Difference between revisions of "Clitoria fragrans"

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{{taxobox
 
{{taxobox
 
| name = Clitoria fragrans
 
| name = Clitoria fragrans
| image = Insert.jpg
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| image = Clit_frag.jpg
| image_caption =  
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| image_caption = Photo by Shirley Denton (Copyrighted, use by photographer’s permission only), [http://www.florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Default.aspx Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants]
 
| regnum = Plantae
 
| regnum = Plantae
 
| divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
 
| divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
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| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Clitoria fragrans'' from USDA NRCS [http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CLFR2 Plants Database].
 
| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Clitoria fragrans'' from USDA NRCS [http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CLFR2 Plants Database].
 
}}
 
}}
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Common name: Sweetscented pigeonwings
 +
==Taxonomic notes==
 +
Synonym: ''Martiusia fragrans'' (Small) Small [http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-12030 The Plant List.org]
  
Common name: sweetscented pigeonwings
+
The common name, pigeon wings, is due to the flowers' bird-like appearance.<ref name="FWS"/>
==Taxonomic notes==
 
The common name, pigeon wings, is due to the flowers' bird-like appearance <ref name="FWS"/>.
 
  
 
==Description==  
 
==Description==  
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
''C. fragrans'' is a perennial, erect, suffrutescent herb that is found in scrub and sandhill habitats along the Lake Wales Ridge (Lewis 2007; Small 1926). It is distinguishable from other legumes by its non-twining habit, prominent stipules, three foliate leaves, and resupinate flowers (Frantz 1977; Lewis 2007). It has both chasmogamous and cleistogamous fowers <ref name="FWS">[[https://www.fws.gov/verobeach/MSRPPDFs/Pigeon.PDF  FWS]] Accessed: December 7, 2015</ref>.
+
''C. fragrans'' is a perennial, erect, suffrutescent herb that is found in scrub and sandhill habitats along the Lake Wales Ridge,<ref name="Small">Small, John K.. “A New Butterfly-pea from Florida.”. Torreya 26.3 (1926): 56–57.</ref><ref name="Lewis">Lewis, M.N. 2000. Life History and Reproductive Biology of ''Clitoria fragrans'' Relative to Fire History on the Avon Park Air Force Range. University of Central Florida.</ref> It is distinguishable from other legumes by its non-twining habit, prominent stipules, three foliate leaves, and resupinate flowers.<ref>Frantz, P.R. 1977. A Monograph of the genus Clitoria (Leguminosae Glycineae) [Ph.D. dissertation]. Univ. Florida. pp. 696-705</ref><ref name="Lewis"></ref> It has both chasmogamous and cleistogamous fowers.<ref name="FWS">[[https://www.fws.gov/verobeach/MSRPPDFs/Pigeon.PDF  FWS]] Accessed: December 7, 2015</ref>
  
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
It is endemic to the Lake Wales Ridge and is an endangered species in Florida <ref name="FNAI">[[http://www.fnai.org/FieldGuide/pdf/Clitoria_fragrans.PDF FNAI]] Accessed: December 7, 2015</ref>. The distribution of ''C. fragrans'' is limited by the rapidly disappearing scrub habitat due to agriculture and residential development<ref name="FWS"/>.
+
''C. fragrans'' is endemic to the Lake Wales Ridge and is an endangered species in Florida,<ref name="FNAI">[[http://www.fnai.org/FieldGuide/pdf/Clitoria_fragrans.PDF FNAI]] Accessed: December 7, 2015</ref> and its distribution is limited by the rapidly disappearing scrub habitat due to agriculture and residential development.<ref name="FWS"/>
  
 
==Ecology==
 
==Ecology==
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
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===Habitat===<!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->  
''C. fragrans'' can be found in the xeric soils of turkey oak scrubs and sandhills along the Lake Wales Ridge (FSU Herbarium; Menges et al. 2007; Small 1926). It often can be found occupying open, sandy spaces between shrubs, along sandy fire lanes, and between citrus groves (Cary and Bashore 2007; FSU Herbarium). Associated species include ''Quercus, Gordonia, Vitis, Pinus, Aristida stricta, Quercus laevis'' and ''Quercus incana''<ref name="FNAI"/> (FSU Herbarium).
+
''C. fragrans'' can be found in the xeric soils of turkey oak scrubs and sandhills along the Lake Wales Ridge<ref name="Small"></ref><ref name="FSU">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: October 2015.  Collectors: R.K. Godfrey, O. Lakela, Grady W. Reinert, John K. Small, Edgar T. Wherry. States and Counties: Florida: Highlands, Polk. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref>(Menges et al. 2007). It often can be found occupying open, sandy spaces between shrubs, along sandy fire lanes, and between citrus groves.<ref name="FSU"></ref><ref name="Palazzo">Palazzo, A.J., Hardy, S.E., Cary, T.J., and Bashore, T. 2007 A Review of the Growth Habits and Restoration Issues for Clitoria fragrans and Polygonella basiramia. US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research and Development Center.</ref>
 +
 
