Difference between revisions of "Oenothera simulans"
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| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Oenothera simulans'' from USDA NRCS [http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=OESI Plants Database]. | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Oenothera simulans'' from USDA NRCS [http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=OESI Plants Database]. | ||
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| + | Common name: southeastern gaura, southern bee-blossom<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | ||
| + | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| + | Synonyms: ''Gaura angustifolia'' Michaux<ref name=weakley/> | ||
| − | + | Varieties: ''Gaura angustifolia'' var. ''angustifolia''<ref name=weakley/> | |
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==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| + | Observed to be an abundant weedy species in roadside sods.<ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Robert K. Godfrey, Loran C. Anderson, Robert Kral, Gwynn W. Ramsey, Richard S. Mitchell, Cecil R Slaughter, Marc Minno, Mary Atkinson, O. Lakela, R. W. Long, Dorothy Laker, Andre F. Clewell, Robert Blaisdell, Jane Brockmann, Sidney McDaniel, D. B. Ward, Robert J Lemaire, Ira L. Wiggins, Dorothy B. W D. B. Creager,iggins, Elmer C. Prichard, George R. Cooley, Carroll E. Wood, Jr., Kenneth A. Wilson, Bian Tan, L. Baltzell, S. W. Leonard, R. Komarek, Leon Neel, R. F. Doren, and Annie Schmidt. States and Counties: Florida: Alachua, Bradford, Brevard, Citrus, Columbia, Duval, Franklin, Gadsden,Hamilton, Hardee, Hernando, Hillsborough, Indian River, Jackson, Lake, Lee, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Madison, Monroe, Orange, Palm Beach, Sarasota, St Johns, Sumter, Taylor, Union, Volusia, and Wakulla. Georgia: Thomas. Texas: Hardin.</ref> | ||
| − | + | "Usually coarse, branched annuals or perennials. Leaves mostly alternate. Inflorescence terminal, spike-like with or without axillary branches from upper leaves or bracts. Petals white to pink; stigmas 3-4 lobed. Fruit woody, indehiscent."<ref name="Radford et al 1964">Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 754-6. Print.</ref> | |
| + | |||
| + | "Plant to 2m tall, stem strigose. Leaves narrowly elliptic or lanceolate, strigillose to glabrous, to 8 cm long and 1 cm wide, reduced upward, frequently fascicled, acute, remotely denticulate or serrulate, the basal sinuate; sessile. Spikes usually branched, main branch to 3 dm long, strigose; bracteoles caduceus. Sepals 3.5-6 mm long; petals 2.5-3 mm long; anthers 1.2-1.5 mm long; styles exserted ca. 5.5 mm. fruits acutely 3-4 angled, sides concave, canescent, ovoid, 6-8 mm long, 2-3 mm broad; pedicels 1-2 mm long."<ref name="Radford et al 1964"/> | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| + | ''O. simulans'' is endemic to the Coastal Plain, ranging from eastern North Carolina to southern Florida, then west to eastern Texas.<ref name=weakley/> | ||
| + | |||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | This species can be found in marshy depressions surrounded by live oak hammocks, pine-oak woodlands, grass and succulent cover, beach hammocks, longleaf pine forests, old fields, along oak scrub edges, and bordering salt marshes | + | This species can be found in marshy depressions surrounded by live oak hammocks, pine-oak woodlands, grass and succulent cover, beach hammocks, longleaf pine forests, old fields, along oak scrub edges, and bordering salt marshes.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> ''O. simulans'' has been observed to grow in moist loamy, loose, and silty sands in open areas.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> This species is "one of the most aggressive pioneers in disturbed areas" such as plowed fire lanes, along roadsides, vacant lots, clear cut pinewoods, and along fence rows.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> Associated species includes ''Pinus, Quercus, Papaya, Forestiera, Bumelia, Eugenia, Piscidia, Agave, Yucca, Juniperus, Sabal, Bumelia lanuginosa, Crateagus floridana, Pinus elliottii, Myrica cerifera, Pinus palustris,'' and ''Conzya.''<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> |
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | This species | + | This species flowers from May through September.<ref name=weakley/> |
| + | <!--===Seed dispersal===--> | ||
| + | <!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | ||
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===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| + | This species has been found in areas of open burned pine-oak woodlands.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> Populations of ''Oenothera simulans'' have been known to persist through repeated annual burning.<ref>Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref> | ||
