Difference between revisions of "Clitoria fragrans"

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| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Clitoria fragrans'' from USDA NRCS [http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CLFR2 Plants Database].
 
| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Clitoria fragrans'' from USDA NRCS [http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CLFR2 Plants Database].
 
}}
 
}}
 
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Common name: Sweetscented pigeonwings
Common name: sweetscented pigeonwings
 
 
==Taxonomic notes==
 
==Taxonomic notes==
 
Synonym: ''Martiusia fragrans'' (Small) Small [http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-12030 The Plant List.org]
 
Synonym: ''Martiusia fragrans'' (Small) Small [http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-12030 The Plant List.org]
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==Description==  
 
==Description==  
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
''C. fragrans'' is a perennial, erect, suffrutescent herb that is found in scrub and sandhill habitats along the Lake Wales Ridge.<ref name="Small">Small, John K.. “A New Butterfly-pea from Florida.”. Torreya 26.3 (1926): 56–57.</ref><ref name="Lewis">Lewis, M.N. 2000. Life History and Reproductive Biology of ''Clitoria fragrans'' Relative to Fire History on the Avon Park Air Force Range. University of Central Florida. </ref> It is distinguishable from other legumes by its non-twining habit, prominent stipules, three foliate leaves, and resupinate flowers.<ref>Frantz, P.R. 1977. A Monograph of the genus Clitoria (Leguminosae Glycineae) [Ph.D. dissertation]. Univ. Florida. pp. 696-705</ref><ref name="Lewis"></ref> It has both chasmogamous and cleistogamous fowers.<ref name="FWS">[[https://www.fws.gov/verobeach/MSRPPDFs/Pigeon.PDF  FWS]] Accessed: December 7, 2015</ref>
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''C. fragrans'' is a perennial, erect, suffrutescent herb that is found in scrub and sandhill habitats along the Lake Wales Ridge,<ref name="Small">Small, John K.. “A New Butterfly-pea from Florida.”. Torreya 26.3 (1926): 56–57.</ref><ref name="Lewis">Lewis, M.N. 2000. Life History and Reproductive Biology of ''Clitoria fragrans'' Relative to Fire History on the Avon Park Air Force Range. University of Central Florida.</ref> It is distinguishable from other legumes by its non-twining habit, prominent stipules, three foliate leaves, and resupinate flowers.<ref>Frantz, P.R. 1977. A Monograph of the genus Clitoria (Leguminosae Glycineae) [Ph.D. dissertation]. Univ. Florida. pp. 696-705</ref><ref name="Lewis"></ref> It has both chasmogamous and cleistogamous fowers.<ref name="FWS">[[https://www.fws.gov/verobeach/MSRPPDFs/Pigeon.PDF  FWS]] Accessed: December 7, 2015</ref>
  
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
It is endemic to the Lake Wales Ridge and is an endangered species in Florida.<ref name="FNAI">[[http://www.fnai.org/FieldGuide/pdf/Clitoria_fragrans.PDF FNAI]] Accessed: December 7, 2015</ref> The distribution of ''C. fragrans'' is limited by the rapidly disappearing scrub habitat due to agriculture and residential development.<ref name="FWS"/>
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''C. fragrans'' is endemic to the Lake Wales Ridge and is an endangered species in Florida,<ref name="FNAI">[[http://www.fnai.org/FieldGuide/pdf/Clitoria_fragrans.PDF FNAI]] Accessed: December 7, 2015</ref> and its distribution is limited by the rapidly disappearing scrub habitat due to agriculture and residential development.<ref name="FWS"/>
  