 +
Associated species include ''Quercus, Gordonia, Vitis, Pinus, [[Aristida stricta]], [[Quercus laevis]]'' and ''[[Quercus incana]].''<ref name="FNAI"/><ref name="FSU"></ref>
  
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
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===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->  
''C. fragrans'' has both chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers <ref name="FWS"/> and has been observed to produce more cleistogamous flowers and fruit than chamogamous structures (Lewis 2007). The chasmogamous flowers are lavender, with darker purplish lines and white throats<ref name="Native">[[http://hawthornhillwildflowers.blogspot.com/2015/06/fragrant-pigeonwings-clitoria-fragrans.html Native Florida Wildflowers]]Accessed: December 7, 2015</ref> and can be observed blooming May to June<ref name="FWS"/>(FSU Herbarium). Cleistogamous flowers occur later in the summer through late September <ref name="FWS"/>.
+
''C. fragrans'' has both chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers<ref name="FWS"/> and has been observed to produce more cleistogamous flowers and fruit than chamogamous structures.<ref name="Lewis"></ref> The chasmogamous flowers are lavender, with darker purplish lines and white throats<ref name="Native">[[http://hawthornhillwildflowers.blogspot.com/2015/06/fragrant-pigeonwings-clitoria-fragrans.html Native Florida Wildflowers]]Accessed: December 7, 2015</ref> and can be observed blooming May to June.<ref name="FWS"/><ref name="FSU"></ref><ref>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/  Accessed: 19 MAY 2021</ref> Cleistogamous flowers occur later in the summer through late September.<ref name="FWS"/>
  
 
===Seed dispersal===
 
===Seed dispersal===
It exhibits ballistic seed dispersal, this results in most of the new individuals coming from plants already established in the population (Lewis 2007). The cleistogamous and chasmogamous seeds have been observed to not have morphological differences (Lewis 2007). Fruits are three sided achenes (Cary and Bashore 2007).
+
It exhibits ballistic seed dispersal, this results in most of the new individuals coming from plants already established in the population.<ref name="Lewis"></ref> The cleistogamous and chasmogamous seeds have been observed to not have morphological differences.<ref name="Lewis"></ref> Fruits are three sided achenes.<ref name="Palazzo"></ref>
 +
<!--===Seed bank and germination===-->
  
===Seed bank and germination===
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===Fire ecology===<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->  
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
+
''C. fragrans'' is found in pyrogenic habitats along the Lake Wales Ridge and has a long taproot to increase fire survival.<ref name="Natureserve">[[http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Clitoria+fragrans NatureServe]] Accessed: December 7, 2015</ref> Fire increases both flowering and population density in plants; however, it has been observed flowering in a site not burned for thirty years<ref name="FWS"/><ref name="Lewis"></ref> Plants in long-unburned sites have been observed to rarely produce cleistogamous flowers.<ref name="Palazzo"></ref> Weekley and Menges (2003) observed a moderate resprouting response to fire.<ref>Weekley, C.S. and E.S. Menges. 2003a. Species and vegetation responses to prescribed fire in a longunburned, endemic-rich Lake Wales Ridge scrub. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 130(4):265-282.</ref>
''C. fragrans'' is found in pyrogenic habitats along the Lake Wales Ridge and has a long taproot to increase fire survival<ref name="Natureserve">[[http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Clitoria+fragrans NatureServe]] Accessed: December 7, 2015</ref>. Fire increases both flowering and population density in plants; however, it has been observed flowering in a site not burned for thirty years<ref name="FWS"/>(Lewis 2007). Plants in long-unburned sites have been observed to rarely produce cleistogamous flowers (Cary and Bashore 2007). Weekley and Menges (2003) observed a moderate resprouting response to fire.
 
  
===Pollination===
+
===Pollination and use by animals===
The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of ''Clitoria fragrans'' at Archbold Biological Station (Deyrup 2015):
+
''Clitoria fragrans'' has been observed at the Archbold Biological Station to host leafcutting bees such as ''Megachile petulans'' (family Megachilidae).<ref>Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.</ref> ''C. fragrans'' is a host plant to the long-tailed skipper.<ref name="Native"/>
  
Megachilidae:  ''Megachile petulans''
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==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration==
 +
''C. fragrans'' is a federally threatened and endangered species in Florida. A major threat to the species is the conversion of habitat on the Lake Wales Ridge to agriculture and urbanization; this also leads to population fragmentation.<ref name="Palazzo"></ref>.
  
===Use by animals=== <!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->
+
In order to prevent further population loss, prescribed fire is suggested.<ref name="FNAI"/>
''C. fragrans'' is a host plant to the long-tailed skipper<ref name="Native"/>.
 
  
===Diseases and parasites===
+
==Cultural use==
==Conservation and Management==
 
''C. fragrans'' is a federally threatened and endangered species in Florida. A major threat to the species is the conversion of habitat on the Lake Wales Ridge to agriculture and urbanization; this also leads to population fragmentation (Cary and Bashore 2007).
 
