Difference between revisions of "Ipomoea pandurata"
Krobertson (talk | contribs) (→Description) |
|||
| (19 intermediate revisions by 7 users not shown) | |||
| Line 17: | Line 17: | ||
| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Ipomoea pandurata'' from USDA NRCS [http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=IPPA Plants Database]. | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Ipomoea pandurata'' from USDA NRCS [http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=IPPA Plants Database]. | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | Common names: | + | Common names: man-of-the-earth, wild sweet potato, manroot<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> |
==Taxonomic notes== | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| − | Synonyms: ''Ipomoea pandurata'' var. ''pandurata''; | + | Synonyms: none<ref name=weakley/> |
| + | |||
| + | Varieties: ''Ipomoea pandurata'' var. ''pandurata''; ''I. pandurata'' var. ''rubescens'' Choisy<ref name=weakley/> | ||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| − | ''Ipomoea pandurata'' is a perennial trailing vine, with heart-shaped leaves, has a large storage root, and makes a new shoot every year. <ref name=free | + | ''Ipomoea pandurata'' is a perennial trailing vine, with heart-shaped leaves, has a large storage root, and makes a new shoot every year.<ref name=free>Freeman, D. Carl, Michelle L. Brown, Jeffrey J. Duda, John H. Graham, John M. Emlen, Anthony J. Krzysik, Harold E. Balbach, David A. Kovacic, and John C. Zak. "Photosynthesis and Fluctuating Asymmetry as Indicators of Plant Response to Soil Disturbance in the Fall‐Line Sandhills of Georgia: A Case Study Using Rhus Copallinum and Ipomoea Pandurata." International Journal of Plant Sciences 165.5 (2004): 805-16. Web. 24 June 2013.</ref> The storage root can exceed 20 kg and can be cooked and eaten.<ref>Hammer, Roger. 2016. Posted to Florida Ecology and Ecosystematics Facebook Group, 11 JAN 2017.</ref> This species thrives in canopy opening and in thickets.<ref name=free/> |
| − | Herbaceous annual or perennial vines, or rarely a shrubby perennial. Flowers axillary, solitary or in 2-5 flowered cymes. Calyx lobes 5, often imbricate; corolla campanulate to funnel-form, or salverform in 2 species; stamens 5, inserted in the corolla tube alternate with the lobes; stigma globose, entire or slightly lobed, style 1, ovary 2-or-4 locular. Capsule 2-4 valved; seeds 2-6, sometimes villous. A large genus of primarily tropical plants, some of which were introduced as horticultural plants and have escaped to become noxious weeds. <ref name="Radford et al 1964">Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 864-8. Print.</ref> | + | Herbaceous annual or perennial vines, or rarely a shrubby perennial. Flowers axillary, solitary, or in 2-5 flowered cymes. Calyx lobes 5, often imbricate; corolla campanulate to funnel-form, or salverform in 2 species; stamens 5, inserted in the corolla tube alternate with the lobes; stigma globose, entire or slightly lobed, style 1, ovary 2-or-4 locular. Capsule 2-4 valved; seeds 2-6, sometimes villous. A large genus of primarily tropical plants, some of which were introduced as horticultural plants and have escaped to become noxious weeds.<ref name="Radford et al 1964">Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 864-8. Print.</ref> |
| − | Trailing, glabrate or weakly pubescent perennial from an enlarged root. Leaves ovate, entire or pandurate, 3.5-8 cm long, 2.5-8 cm wide, cordate, often pubescent beneath. Peduncles 1-5 flowered; pedicel glabrous, stout; calyx lobes coriaceous, oblong-elliptic, 12-15 mm long, glabrous, strongly imbricate; corolla campanulate, 6-8 cm long, about | + | Trailing, glabrate, or weakly pubescent perennial from an enlarged root. Leaves ovate, entire or pandurate, 3.5-8 cm long, 2.5-8 cm wide, cordate, often pubescent beneath. Peduncles 1-5 flowered; pedicel glabrous, stout; calyx lobes coriaceous, oblong-elliptic, 12-15 mm long, glabrous, strongly imbricate; corolla campanulate, 6-8 cm long, about as broad, the limb white, the tube lavender within; anthers 5-7 mm long, stamens and stigma included. Capsule ovoid, ca. 1 cm long; seeds villous on the angles.<ref name="Radford et al 1964"/> |
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| + | This plant is found north in Connecticut, New York, and southern Ontario, west in Ohio, southern, Mississippi, and Kansas, then south in central peninsular Florida and east Texas.<ref name=weakley/> | ||
