Heterotheca subaxillaris

Heterotheca subaxillaris
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
Class:	Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae ⁄ Compositae
Genus:	Heterotheca
Species:	H. subaxillaris
Binomial name
Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Britton & Rusby
Natural range of Heterotheca subaxillaris from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Common name: camphorweed

Description

A description of Heterotheca subaxillaris is provided in The Flora of North America.

Heterotheca subaxillaris is an annual in temperate climates and a short lived perennial in subtropical climates (Lonard et al. 2011). Leaves are simple and are alternately arranged, with one leaf per node. The leaves produce a camphor-like aroma which defers herbivores . The yellow composite flowers are arranged in diffuse, paniculate corymbs. It is a C3 plant in carbon fixation (Lonard et al. 2011).

Ecology

Habitat

In the Coastal Plain in Florida and Georgia, H. subaxillaris occurs in open sand with sea oats, pine-scrub oak sand ridges, longleaf pine-wiregrass savannas, and upper beaches. It thrives in disturbed areas and has been observed to be a ruderal species that quickly colonizes xeric habitats. It is able to compete well against other species in disturbed habitats due to the overwintering rosettes shading competing seeds (Lonard et al. 2011). It has been found in disturbed areas such as railroad bridges, powerline corridors, vacant lots, along highways, wet roadside ditches, near phosphate ponds, fire lines, disturbed coastal dunes, and cleared sand pine-evergreen oak scrub (FSU Herbarium). Areas in which it inhabits typically have low levels of soil nutrients and high sand temperature (Lonard et al. 2011) when nitrogen levels are low, it produces an increased amount of allelochemicals and allocates more carbon to root growth (Mihaliak and Lincoln 1985). Soil types include loamy sand and sand (FSU Herbarium). Associated species include Andropogon, Baccharis, Setaria, Cenchrus, Distichlis, Paspalum urvillei, P. notatum, Eragrostis oxylepis, Eleusine indica, Digitaria sanguinalis, Cyperus surinamensis, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Strophostyles helvola, Solanum americanum, S. sisymbrifolium, Daubentonia drummondii, and Sesbania exaltata (FSU Herbarium).

Phenology

Flowers March through November and fruits in September (FSU Herbarium). It is self-incompatible and depends on insects for pollination (Lonard et al. 2011). H. subaxillaris has been observed flowering at different times in different areas, probably an adaptation to a shorter growing season (Burk 1966).

Seed dispersal

Seeds are dispersed by wind (Lonard et al. 2011).

Seed bank and germination

H. subaxillaris is a heterocarpic species (Gibson and Tomlinson 2002), the achenes produced by the ray flowers lack a pappus and require a long period of dormancy . The achenes produced are dimorphic and lack albumin (Lonard et al. 2011).

Germination occurs in the spring or fall; with seeds that germinate in the fall overwintering in a rosette and forming a taproot (Guertin and Halvorson 2003). In coastal dunes, there is an absence of a persistent seed bank for H. subaxillaris; however, it has been observed to germinate from a highly disturbed seed bank. Seedlings form dense mats below the dead parent plants in late winter and early spring (Lonard et al. 2011)

Pollination

The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of Heterotheca subaxillaris at Archbold Biological Station (Deyrup 2015):

Andrenidae: Andrena fulvipennis

Halictidae: Agapostemon splendens, Augochloropsis metallica, A. sumptuosa, Halictus poeyi, Lasioglossum nymphalis, L. tamiamensis

Megachilidae: Anthidium maculifrons, Coelioxys mexicana, Megachile albitarsis, M. brevis pseudobrevis, M. inimica, M. xylocopoides

Sphecidae: Bicyrtes capnoptera, Microbembex monodonta, Tachytes validus

Vespidae: Pachodynerus erynnis, Stenodynerus fundatiformis, Zethus spinipes

Use by animals

The leaves of H. subaxillaris have high levels of volatile terpenes as herbivory increases

Defoliation results in greater nutrient limitation and increased levels of carbon based leaf defenses. Herbivory increases the levels of leaf volatile terpenes

References and notes

Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.

Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: October 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Robert Blaisdell, A.F. Clewell, G. Crosby, M. Darst, Dawn Doran, Geriuld Wilhelm, Mark A. Garland, Robert K. Godfrey, Bruce Hansen, JoAnn Hansen, C. Jackson, R. Kral, Robert L. Lazor, Robert J. Lemaire, D.W. Mather, Travis MacClendon, Sidney McDaniel, Richard S. Mitchell, John B. Nelson, Gwynn W. Ramsey, R.L. Redfearn Jr., Cecil R. Slaughter, H. Larry Stripling, Bian Tan, D.B. Ward. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Calhoun, Citrus, Clay, Columbia, Escambia, Franklin, Hernando, Indian River, Jackson, Leon, Levy, Madison, Marion, Okaloosa, Pinellas, Polk, Suwannee, St. Lucie, Wakulla. Georgia: Jasper. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.