Difference between revisions of "Dyschoriste oblongifolia"
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===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
Indicator of native (unplowed) longleaf pine woodlands in upland Ultisol soils, and conversely rarely found on pasture or cultivated lands in that soil type<ref>Brudvig, L. A. and E. I. Damschen (2010). "Land-use history, historical connectivity, and land management interact to determine longleaf pine woodland understory richness and composition." Ecography 34: 257-266.</ref><ref name="Ostertag and Robertson 2007">Ostertag, T.E. and K.M. Robertson. 2007. A comparison of native versus old-field vegetation in upland pinelands managed with frequent fire, South Georgia, USA. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference Proceedings 23:109-120.</ref><ref name="Creech et al 2012"/>). Appears to be restricted to soils with a sandy A horizon, whether in Entisols (sandhills) or Ultisols (clayhills)<ref name="KMR">[[KMR|Robertson, Kevin M.]] personal observation.</ref>. Where present in native longleaf pine-wiregrass habitats it is common and abundant <ref>Kirkman, L. K., M. B. Drew, et al. (1998). "Effects of experimental fire regimes on the population dynamics of Schwalbea americana L." Plant Ecology 137: 115-137.</ref><ref name="Ostertag and Robertson 2007"/>. | Indicator of native (unplowed) longleaf pine woodlands in upland Ultisol soils, and conversely rarely found on pasture or cultivated lands in that soil type<ref>Brudvig, L. A. and E. I. Damschen (2010). "Land-use history, historical connectivity, and land management interact to determine longleaf pine woodland understory richness and composition." Ecography 34: 257-266.</ref><ref name="Ostertag and Robertson 2007">Ostertag, T.E. and K.M. Robertson. 2007. A comparison of native versus old-field vegetation in upland pinelands managed with frequent fire, South Georgia, USA. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference Proceedings 23:109-120.</ref><ref name="Creech et al 2012"/>). Appears to be restricted to soils with a sandy A horizon, whether in Entisols (sandhills) or Ultisols (clayhills)<ref name="KMR">[[KMR|Robertson, Kevin M.]] personal observation.</ref>. Where present in native longleaf pine-wiregrass habitats it is common and abundant <ref>Kirkman, L. K., M. B. Drew, et al. (1998). "Effects of experimental fire regimes on the population dynamics of Schwalbea americana L." Plant Ecology 137: 115-137.</ref><ref name="Ostertag and Robertson 2007"/>. | ||
| − | ''Dyschoriste oblongifolia'' | + | |
| + | ''Dyschoriste oblongifolia'' has been found to be strongly associated with native groundcover as opposed to old-field groundcover upland pinelands of southern Georgia.<ref name="Ostertag and Robertson 2007"/>. This species also has been observed in scrub environments, turkey oak barrens, wiregrass-palmetto flatwoods, mixed hardwood forests, mixed pine-hardwoods, and slopes and ridges of longleaf pine forests (FSU Herbarium)<ref name="Gilliam et al 2006">Gilliam, F. S., W. J. Platt, et al. (2006). "Natural disturbances and the physiognomy of pine savannas: A phenomenological model." Applied Vegetation Science 9: 83-96.</ref><ref>Wade, K. A. and E. S. Menges (1987). "Effects of fire on invasion and community structure of a southern Indiana cedar barrens." Indiana Academy of Science 96: 273-286.</ref> It is abundant in longleaf pine communities.<ref name="Simkin et al 2001"/> Resides in upland, midslope, and lowland areas old growth longleaf pine/wiregrass sandhill habitat.