Difference between revisions of "Clitoria fragrans"
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==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| − | ''C. fragrans'' is a perennial, erect, suffrutescent herb that is found in scrub and sandhill habitats along the Lake Wales Ridge ( | + | ''C. fragrans'' is a perennial, erect, suffrutescent herb that is found in scrub and sandhill habitats along the Lake Wales Ridge<ref name="Small">Small, John K.. “A New Butterfly-pea from Florida.”. Torreya 26.3 (1926): 56–57.</ref><ref name="Lewis">Lewis, M.N. 2000. Life History and Reproductive Biology of ''Clitoria fragrans'' Relative to Fire History on the Avon Park Air Force Range. University of Central Florida. </ref>. It is distinguishable from other legumes by its non-twining habit, prominent stipules, three foliate leaves, and resupinate flowers<ref>Frantz, P.R. 1977. A Monograph of the genus Clitoria (Leguminosae Glycineae) [Ph.D. dissertation]. Univ. Florida. pp. 696-705</ref><ref name="Lewis"></ref>. It has both chasmogamous and cleistogamous fowers <ref name="FWS">[[https://www.fws.gov/verobeach/MSRPPDFs/Pigeon.PDF FWS]] Accessed: December 7, 2015</ref>. |
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
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==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat===<!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat===<!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | ''C. fragrans'' can be found in the xeric soils of turkey oak scrubs and sandhills along the Lake Wales Ridge | + | ''C. fragrans'' can be found in the xeric soils of turkey oak scrubs and sandhills along the Lake Wales Ridge<ref name="Small"></ref><ref name="FSU">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: October 2015. Collectors: R.K. Godfrey, O. Lakela, Grady W. Reinert, John K. Small, Edgar T. Wherry. States and Counties: Florida: Highlands, Polk. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref>(Menges et al. 2007;). It often can be found occupying open, sandy spaces between shrubs, along sandy fire lanes, and between citrus groves<ref name="FSU"></ref><ref name="Palazzo">Palazzo, A.J., Hardy, S.E., Cary, T.J., and Bashore, T. 2007 A Review of the Growth Habits and Restoration Issues for Clitoria fragrans and Polygonella basiramia. US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research and Development Center.</ref>. Associated species include ''Quercus, Gordonia, Vitis, Pinus, Aristida stricta, Quercus laevis'' and ''Quercus incana''<ref name="FNAI"/><ref name="FSU"></ref>. |
===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | ''C. fragrans'' has both chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers <ref name="FWS"/> and has been observed to produce more cleistogamous flowers and fruit than chamogamous structures | + | ''C. fragrans'' has both chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers <ref name="FWS"/> and has been observed to produce more cleistogamous flowers and fruit than chamogamous structures<ref name="Lewis"></ref>. The chasmogamous flowers are lavender, with darker purplish lines and white throats<ref name="Native">[[http://hawthornhillwildflowers.blogspot.com/2015/06/fragrant-pigeonwings-clitoria-fragrans.html Native Florida Wildflowers]]Accessed: December 7, 2015</ref> and can be observed blooming May to June<ref name="FWS"/><ref name="FSU"></ref>. Cleistogamous flowers occur later in the summer through late September <ref name="FWS"/>. |
===Seed dispersal=== | ===Seed dispersal=== | ||
| − | It exhibits ballistic seed dispersal, this results in most of the new individuals coming from plants already established in the population | + | It exhibits ballistic seed dispersal, this results in most of the new individuals coming from plants already established in the population<ref name="Lewis"></ref>. The cleistogamous and chasmogamous seeds have been observed to not have morphological differences<ref name="Lewis"></ref>. Fruits are three sided achenes<ref name="Palazzo"></ref>. |
<!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | <!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | ||
===Fire ecology===<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology===<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | ''C. fragrans'' is found in pyrogenic habitats along the Lake Wales Ridge and has a long taproot to increase fire survival<ref name="Natureserve">[[http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Clitoria+fragrans NatureServe]] Accessed: December 7, 2015</ref>. Fire increases both flowering and population density in plants; however, it has been observed flowering in a site not burned for thirty years<ref name="FWS"/> | + | ''C. fragrans'' is found in pyrogenic habitats along the Lake Wales Ridge and has a long taproot to increase fire survival<ref name="Natureserve">[[http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Clitoria+fragrans NatureServe]] Accessed: December 7, 2015</ref>. Fire increases both flowering and population density in plants; however, it has been observed flowering in a site not burned for thirty years<ref name="FWS"/><ref name="Lewis"></ref>. Plants in long-unburned sites have been observed to rarely produce cleistogamous flowers<ref name="Palazzo"></ref>. Weekley and Menges (2003) observed a moderate resprouting response to fire.<ref>Weekley, C.S. and E.S. Menges. 2003a. Species and vegetation responses to prescribed fire in a longunburned, endemic-rich Lake Wales Ridge scrub. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 130(4):265-282.</ref> |
===Pollination=== | ===Pollination=== | ||
| − | The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of ''Clitoria fragrans'' at Archbold Biological Station | + | The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of ''Clitoria fragrans'' at Archbold Biological Station<ref>Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.</ref>: |
Megachilidae: ''Megachile petulans'' | Megachilidae: ''Megachile petulans'' | ||
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==Conservation and Management== | ==Conservation and Management== | ||
| − | ''C. fragrans'' is a federally threatened and endangered species in Florida. A major threat to the species is the conversion of habitat on the Lake Wales Ridge to agriculture and urbanization; this also leads to population fragmentation | + | ''C. fragrans'' is a federally threatened and endangered species in Florida. A major threat to the species is the conversion of habitat on the Lake Wales Ridge to agriculture and urbanization; this also leads to population fragmentation<ref name="Palazzo"></ref>. |
In order to prevent further population loss, prescribed fire is suggested<ref name="FNAI"/>. | In order to prevent further population loss, prescribed fire is suggested<ref name="FNAI"/>. | ||
| − | ==Photo Gallery== | + | <!--==Photo Gallery==--> |
<gallery widths=180px> | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
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Revision as of 15:58, 18 May 2016
| Clitoria fragrans | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by Shirley Denton (Copyrighted, use by photographer’s permission only), Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae ⁄ Leguminosae |
| Genus: | Clitoria |
| Species: | C. fragrans |
| Binomial name | |
| Clitoria fragrans Small | |
| |
| Natural range of Clitoria fragrans from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common name: sweetscented pigeonwings
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonym: Martiusia fragrans (Small) Small The Plant List.org
The common name, pigeon wings, is due to the flowers' bird-like appearance [1].