| + | |||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
| − | It was observed that ''I. pandurata''’s growth in recently burned areas is low | + | It was observed that ''I. pandurata''’s growth in recently-burned areas is low. However, in areas that are unburned and have low disturbance, it exhibits higher growth rates.<ref name=free/> |
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | + | ''Ipomoea pandurata'' grows in well-drained uplands, sandhills, and open pine-oak scrub.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/><ref name=weakley/> It is also observed to grow in disturbed areas, such as roadsides and open fields.<ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, R. F. Doren, R. Komarek, R. A. Norris, and Gwynn W. Ramsey. States and Counties: Florida: Gadsden and Leon. Georgia: Brooks, Grady, and Thomas.</ref> A study exploring longleaf pine patch dynamics found ''I. pandurata'' to be most strongly represented within longleaf pine gaps and under patches of longleaf that are up to 50 years of age.<ref>Mugnani et al. (2019). “Longleaf Pine Patch Dynamics Influence Ground-Layer Vegetation in Old-Growth Pine Savanna”.</ref> | |
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | + | ''I. pandurata'' has been observed to flower from May to September with peak inflorescence in May and June.<ref>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 12 DEC 2016</ref><ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> Observed growing after a burn at the end of May/early June (Arata 1959). | |
===Seed dispersal=== | ===Seed dispersal=== | ||
| − | This species | + | This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity.<ref>Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.</ref> |
<!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | <!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | ||
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | + | Populations of ''Ipomoea pandurata'' have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.<ref>Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref> This species was observed growing after a burn at the end of May/early June.<ref name=ar> Arata, A. A. "Effects of burning on vegetation and rodent populations in a longleaf pine-turkey oak association in north central Florida." Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 22 (1959): 94-104.</ref> It occurs in mostly longleaf pine communities that are annually burned as well.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> | |
| − | + | ||
| − | <!--=== | + | ===Pollination=== |
| + | ''Ipomoea pandurata'' has been observed to host pollinators from the Apidae family such as ''Anthophora abrupta, Bombus impatiens, B. pensylvanicus, B. vagans, Cemolobus ipomoeae, Melitoma taurea,'' and ''Peponapis pruinosa.''<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref> | ||
| + | <!--===Herbivory and toxicology===--> | ||
<!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
| − | ==Conservation and | + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== |
| + | |||
| + | ==Cultural use== | ||
| + | Historically, the large sweet potato-like root of the plant has been consumed by Native Americans.<ref> Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.</ref> | ||
| − | |||
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
<gallery widths=180px> | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
Latest revision as of 10:12, 2 June 2023
| Ipomoea pandurata | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo taken by Gil Nelson | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Solanales |
| Family: | Convolvulaceae |
| Genus: | Ipomoea |
| Species: | I. pandurata |
| Binomial name | |
| Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G. Mey. | |
| |
| Natural range of Ipomoea pandurata from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common names: man-of-the-earth, wild sweet potato, manroot[1]
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: none[1]
Varieties: Ipomoea pandurata var. pandurata; I. pandurata var. rubescens Choisy[1]
Description
Ipomoea pandurata is a perennial trailing vine, with heart-shaped leaves, has a large storage root, and makes a new shoot every year.[2] The storage root can exceed 20 kg and can be cooked and eaten.[3] This species thrives in canopy opening and in thickets.[2]