<ref name="Gilliam et al 2006"/>. In deep sand soils it can grow in human disturbed areas such as recently cleared pine forests, ruderal edges of sandhills, roadsides, plowed areas, bulldozed areas, and open fields<ref name="FSU Herbarium" Mast, A. R., A. Stuy, G. Nelson, A. Bugher, N. Weddington, J. Vega, K. Weismantel, D. S. Feller, and D. Paul. 2004 onward (continuously updated). Database of Florida State University's Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium. Website http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu/ [accessed 13 November 2015]. Collectors: Andre Clewell, Robert Godfrey, Robert Kral, P.L. Redfearn, Jr., William P. Adams, Loran Anderson, Richard Carter, H. Larry Stripling, S.W. Leonard, Gwynn W. Ramsey, R.S. Mitchell, George Cooley, James D. Ray, Jr., C.E. Wood, C.E. Smith, R.J. Eaton, Roy Komarek, Gary R. Knight, Mark A. Garland, C. Jackson, Mary Margaret Williams, T. Myint, Grady W. Reinert, Bill & Pam Anderson, John B. Nelson, R. L. Wilbur, C. R. Bell, Rodie White, R. A. Norris, D. C. Hunt, and Wilson Baker. States and Counties: Alabama: Heny. Florida: Charlotte, Citrus, Clay, Columbia, Gadsden, Jackson, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Marion, Orange, Pasco, Polk, Seminole, Suwannee, Taylor, Volusia, and Wakulla. Georgia: Bryan, Grady, McIntosh, Seminole, Sumter, and Thomas. South Carolina: Hampton and Jasper.</ref>. This suggests that its absence from Ultisols influenced by past agriculture may be in part due to changes in the soil structure associated with erosion of the sandy A horizon<ref name="KMR"/>, and it may also relate to loss of native ants that act as seed dispersers<ref name="Creech et al 2012">Creech, M. N., L. K. Kirkman, et al. (2012). "Alteration and Recovery of Slash Pile Burn Sites in the Restoration of a Fire-Maintained Ecosystem." Restoration Ecology 20(4): 505-516.</ref>. ''D. oblongifolia'' can grow in both full light and semi shaded environments in deep, loose, and/or loamy sands along ridges and generally flat areas<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>. | ||
Although it spreads by runners, it does not compete well with larger and denser species<ref name="Huegel"/>. | Although it spreads by runners, it does not compete well with larger and denser species<ref name="Huegel"/>. | ||
| − | Associated species include ''Serenoa repens, Ilex glabra, Myrica, Aristida, Quercus laevis, Scutellaria multiglandulosa, Tephrosia virginiana'' | + | Associated species include ''Serenoa repens, Ilex glabra, Myrica, Aristida, Quercus laevis, Scutellaria multiglandulosa, Tephrosia virginiana'' <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>. |
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | ''D. oblongifolia'' germinates and flowers within a few weeks following fire at a wide range of burn dates, at least from March to July | + | ''D. oblongifolia'' germinates and flowers within a few weeks following fire at a wide range of burn dates, at least from March to July<ref name="KMR"/>. It has been observed to flower from April to October<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>. |
===Seed dispersal=== | ===Seed dispersal=== | ||
| Line 46: | Line 47: | ||
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | It has been found in both burned and unburned areas | + | It has been found in both burned and unburned areas<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>. It resprouts rapidly after fire<ref name="Simkin et al 2001">Simkin, S. M., W. K. Michener, et al. (2001). "Plant response following soil disturbance in a longleaf pine ecosystem." Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 128: 208-218.</ref> and flowers predictably within one or two months following burning in the spring and summer<ref name="KMR"/><ref>Pavon, M. L. (1995). Diversity and response of ground cover arthropod communities to different seasonal burns in longleaf pine forests. Tallahassee, Florida A&M University.</ref>. Conversely, flowering is rather sparse and inconsistent in years without fire <ref>[[KMR|Kevin Robertson]] observations at Pebble Hill Fire Plots on Pebble Hill Plantation near Thomasville, Georgia.</ref> |
===Pollination=== | ===Pollination=== | ||
| Line 58: | Line 59: | ||
==Cultivation and restoration== | ==Cultivation and restoration== | ||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
| − | Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium | + | Mast, A. R., A. Stuy, G. Nelson, A. Bugher, N. Weddington, J. Vega, K. Weismantel, D. S. Feller, and D. Paul. 2004 onward (continuously updated). Database of Florida State University's Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium. Website http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu/ [accessed 13 November 2015]. Collectors: Andre Clewell, Robert Godfrey, Robert Kral, P.L. Redfearn, Jr., William P. Adams, Loran Anderson, Richard Carter, H. Larry Stripling, S.W. Leonard, Gwynn W. Ramsey, R.S. Mitchell, George Cooley, James D. Ray, Jr., C.E. Wood, C.E. Smith, R.J. Eaton, Roy Komarek, Gary R. Knight, Mark A. Garland, C. Jackson, Mary Margaret Williams, T. Myint, Grady W. Reinert, Bill & Pam Anderson, John B. Nelson, R. L. Wilbur, C. R. Bell, Rodie White, R. A. Norris, D. C. Hunt, and Wilson Baker. States and Counties: Alabama: Heny. Florida: Charlotte, Citrus, Clay, Columbia, Gadsden, Jackson, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Marion, Orange, Pasco, Polk, Seminole, Suwannee, Taylor, Volusia, and Wakulla. Georgia: Bryan, Grady, McIntosh, Seminole, Sumter, and Thomas. South Carolina: Hampton and Jasper. |
Radford, A.E., H.E. Ahles, and C.R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 1183 pp. | Radford, A.E., H.E. Ahles, and C.R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 1183 pp. | ||
Revision as of 12:45, 13 November 2015
| Dyschoriste oblongifolia | |
|---|---|
| |
| photo by Kevin Robertson | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Scrophulariales |
| Family: | Acanthaceae |
| Genus: | Dyschoriste |
| Species: | D. oblongifolia |
| Binomial name | |
| Dyschoriste oblongifolia (Michx.) Kunz | |
| |
| Natural range of Dyschoriste oblongifolia. Image from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common name: oblongleaf snakeherb
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Description
Dyschoriste oblongifolia, a perennial herb with opposite branches from elongate, slender rhizomes. Plant 1-5 dm tall; stems pilose. Leaves glabrate, oblanceolate to eliptic, to 4.5 cm long and 1.5 cm wide, entire or undulate, ciliate, sesslie or subsessile. Flowers subsessile, solitary or clustered in the leaf axils; bracts foliaceous, opposite, 15-18 mm long. Calyx pubescent, 15-20 cm long, tube short, lobes 5, linear-aristate; corolla 1.5-3 cm long, blue, funnelform, somewhat 2-lipped, lobes 5, 5-10 cm long; stamens 4, anther locules parallel; style to 1.5 cm long, 1-2 ovlues per locule, seeds 1 per locule, gray, ca. 2.5 mm broad. Capsules, brown, oblong, 12-14 mm long, ca. 3 mm in diameter (Radford et al. 1968).
D. oblongifolia is a low-growing groundcover that spreads by underground runners [1]
Distribution
The Florida distribution is provided by the Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants.
Ecology
Habitat
Indicator of native (unplowed) longleaf pine woodlands in upland Ultisol soils, and conversely rarely found on pasture or cultivated lands in that soil type[2][3][4]). Appears to be restricted to soils with a sandy A horizon, whether in Entisols (sandhills) or Ultisols (clayhills)[5]. Where present in native longleaf pine-wiregrass habitats it is common and abundant [6][3].
Dyschoriste oblongifolia has been found to be strongly associated with native groundcover as opposed to old-field groundcover upland pinelands of southern Georgia.[3]. This species also has been observed in scrub environments, turkey oak barrens, wiregrass-palmetto flatwoods, mixed hardwood forests, mixed pine-hardwoods, and slopes and ridges of longleaf pine forests (FSU Herbarium)[7][8] It is abundant in longleaf pine communities.[9] Resides in upland, midslope, and lowland areas old growth longleaf pine/wiregrass sandhill habitat.[7]. In deep sand soils it can grow in human disturbed areas such as recently cleared pine forests, ruderal edges of sandhills, roadsides, plowed areas, bulldozed areas, and open fieldsCite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag. D. oblongifolia can grow in both full light and semi shaded environments in deep, loose, and/or loamy sands along ridges and generally flat areas[10].
Although it spreads by runners, it does not compete well with larger and denser species[1].
Associated species include Serenoa repens, Ilex glabra, Myrica, Aristida, Quercus laevis, Scutellaria multiglandulosa, Tephrosia virginiana [10].
