http://coastalplainplants.org/wiki/index.php?title=Centrosema_virginianum&feed=atom&action=historyCentrosema virginianum - Revision history2024-03-29T10:07:21ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.31.3http://coastalplainplants.org/wiki/index.php?title=Centrosema_virginianum&diff=100182&oldid=prevDduncan: /* Taxonomic notes */2023-05-22T19:42:11Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Taxonomic notes</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Synonyms: ''Bradburya virginiana'' (Linnaeus) Kuntze<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref>  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Synonyms: ''Bradburya virginiana'' (Linnaeus) Kuntze<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref>  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Varieties: ''Centrosema virginianum<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;; </del>var. ''angustifolium'' (A.P. de Candolle) Grisebach; ''C. virginianum'' var. ''ellipticum'' Fernald; ''C. virginianum'' var. ''virginianum''<ref name=weakley/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Varieties: ''Centrosema virginianum<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </ins>var. ''angustifolium'' (A.P. de Candolle) Grisebach; ''C. virginianum'' var. ''ellipticum'' Fernald; ''C. virginianum'' var. ''virginianum''<ref name=weakley/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description==<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description==<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->  </div></td></tr>
</table>Dduncanhttp://coastalplainplants.org/wiki/index.php?title=Centrosema_virginianum&diff=100181&oldid=prevDduncan: /* Taxonomic notes */2023-05-22T19:41:37Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Taxonomic notes</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:41, 22 May 2023</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Common name: Spurred butterfly pea</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Common name: Spurred butterfly pea</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Taxonomic notes==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Taxonomic notes==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Synonyms: ''Bradburya virginiana'' (Linnaeus) Kuntze<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del><ref name=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</del>weakley<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</del>>Weakley, A.S. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2015</del>. Flora of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">southern and mid-atlantic states</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Working Draft </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">21 May 2015</del>. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Synonyms: ''Bradburya virginiana'' (Linnaeus) Kuntze<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2020</ins>. Flora of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Southeastern United States</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Edition </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">20 October 2020</ins>. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref>  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Varieties: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">none</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name="weakley">Weakley, </del>A.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">S</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2015</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Working Draft of 21 May 2015</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina</del>.</<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ref</del>></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Varieties: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''Centrosema virginianum;; var</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''angustifolium'' (</ins>A.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">P</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">de Candolle) Grisebach; ''C</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">virginianum'' var</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''ellipticum'' Fernald; ''C</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">virginianum'' var</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''virginianum''</ins><<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ref name=weakley</ins>/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description==<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description==<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->  </div></td></tr>
</table>Dduncanhttp://coastalplainplants.org/wiki/index.php?title=Centrosema_virginianum&diff=95867&oldid=prevHaleighJoM: /* Ecology */2022-06-21T20:20:05Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Ecology</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:20, 21 June 2022</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Associated species includes Blackberry Bramble, turkey oak, longleaf pine, ''Galactia, Strophostyles, Smilax, Penstemon, Lechea, Chrysopsis, Brumelia, Centrosema, Euphorbia, Cassia, [[Serenoa repens]], [[Quercus incana]], [[Quercus chapmanii]], Diospyros, Aristida, Andropogon,'' bahia grass, ''Rubus,'' cloverleaf, ''[[Pinus taeda]], [[Liquidambar styraciflua]]'', and others.<ref name="fsu"/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Associated species includes Blackberry Bramble, turkey oak, longleaf pine, ''Galactia, Strophostyles, Smilax, Penstemon, Lechea, Chrysopsis, Brumelia, Centrosema, Euphorbia, Cassia, [[Serenoa repens]], [[Quercus incana]], [[Quercus chapmanii]], Diospyros, Aristida, Andropogon,'' bahia grass, ''Rubus,'' cloverleaf, ''[[Pinus taeda]], [[Liquidambar styraciflua]]'', and others.<ref name="fsu"/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, seed dispersal</del>, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''C. virginianum'' has been observed flowering between April and October, with peak  inflorescence in June and July, and fruits primarily in June thorugh September.<ref name="fsu"/><ref>Nelson, G.  [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/  Accessed: 7 DEC 2016</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''C. virginianum'' has been observed flowering between April and October, with peak  inflorescence in June and July, and fruits primarily in June thorugh September.<ref name="fsu"/><ref>Nelson, G.  [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/  Accessed: 7 DEC 2016</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Additionally, the peak flowering activity occurred earliest after instances without fire (216.7 Julian) and occurred later after a late winter/early spring burn (231.0 Julian) and after a lightning-season burn (246.0 Julian).<ref>Hiers, J. K., et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.</ref> ''C. virginianum''  has a mid-summer flowering peak<ref name="hiers2003"/> and was found to respond the best to March burns with respect to annual tissue inputs as well as nitrogen contribution.<ref name="hiers2003"/> One study found no evidence that increased flowering affects nitrogen-fixing capability.<ref name="hiers2003"/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Additionally, the peak flowering activity occurred earliest after instances without fire (216.7 Julian) and occurred later after a late winter/early spring burn (231.0 Julian) and after a lightning-season burn (246.0 Julian).<ref>Hiers, J. K., et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.</ref> ''C. virginianum''  has a mid-summer flowering peak<ref name="hiers2003"/> and was found to respond the best to March burns with respect to annual tissue inputs as well as nitrogen contribution.<ref name="hiers2003"/> One study found no evidence that increased flowering affects nitrogen-fixing capability.<ref name="hiers2003"/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Pollination and use by animals</del>===  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Pollinations</ins>===  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The flower of ''Centrosema virginianum'' is highly specialized for pollination by large Hymenoptera.<ref name="spears">Spears, Jr. E. E. 1987. Island and mainland pollination ecology of ''Centrosema virginianum'' and ''Opuntia stricta''. J. Ecol. 75: 351-362.</ref> It requires bees for pollination to "trip" the pollen delivery mechanism. Pollinator-plant relationships appear to be robust to alteration in flowering phenology resulting from variation in season of burn.<ref name="hiers2003"/>''Bombus pennsylvanicus'' was observed feeding and collecting pollen.<ref>Godts J.E. 1990 The Upside-Down Flower Palmetto 10(4):3</ref> Because ''C. virginianum'' is a legume, and legumes are high in protein and mineral content, a number of herbivores including but not limited to ''Gopherus polyphemus'', white-tailed deer, and bob-white quail, consume it.<ref name="hainds"/> One study found that it is a significantly important plant in 1-year and 2-years stands for the bobwhite quail diet.<ref name= "Sweeney">Sweeney, J. M., et al. (1981). Bobwhite quail food in young Arkansas loblolly pine plantations. Arkansas Experiment Station bulletin 852. Fayetteville, AR, University of Arkansas, Divisionn of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station.</ref> It averages to be about 10-25% of the diet for large mammals and terrestrial birds.<ref name= "Miller">Miller, J.H., and K.V. Miller. 1999. Forest plants of the southeast and their wildlife uses. Southern Weed Science Society.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The flower of ''Centrosema virginianum'' is highly specialized for pollination by large Hymenoptera.<ref name="spears">Spears, Jr. E. E. 1987. Island and mainland pollination ecology of ''Centrosema virginianum'' and ''Opuntia stricta''. J. Ecol. 75: 351-362.</ref> It requires bees for pollination to "trip" the pollen delivery mechanism. Pollinator-plant relationships appear to be robust to alteration in flowering phenology resulting from variation in season of burn.<ref name="hiers2003"/>''Bombus pennsylvanicus'' was observed feeding and collecting pollen.<ref>Godts J.E. 1990 The Upside-Down Flower Palmetto 10(4):3</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===Herbivory and toxicology===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because ''C. virginianum'' is a legume, and legumes are high in protein and mineral content, a number of herbivores including but not limited to ''Gopherus polyphemus'', white-tailed deer, and bob-white quail, consume it.<ref name="hainds"/> One study found that it is a significantly important plant in 1-year and 2-years stands for the bobwhite quail diet.<ref name= "Sweeney">Sweeney, J. M., et al. (1981). Bobwhite quail food in young Arkansas loblolly pine plantations. Arkansas Experiment Station bulletin 852. Fayetteville, AR, University of Arkansas, Divisionn of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station.</ref> It averages to be about 10-25% of the diet for large mammals and terrestrial birds.<ref name= "Miller">Miller, J.H., and K.V. Miller. 1999. Forest plants of the southeast and their wildlife uses. Southern Weed Science Society.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Diseases and parasites===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Diseases and parasites===</div></td></tr>
</table>HaleighJoMhttp://coastalplainplants.org/wiki/index.php?title=Centrosema_virginianum&diff=95626&oldid=prevGprintiss at 19:57, 16 August 20212021-08-16T19:57:13Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''C. virginianum'' is found in a wide range of natural and disturbed conditions, including frequently burned sandhills, upland longleaf-wiregrass and old-field pinelands<ref name="hainds"/><ref name="cushwa">Cushwa, C. T. (1966). The response of herbaceous vegetation to prescribed burning. Asheville, USDA Forest Service.</ref> and flatwoods, coastal island dunes and shorelines, open areas within mangrove swamps, wooded floodplains and edges of hardwood forests, bogs, and loblolly pine communities.<ref name="cushwa"/><ref name="hainds"/> ''C. virginianum'' is a characteristic species of the shortleaf pine-oak-hickory community.<ref name= "Clewell">Clewell, A. F. (2013). "Prior prevalence of shortleaf pine-oak-hickory woodlands in the Tallahassee red hills." Castanea 78(4): 266-276.