Description
C. fragrans is a perennial, erect, suffrutescent herb that is found in scrub and sandhill habitats along the Lake Wales Ridge[2][3]. It is distinguishable from other legumes by its non-twining habit, prominent stipules, three foliate leaves, and resupinate flowers[4][3]. It has both chasmogamous and cleistogamous fowers [1].
Distribution
It is endemic to the Lake Wales Ridge and is an endangered species in Florida [5]. The distribution of C. fragrans is limited by the rapidly disappearing scrub habitat due to agriculture and residential development[1].
Ecology
Habitat
C. fragrans can be found in the xeric soils of turkey oak scrubs and sandhills along the Lake Wales Ridge[2][6](Menges et al. 2007;). It often can be found occupying open, sandy spaces between shrubs, along sandy fire lanes, and between citrus groves[6][7]. Associated species include Quercus, Gordonia, Vitis, Pinus, Aristida stricta, Quercus laevis and Quercus incana[5][6].
Phenology
C. fragrans has both chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers [1] and has been observed to produce more cleistogamous flowers and fruit than chamogamous structures[3]. The chasmogamous flowers are lavender, with darker purplish lines and white throats[8] and can be observed blooming May to June[1][6]. Cleistogamous flowers occur later in the summer through late September [1].
Seed dispersal
It exhibits ballistic seed dispersal, this results in most of the new individuals coming from plants already established in the population[3]. The cleistogamous and chasmogamous seeds have been observed to not have morphological differences[3]. Fruits are three sided achenes[7].
Fire ecology
C. fragrans is found in pyrogenic habitats along the Lake Wales Ridge and has a long taproot to increase fire survival[9]. Fire increases both flowering and population density in plants; however, it has been observed flowering in a site not burned for thirty years[1][3]. Plants in long-unburned sites have been observed to rarely produce cleistogamous flowers[7]. Weekley and Menges (2003) observed a moderate resprouting response to fire.[10]
Pollination
The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of Clitoria fragrans at Archbold Biological Station[11]:
Megachilidae: Megachile petulans
Use by animals
C. fragrans is a host plant to the long-tailed skipper[8].
Conservation and Management
C. fragrans is a federally threatened and endangered species in Florida. A major threat to the species is the conversion of habitat on the Lake Wales Ridge to agriculture and urbanization; this also leads to population fragmentation[7].
In order to prevent further population loss, prescribed fire is suggested[5].
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 [FWS] Accessed: December 7, 2015
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Small, John K.. “A New Butterfly-pea from Florida.”. Torreya 26.3 (1926): 56–57.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Lewis, M.N. 2000. Life History and Reproductive Biology of Clitoria fragrans Relative to Fire History on the Avon Park Air Force Range. University of Central Florida.
- ↑ Frantz, P.R. 1977. A Monograph of the genus Clitoria (Leguminosae Glycineae) [Ph.D. dissertation]. Univ. Florida. pp. 696-705
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 [FNAI] Accessed: December 7, 2015
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: October 2015. Collectors: R.K. Godfrey, O. Lakela, Grady W. Reinert, John K. Small, Edgar T. Wherry. States and Counties: Florida: Highlands, Polk. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Palazzo, A.J., Hardy, S.E., Cary, T.J., and Bashore, T. 2007 A Review of the Growth Habits and Restoration Issues for Clitoria fragrans and Polygonella basiramia. US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research and Development Center.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 [Native Florida Wildflowers]Accessed: December 7, 2015
- ↑ [NatureServe] Accessed: December 7, 2015
- ↑ Weekley, C.S. and E.S. Menges. 2003a. Species and vegetation responses to prescribed fire in a longunburned, endemic-rich Lake Wales Ridge scrub. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 130(4):265-282.
- ↑ Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.