 
==Ecology==
 
==Ecology==
 
===Habitat===<!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->  
 
===Habitat===<!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->  
''C. fragrans'' can be found in the xeric soils of turkey oak scrubs and sandhills along the Lake Wales Ridge<ref name="Small"></ref><ref name="FSU">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: October 2015.  Collectors: R.K. Godfrey, O. Lakela, Grady W. Reinert, John K. Small, Edgar T. Wherry. States and Counties: Florida: Highlands, Polk. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref>(Menges et al. 2007). It often can be found occupying open, sandy spaces between shrubs, along sandy fire lanes, and between citrus groves.<ref name="FSU"></ref><ref name="Palazzo">Palazzo, A.J., Hardy, S.E., Cary, T.J., and Bashore, T. 2007 A Review of the Growth Habits and Restoration Issues for Clitoria fragrans and Polygonella basiramia. US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research and Development Center.</ref> Associated species include ''Quercus, Gordonia, Vitis, Pinus, Aristida stricta, Quercus laevis'' and ''Quercus incana.''<ref name="FNAI"/><ref name="FSU"></ref>
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''C. fragrans'' can be found in the xeric soils of turkey oak scrubs and sandhills along the Lake Wales Ridge<ref name="Small"></ref><ref name="FSU">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: October 2015.  Collectors: R.K. Godfrey, O. Lakela, Grady W. Reinert, John K. Small, Edgar T. Wherry. States and Counties: Florida: Highlands, Polk. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref>(Menges et al. 2007). It often can be found occupying open, sandy spaces between shrubs, along sandy fire lanes, and between citrus groves.<ref name="FSU"></ref><ref name="Palazzo">Palazzo, A.J., Hardy, S.E., Cary, T.J., and Bashore, T. 2007 A Review of the Growth Habits and Restoration Issues for Clitoria fragrans and Polygonella basiramia. US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research and Development Center.</ref>  
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 +
Associated species include ''Quercus, Gordonia, Vitis, Pinus, [[Aristida stricta]], [[Quercus laevis]]'' and ''[[Quercus incana]].''<ref name="FNAI"/><ref name="FSU"></ref>
  
 
===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->  
 
===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->  
''C. fragrans'' has both chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers<ref name="FWS"/> and has been observed to produce more cleistogamous flowers and fruit than chamogamous structures.<ref name="Lewis"></ref> The chasmogamous flowers are lavender, with darker purplish lines and white throats<ref name="Native">[[http://hawthornhillwildflowers.blogspot.com/2015/06/fragrant-pigeonwings-clitoria-fragrans.html Native Florida Wildflowers]]Accessed: December 7, 2015</ref> and can be observed blooming May to June.<ref name="FWS"/><ref name="FSU"></ref> Cleistogamous flowers occur later in the summer through late September.<ref name="FWS"/>
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''C. fragrans'' has both chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers<ref name="FWS"/> and has been observed to produce more cleistogamous flowers and fruit than chamogamous structures.<ref name="Lewis"></ref> The chasmogamous flowers are lavender, with darker purplish lines and white throats<ref name="Native">[[http://hawthornhillwildflowers.blogspot.com/2015/06/fragrant-pigeonwings-clitoria-fragrans.html Native Florida Wildflowers]]Accessed: December 7, 2015</ref> and can be observed blooming May to June.<ref name="FWS"/><ref name="FSU"></ref><ref>Nelson, G.  [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/  Accessed: 19 MAY 2021</ref> Cleistogamous flowers occur later in the summer through late September.<ref name="FWS"/>
  
 
===Seed dispersal===
 
===Seed dispersal===
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===Pollination===
 
===Pollination===
The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of ''Clitoria fragrans'' at Archbold Biological Station:<ref>Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.</ref>
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''Clitoria fragrans'' has been observed at the Archbold Biological Station to host leafcutting bees such as ''Megachile petulans'' (family Megachilidae).<ref>Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.</ref>  
 
 
Megachilidae:  ''Megachile petulans''
 
  
===Use by animals===<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->
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===Herbivory and toxicology===
 
''C. fragrans'' is a host plant to the long-tailed skipper.<ref name="Native"/>
 
''C. fragrans'' is a host plant to the long-tailed skipper.<ref name="Native"/>
  
==Conservation and management==
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==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration==
''C. fragrans'' is a federally threatened and endangered species in Florida. A major threat to the species is the conversion of habitat on the Lake Wales Ridge to agriculture and urbanization; this also leads to population fragmentation<ref name="Palazzo"></ref>.
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''C. fragrans'' is a federally threatened and endangered species in Florida. A major threat to the species is the conversion of habitat on the Lake Wales Ridge to agriculture and urbanization; this also leads to population fragmentation.<ref name="Palazzo"></ref>.
  
