C. W. and E. S. Menges (2003). "Species and Vegetation Responses to Prescribed Fire in a Long-Unburned, Endemic-Rich Lake Wales Ridge Scrub." The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 130(4): 265-282.
- ↑ Christman, S. 1988. Endemism and Florida’s interior sand pine scrub. Final project report, project no. GFC-84-101. Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission; Tallahassee, Florida