Herbaceous annual or perennial vines, or rarely a shrubby perennial. Flowers axillary, solitary, or in 2-5 flowered cymes. Calyx lobes 5, often imbricate; corolla campanulate to funnel-form, or salverform in 2 species; stamens 5, inserted in the corolla tube alternate with the lobes; stigma globose, entire or slightly lobed, style 1, ovary 2-or-4 locular. Capsule 2-4 valved; seeds 2-6, sometimes villous. A large genus of primarily tropical plants, some of which were introduced as horticultural plants and have escaped to become noxious weeds.[4]
Trailing, glabrate, or weakly pubescent perennial from an enlarged root. Leaves ovate, entire or pandurate, 3.5-8 cm long, 2.5-8 cm wide, cordate, often pubescent beneath. Peduncles 1-5 flowered; pedicel glabrous, stout; calyx lobes coriaceous, oblong-elliptic, 12-15 mm long, glabrous, strongly imbricate; corolla campanulate, 6-8 cm long, about as broad, the limb white, the tube lavender within; anthers 5-7 mm long, stamens and stigma included. Capsule ovoid, ca. 1 cm long; seeds villous on the angles.[4]
Distribution
This plant is found north in Connecticut, New York, and southern Ontario, west in Ohio, southern, Mississippi, and Kansas, then south in central peninsular Florida and east Texas.[1]
Ecology
It was observed that I. pandurata’s growth in recently-burned areas is low. However, in areas that are unburned and have low disturbance, it exhibits higher growth rates.[2]
Habitat
Ipomoea pandurata grows in well-drained uplands, sandhills, and open pine-oak scrub.[5][1] It is also observed to grow in disturbed areas, such as roadsides and open fields.[5] A study exploring longleaf pine patch dynamics found I. pandurata to be most strongly represented within longleaf pine gaps and under patches of longleaf that are up to 50 years of age.[6]
Phenology
I. pandurata has been observed to flower from May to September with peak inflorescence in May and June.[7][5] Observed growing after a burn at the end of May/early June (Arata 1959).
Seed dispersal
This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity.[8]
Fire ecology
Populations of Ipomoea pandurata have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.[9] This species was observed growing after a burn at the end of May/early June.[10] It occurs in mostly longleaf pine communities that are annually burned as well.[5]
Pollination
Ipomoea pandurata has been observed to host pollinators from the Apidae family such as Anthophora abrupta, Bombus impatiens, B. pensylvanicus, B. vagans, Cemolobus ipomoeae, Melitoma taurea, and Peponapis pruinosa.[11]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
Cultural use
Historically, the large sweet potato-like root of the plant has been consumed by Native Americans.[12]
Photo Gallery
Ipomoea pandurata root Photo by Kevin Robertson
Pebble Hill Plantation
2015
Ipomoea pandurata root Photo by Kevin Robertson
Pebble Hill Plantation
2015
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Freeman, D. Carl, Michelle L. Brown, Jeffrey J. Duda, John H. Graham, John M. Emlen, Anthony J. Krzysik, Harold E. Balbach, David A. Kovacic, and John C. Zak. "Photosynthesis and Fluctuating Asymmetry as Indicators of Plant Response to Soil Disturbance in the Fall‐Line Sandhills of Georgia: A Case Study Using Rhus Copallinum and Ipomoea Pandurata." International Journal of Plant Sciences 165.5 (2004): 805-16. Web. 24 June 2013.
- ↑ Hammer, Roger. 2016. Posted to Florida Ecology and Ecosystematics Facebook Group, 11 JAN 2017.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 864-8. Print.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, R. F. Doren, R. Komarek, R. A. Norris, and Gwynn W. Ramsey. States and Counties: Florida: Gadsden and Leon. Georgia: Brooks, Grady, and Thomas.
- ↑ Mugnani et al. (2019). “Longleaf Pine Patch Dynamics Influence Ground-Layer Vegetation in Old-Growth Pine Savanna”.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 12 DEC 2016
- ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
- ↑ Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.
- ↑ Arata, A. A. "Effects of burning on vegetation and rodent populations in a longleaf pine-turkey oak association in north central Florida." Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 22 (1959): 94-104.
- ↑ Discoverlife.org [1]
- ↑ Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.