In order to prevent further population loss, prescribed fire is suggested<ref name="FNAI"/>.
+
In order to prevent further population loss, prescribed fire is suggested.<ref name="FNAI"/>
  
==Cultivation and restoration==
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==Cultural use==
  
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
==Photo Gallery==

Latest revision as of 08:43, 22 June 2022

Clitoria fragrans
Clit frag.jpg
Photo by Shirley Denton (Copyrighted, use by photographer’s permission only), Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae ⁄ Leguminosae
Genus: Clitoria
Species: C. fragrans
Binomial name
Clitoria fragrans
Small
Clit frag dist.jpg
Natural range of Clitoria fragrans from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Common name: Sweetscented pigeonwings

Taxonomic notes

Synonym: Martiusia fragrans (Small) Small The Plant List.org

The common name, pigeon wings, is due to the flowers' bird-like appearance.[1]

Description

C. fragrans is a perennial, erect, suffrutescent herb that is found in scrub and sandhill habitats along the Lake Wales Ridge,[2][3] It is distinguishable from other legumes by its non-twining habit, prominent stipules, three foliate leaves, and resupinate flowers.[4][3] It has both chasmogamous and cleistogamous fowers.[1]

Distribution

C. fragrans is endemic to the Lake Wales Ridge and is an endangered species in Florida,[5] and its distribution is limited by the rapidly disappearing scrub habitat due to agriculture and residential development.[1]

Ecology

Habitat

C. fragrans can be found in the xeric soils of turkey oak scrubs and sandhills along the Lake Wales Ridge[2][6](Menges et al. 2007). It often can be found occupying open, sandy spaces between shrubs, along sandy fire lanes, and between citrus groves.[6][7]

Associated species include Quercus, Gordonia, Vitis, Pinus, Aristida stricta, Quercus laevis and Quercus incana.[5][6]

Phenology

C. fragrans has both chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers[1] and has been observed to produce more cleistogamous flowers and fruit than chamogamous structures.[3] The chasmogamous flowers are lavender, with darker purplish lines and white throats[8] and can be observed blooming May to June.[1][6][9] Cleistogamous flowers occur later in the summer through late September.[1]

Seed dispersal

It exhibits ballistic seed dispersal, this results in most of the new individuals coming from plants already established in the population.[3] The cleistogamous and chasmogamous seeds have been observed to not have morphological differences.[3] Fruits are three sided achenes.[7]

Fire ecology

C. fragrans is found in pyrogenic habitats along the Lake Wales Ridge and has a long taproot to increase fire survival.[10] Fire increases both flowering and population density in plants; however, it has been observed flowering in a site not burned for thirty years[1][3] Plants in long-unburned sites have been observed to rarely produce cleistogamous flowers.[7] Weekley and Menges (2003) observed a moderate resprouting response to fire.[11]

Pollination

Clitoria fragrans has been observed at the Archbold Biological Station to host leafcutting bees such as Megachile petulans (family Megachilidae).[12]

Herbivory and toxicology

C. fragrans is a host plant to the long-tailed skipper.[8]

Conservation, cultivation, and restoration

C. fragrans is a federally threatened and endangered species in Florida. A major threat to the species is the conversion of habitat on the Lake Wales Ridge to agriculture and urbanization; this also leads to population fragmentation.[7].

In order to prevent further population loss, prescribed fire is suggested.[5]

Cultural use

Photo Gallery

References and notes

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 [FWS] Accessed: December 7, 2015
  2. 2.0 2.1 Small, John K.. “A New Butterfly-pea from Florida.”. Torreya 26.3 (1926): 56–57.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Lewis, M.N. 2000. Life History and Reproductive Biology of Clitoria fragrans Relative to Fire History on the Avon Park Air Force Range. University of Central Florida.
  4. Frantz, P.R. 1977. A Monograph of the genus Clitoria (Leguminosae Glycineae) [Ph.D. dissertation]. Univ. Florida. pp. 696-705
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 [FNAI] Accessed: December 7, 2015
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: October 2015. Collectors: R.K. Godfrey, O. Lakela, Grady W. Reinert, John K. Small, Edgar T. Wherry. States and Counties: Florida: Highlands, Polk. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Palazzo, A.J., Hardy, S.E., Cary, T.J., and Bashore, T. 2007 A Review of the Growth Habits and Restoration Issues for Clitoria fragrans and Polygonella basiramia. US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research and Development Center.
  8. 8.0 8.1 [Native Florida Wildflowers]Accessed: December 7, 2015
  9. Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 19 MAY 2021
  10. [NatureServe] Accessed: December 7, 2015
  11. Weekley, C.S. and E.S. Menges. 2003a. Species and vegetation responses to prescribed fire in a longunburned, endemic-rich Lake Wales Ridge scrub. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 130(4):265-282.
  12. Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.