  
In order to prevent further population loss, prescribed fire is suggested<ref name="FNAI"/>.
+
==Photo Gallery==
 +
<gallery widths=180px>
 +
</gallery>
  
==Cultivation and restoration==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
 
==References and notes==
 
==References and notes==
Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.
 
 
Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: October 2015.  Collectors: R.K. Godfrey, O. Lakela, Grady W. Reinert, John K. Small, Edgar T. Wherry. States and Counties: Florida: Highlands, Polk. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
 

Revision as of 08:38, 25 June 2021

Clitoria fragrans
Clit frag.jpg
Photo by Shirley Denton (Copyrighted, use by photographer’s permission only), Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae ⁄ Leguminosae
Genus: Clitoria
Species: C. fragrans
Binomial name
Clitoria fragrans
Small
Clit frag dist.jpg
Natural range of Clitoria fragrans from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Common name: Sweetscented pigeonwings

Taxonomic notes

Synonym: Martiusia fragrans (Small) Small The Plant List.org

The common name, pigeon wings, is due to the flowers' bird-like appearance.[1]

Description

C. fragrans is a perennial, erect, suffrutescent herb that is found in scrub and sandhill habitats along the Lake Wales Ridge,[2][3] It is distinguishable from other legumes by its non-twining habit, prominent stipules, three foliate leaves, and resupinate flowers.[4][3] It has both chasmogamous and cleistogamous fowers.[1]

Distribution

C. fragrans is endemic to the Lake Wales Ridge and is an endangered species in Florida,[5] and its distribution is limited by the rapidly disappearing scrub habitat due to agriculture and residential development.[1]

Ecology

Habitat

C. fragrans can be found in the xeric soils of turkey oak scrubs and sandhills along the Lake Wales Ridge[2][6](Menges et al. 2007). It often can be found occupying open, sandy spaces between shrubs, along sandy fire lanes, and between citrus groves.[6][7]

Associated species include Quercus, Gordonia, Vitis, Pinus, Aristida stricta, Quercus laevis and Quercus incana.[5][6]

Phenology

C. fragrans has both chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers[1] and has been observed to produce more cleistogamous flowers and fruit than chamogamous structures.[3] The chasmogamous flowers are lavender, with darker purplish lines and white throats[8] and can be observed blooming May to June.[1][6][9] Cleistogamous flowers occur later in the summer through late September.[1]

Seed dispersal

It exhibits ballistic seed dispersal, this results in most of the new individuals coming from plants already established in the population.[3] The cleistogamous and chasmogamous seeds have been observed to not have morphological differences.[3] Fruits are three sided achenes.[7]

Fire ecology

C. fragrans is found in pyrogenic habitats along the Lake Wales Ridge and has a long taproot to increase fire survival.[10] Fire increases both flowering and population density in plants; however, it has been observed flowering in a site not burned for thirty years[1][3] Plants in long-unburned sites have been observed to rarely produce cleistogamous flowers.[7] Weekley and Menges (2003) observed a moderate resprouting response to fire.[11]

Pollination and use by animals

Clitoria fragrans has been observed at the Archbold Biological Station to host leafcutting bees such as Megachile petulans (family Megachilidae).[12] C. fragrans is a host plant to the long-tailed skipper.[8]

Conservation, cultivation, and restoration

C. fragrans is a federally threatened and endangered species in Florida. A major threat to the species is the conversion of habitat on the Lake Wales Ridge to agriculture and urbanization; this also leads to population fragmentation.[7].

In order to prevent further population loss, prescribed fire is suggested.[5]

Cultural use

Photo Gallery

References and notes

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 [FWS] Accessed: December 7, 2015
  2. 2.0 2.1 Small, John K.. “A New Butterfly-pea from Florida.”. Torreya 26.3 (1926): 56–57.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Lewis, M.N. 2000. Life History and Reproductive Biology of Clitoria fragrans Relative to Fire History on the Avon Park Air Force Range. University of Central Florida.
  4. Frantz, P.R. 1977. A Monograph of the genus Clitoria (Leguminosae Glycineae) [Ph.D. dissertation]. Univ. Florida. pp. 696-705
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 [FNAI] Accessed: December 7, 2015
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: October 2015. Collectors: R.K. Godfrey, O. Lakela, Grady W. Reinert, John K. Small, Edgar T. Wherry. States and Counties: Florida: Highlands, Polk. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Palazzo, A.J., Hardy, S.E., Cary, T.J., and Bashore, T. 2007 A Review of the Growth Habits and Restoration Issues for Clitoria fragrans and Polygonella basiramia. US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research and Development Center.
  8. 8.0 8.1 [Native Florida Wildflowers]Accessed: December 7, 2015
  9. Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 19 MAY 2021
  10. [NatureServe] Accessed: December 7, 2015
  11. Weekley, C.S. and E.S. Menges. 2003a. Species and vegetation responses to prescribed fire in a longunburned, endemic-rich Lake Wales Ridge scrub. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 130(4):265-282.
  12. Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.