Phenology
D. oblongifolia germinates and flowers within a few weeks following fire at a wide range of burn dates, at least from March to July[5]. It has been observed to flower from April to October[10].
Seed dispersal
Seeds are dispersed by ants[4]. Although it spreads primiarily by underground runners, it does produce many seeds when its seed capsules split open.[1]
Fire ecology
It has been found in both burned and unburned areas[10]. It resprouts rapidly after fire[9] and flowers predictably within one or two months following burning in the spring and summer[5][11]. Conversely, flowering is rather sparse and inconsistent in years without fire [12]
Pollination
It attracts many pollinators, especially bees[1].
Use by animals
It is a larval food sources for the common buckeye butterfly (Junonia coenia)[1].
Diseases and parasites
Conservation and management
Cultivation and restoration
References and notes
Mast, A. R., A. Stuy, G. Nelson, A. Bugher, N. Weddington, J. Vega, K. Weismantel, D. S. Feller, and D. Paul. 2004 onward (continuously updated). Database of Florida State University's Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium. Website http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu/ [accessed 13 November 2015]. Collectors: Andre Clewell, Robert Godfrey, Robert Kral, P.L. Redfearn, Jr., William P. Adams, Loran Anderson, Richard Carter, H. Larry Stripling, S.W. Leonard, Gwynn W. Ramsey, R.S. Mitchell, George Cooley, James D. Ray, Jr., C.E. Wood, C.E. Smith, R.J. Eaton, Roy Komarek, Gary R. Knight, Mark A. Garland, C. Jackson, Mary Margaret Williams, T. Myint, Grady W. Reinert, Bill & Pam Anderson, John B. Nelson, R. L. Wilbur, C. R. Bell, Rodie White, R. A. Norris, D. C. Hunt, and Wilson Baker. States and Counties: Alabama: Heny. Florida: Charlotte, Citrus, Clay, Columbia, Gadsden, Jackson, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Marion, Orange, Pasco, Polk, Seminole, Suwannee, Taylor, Volusia, and Wakulla. Georgia: Bryan, Grady, McIntosh, Seminole, Sumter, and Thomas. South Carolina: Hampton and Jasper.
Radford, A.E., H.E. Ahles, and C.R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 1183 pp.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Huegel, Craig. [Florida Native Wildflowers] Accessed November 13, 2015
- ↑ Brudvig, L. A. and E. I. Damschen (2010). "Land-use history, historical connectivity, and land management interact to determine longleaf pine woodland understory richness and composition." Ecography 34: 257-266.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Ostertag, T.E. and K.M. Robertson. 2007. A comparison of native versus old-field vegetation in upland pinelands managed with frequent fire, South Georgia, USA. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference Proceedings 23:109-120.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Creech, M. N., L. K. Kirkman, et al. (2012). "Alteration and Recovery of Slash Pile Burn Sites in the Restoration of a Fire-Maintained Ecosystem." Restoration Ecology 20(4): 505-516.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Robertson, Kevin M. personal observation.
- ↑ Kirkman, L. K., M. B. Drew, et al. (1998). "Effects of experimental fire regimes on the population dynamics of Schwalbea americana L." Plant Ecology 137: 115-137.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Gilliam, F. S., W. J. Platt, et al. (2006). "Natural disturbances and the physiognomy of pine savannas: A phenomenological model." Applied Vegetation Science 9: 83-96.
- ↑ Wade, K. A. and E. S. Menges (1987). "Effects of fire on invasion and community structure of a southern Indiana cedar barrens." Indiana Academy of Science 96: 273-286.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Simkin, S. M., W. K. Michener, et al. (2001). "Plant response following soil disturbance in a longleaf pine ecosystem." Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 128: 208-218.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedFSU Herbarium - ↑ Pavon, M. L. (1995). Diversity and response of ground cover arthropod communities to different seasonal burns in longleaf pine forests. Tallahassee, Florida A&M University.
- ↑ Kevin Robertson observations at Pebble Hill Fire Plots on Pebble Hill Plantation near Thomasville, Georgia.