| + | <!--===Pollination===--> | ||
| + | <!--===Herbivory and toxicology===--> | ||
| + | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== | ||
| − | + | ==Cultural use== | |
| + | Evening-Primroses can be used as a potherb for their asparagus-like quality of greens, and Native Americans would use the pith to make soup. In England, there was a problem of using the leaves as a tea filler.<ref> Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.</ref> | ||
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==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
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Latest revision as of 14:13, 26 May 2023
| Oenothera simulans | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo taken by Gil Nelson | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Onagraceae |
| Genus: | Oenothera |
| Species: | O. simulans |
| Binomial name | |
| Oenothera simulans Michx. | |
| |
| Natural range of Oenothera simulans from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common name: southeastern gaura, southern bee-blossom[1]
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: Gaura angustifolia Michaux[1]
Varieties: Gaura angustifolia var. angustifolia[1]
Description
Observed to be an abundant weedy species in roadside sods.[2]
"Usually coarse, branched annuals or perennials. Leaves mostly alternate. Inflorescence terminal, spike-like with or without axillary branches from upper leaves or bracts. Petals white to pink; stigmas 3-4 lobed. Fruit woody, indehiscent."[3]
"Plant to 2m tall, stem strigose. Leaves narrowly elliptic or lanceolate, strigillose to glabrous, to 8 cm long and 1 cm wide, reduced upward, frequently fascicled, acute, remotely denticulate or serrulate, the basal sinuate; sessile. Spikes usually branched, main branch to 3 dm long, strigose; bracteoles caduceus. Sepals 3.5-6 mm long; petals 2.5-3 mm long; anthers 1.2-1.5 mm long; styles exserted ca. 5.5 mm. fruits acutely 3-4 angled, sides concave, canescent, ovoid, 6-8 mm long, 2-3 mm broad; pedicels 1-2 mm long."[3]
Distribution
O. simulans is endemic to the Coastal Plain, ranging from eastern North Carolina to southern Florida, then west to eastern Texas.[1]
Ecology
Habitat
This species can be found in marshy depressions surrounded by live oak hammocks, pine-oak woodlands, grass and succulent cover, beach hammocks, longleaf pine forests, old fields, along oak scrub edges, and bordering salt marshes.[2] O. simulans has been observed to grow in moist loamy, loose, and silty sands in open areas.[2] This species is "one of the most aggressive pioneers in disturbed areas" such as plowed fire lanes, along roadsides, vacant lots, clear cut pinewoods, and along fence rows.[2] Associated species includes Pinus, Quercus, Papaya, Forestiera, Bumelia, Eugenia, Piscidia, Agave, Yucca, Juniperus, Sabal, Bumelia lanuginosa, Crateagus floridana, Pinus elliottii, Myrica cerifera, Pinus palustris, and Conzya.[2]
Phenology
This species flowers from May through September.[1]
Fire ecology
This species has been found in areas of open burned pine-oak woodlands.[2] Populations of Oenothera simulans have been known to persist through repeated annual burning.[4]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
Cultural use
Evening-Primroses can be used as a potherb for their asparagus-like quality of greens, and Native Americans would use the pith to make soup. In England, there was a problem of using the leaves as a tea filler.[5]
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Robert K. Godfrey, Loran C. Anderson, Robert Kral, Gwynn W. Ramsey, Richard S. Mitchell, Cecil R Slaughter, Marc Minno, Mary Atkinson, O. Lakela, R. W. Long, Dorothy Laker, Andre F. Clewell, Robert Blaisdell, Jane Brockmann, Sidney McDaniel, D. B. Ward, Robert J Lemaire, Ira L. Wiggins, Dorothy B. W D. B. Creager,iggins, Elmer C. Prichard, George R. Cooley, Carroll E. Wood, Jr., Kenneth A. Wilson, Bian Tan, L. Baltzell, S. W. Leonard, R. Komarek, Leon Neel, R. F. Doren, and Annie Schmidt. States and Counties: Florida: Alachua, Bradford, Brevard, Citrus, Columbia, Duval, Franklin, Gadsden,Hamilton, Hardee, Hernando, Hillsborough, Indian River, Jackson, Lake, Lee, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Madison, Monroe, Orange, Palm Beach, Sarasota, St Johns, Sumter, Taylor, Union, Volusia, and Wakulla. Georgia: Thomas. Texas: Hardin.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 754-6. Print.
- ↑ Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.
- ↑ Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.