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''C. virginianum'' is found in a wide range of natural and disturbed conditions, including frequently burned sandhills, upland longleaf-wiregrass and old-field pinelands<ref name="hainds"/><ref name="cushwa">Cushwa, C. T. (1966). The response of herbaceous vegetation to prescribed burning. Asheville, USDA Forest Service.</ref> and flatwoods, coastal island dunes and shorelines, open areas within mangrove swamps, wooded floodplains and edges of hardwood forests, bogs, and loblolly pine communities.<ref name="cushwa"/><ref name="hainds"/> ''C. virginianum'' is a characteristic species of the shortleaf pine-oak-hickory community.<ref name= "Clewell">Clewell, A. F. (2013). "Prior prevalence of shortleaf pine-oak-hickory woodlands in the Tallahassee red hills." Castanea 78(4): 266-276.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This species is tolerant of overstory canopies that decrease the light level to about half the ambient (i.e., it can live in partially shaded areas and its nitrogen-fixing capability won't be significantly affected).<ref name="cathey"/> It can grow highly disturbed areas, but it is ubiquitous in high quality native longleaf pine uplands and sandhills, occurring in soil types ranging from deep sands (Entisols) to sandy loams (Ultisols). ''C. virginianum'' increased its occurrence in response to soil disturbance by agriculture in the coastal plains of South Carolina. It has also shown regrowth in reestablished longleaf pine woodlands that were disturbed by agricultural practices, making it an indicator species of post-agricultural woodland.<ref>Brudvig, L.A. and E.I. Damchen. (2011). Land-use history, historical connectivity, and land management interact to determine longleaf pine woodland understory richness and composition. Ecography 34: 257-266.</ref><ref>Brudvig, L.A., E Grman, C.W. Habeck, and J.A. Ledvina. (2013). Strong legacy of agricultural land use on soils and understory plant communities in longleaf pine woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management 310: 944-955.</ref> It does not respond to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests.<ref>Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This species is tolerant of overstory canopies that decrease the light level to about half the ambient (i.e., it can live in partially shaded areas and its nitrogen-fixing capability won't be significantly affected).<ref name="cathey"/> It can grow highly disturbed areas, but it is ubiquitous in high quality native longleaf pine uplands and sandhills, occurring in soil types ranging from deep sands (Entisols) to sandy loams (Ultisols). <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A study exploring longleaf pine patch dynamics found ''C. virginianum'' to be most strongly represented within stands of longleaf pine that are between 90-250 years of age.<ref>Mugnani et al. (2019). “Longleaf Pine Patch Dynamics Influence Ground-Layer Vegetation in Old-Growth Pine Savanna”.</ref> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''C. virginianum'' increased its occurrence in response to soil disturbance by agriculture in the coastal plains of South Carolina. It has also shown regrowth in reestablished longleaf pine woodlands that were disturbed by agricultural practices, making it an indicator species of post-agricultural woodland.<ref>Brudvig, L.A. and E.I. Damchen. (2011). Land-use history, historical connectivity, and land management interact to determine longleaf pine woodland understory richness and composition. Ecography 34: 257-266.</ref><ref>Brudvig, L.A., E Grman, C.W. Habeck, and J.A. Ledvina. (2013). Strong legacy of agricultural land use on soils and understory plant communities in longleaf pine woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management 310: 944-955.</ref> It does not respond to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests.<ref>Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Associated species includes Blackberry Bramble, turkey oak, longleaf pine, ''Galactia, Strophostyles, Smilax, Penstemon, Lechea, Chrysopsis, Brumelia, Centrosema, Euphorbia, Cassia, [[Serenoa repens]], [[Quercus incana]], [[Quercus chapmanii]], Diospyros, Aristida, Andropogon,'' bahia grass, ''Rubus,'' cloverleaf, ''[[Pinus taeda]], [[Liquidambar styraciflua]]'', and others.<ref name="fsu"/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Associated species includes Blackberry Bramble, turkey oak, longleaf pine, ''Galactia, Strophostyles, Smilax, Penstemon, Lechea, Chrysopsis, Brumelia, Centrosema, Euphorbia, Cassia, [[Serenoa repens]], [[Quercus incana]], [[Quercus chapmanii]], Diospyros, Aristida, Andropogon,'' bahia grass, ''Rubus,'' cloverleaf, ''[[Pinus taeda]], [[Liquidambar styraciflua]]'', and others.<ref name="fsu"/></div></td></tr>
</table>Gprintisshttp://coastalplainplants.org/wiki/index.php?title=Centrosema_virginianum&diff=95303&oldid=prevMtimms at 19:27, 23 July 20212021-07-23T19:27:37Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:27, 23 July 2021</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Fire ecology===<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Fire ecology===<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''C. virginianum'' has been found to thrive under fire.<ref name="cushwa"/> Hendricks observed that the Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge plots, which had been under a 4-year burning regime since 1966, each contained more than 10 times more ''C. virginianum'' individuals per hectare than the Oconee National Forest plots, which had no burning history.<ref name="hendricks">Hendricks, J. J. and L. R. Boring (1999). "N2-fixation by native herbaceous legumes in burned pine ecosystems of the southeastern United States." Forest Ecology and Management 113: 167-177.</ref> Additionally, populations of ''Centrosema virginianum'' have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.<ref>Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref><ref><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Platt</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">W</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">J</del>., R. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Carter</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">G</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Nelson, W</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Baker</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">S</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Hermann, J</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Kane, L</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Anderson, </del>M. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Smith, K</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Robertson. 2021</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia</del>.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''C. virginianum'' has been found to thrive under fire.<ref name="cushwa"/> Hendricks observed that the Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge plots, which had been under a 4-year burning regime since 1966, each contained more than 10 times more ''C. virginianum'' individuals per hectare than the Oconee National Forest plots, which had no burning history.<ref name="hendricks">Hendricks, J. J. and L. R. Boring (1999). "N2-fixation by native herbaceous legumes in burned pine ecosystems of the southeastern United States." Forest Ecology and Management 113: 167-177.</ref> Additionally, populations of ''Centrosema virginianum'' have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.<ref>Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref><ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Glitzenstein</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">J</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">S</ins>., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">D. </ins>R. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Streng</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">R</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">E</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Masters</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">K</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">M</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Robertson and S</ins>. M. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Hermann 2012</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fire-frequency effects on vegetation in north Florida pinelands: Another look at the long-term Stoddard Fire Research Plots at Tall Timbers Research Station</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Forest Ecology and Management 264: 197</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">209</ins>.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Seasonal burning does not seem to negatively affect nitrogen fixation<ref name="hiers2003">Hiers, J. K., R. J. Mitchell, et al. (2003). "Legumes native to longleaf pine savannas exhibit capacity for high N2-fixation rates and negligible impacts due to timing of fire." New Phytologist 157: 327-338</ref>; a study describing the effects of a seasonal fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas found that ''C. virginianum'' produces the greatest number of flowers after instances without fire (6.8) and decreases after a late winter/early spring burn (5.7) and after a lightning-season burn (3.9).<ref>Hiers, J. K., et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.</ref> The study also found that the duration of synchronous flowering was greatest after instances without fire (73.0 days) and decreased after a late winter/early spring burn (67.3 days) and after a lightning-season burn (42.7 days).<ref>Hiers, J. K., et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.</ref>  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Seasonal burning does not seem to negatively affect nitrogen fixation<ref name="hiers2003">Hiers, J. K., R. J. Mitchell, et al. (2003). "Legumes native to longleaf pine savannas exhibit capacity for high N2-fixation rates and negligible impacts due to timing of fire." New Phytologist 157: 327-338</ref>; a study describing the effects of a seasonal fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas found that ''C. virginianum'' produces the greatest number of flowers after instances without fire (6.8) and decreases after a late winter/early spring burn (5.7) and after a lightning-season burn (3.9).<ref>Hiers, J. K., et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.</ref> The study also found that the duration of synchronous flowering was greatest after instances without fire (73.0 days) and decreased after a late winter/early spring burn (67.3 days) and after a lightning-season burn (42.7 days).<ref>Hiers, J. K., et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.</ref>  </div></td></tr>
</table>Mtimmshttp://coastalplainplants.org/wiki/index.php?title=Centrosema_virginianum&diff=95144&oldid=prevMtimms at 18:48, 22 July 20212021-07-22T18:48:14Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Fire ecology===<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Fire ecology===<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''C. virginianum'' has been found to thrive under fire.<ref name="cushwa"/> Hendricks observed that the Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge plots, which had been under a 4-year burning regime since 1966, each contained more than 10 times more ''C. virginianum'' individuals per hectare than the Oconee National Forest plots, which had no burning history.<ref name="hendricks">Hendricks, J. J. and L. R. Boring (1999). "N2-fixation by native herbaceous legumes in burned pine ecosystems of the southeastern United States." Forest Ecology and Management 113: 167-177.</ref> Additionally, populations of ''Centrosema virginianum'' have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.<ref>Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''C. virginianum'' has been found to thrive under fire.<ref name="cushwa"/> Hendricks observed that the Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge plots, which had been under a 4-year burning regime since 1966, each contained more than 10 times more ''C. virginianum'' individuals per hectare than the Oconee National Forest plots, which had no burning history.<ref name="hendricks">Hendricks, J. J. and L. R. Boring (1999). "N2-fixation by native herbaceous legumes in burned pine ecosystems of the southeastern United States." Forest Ecology and Management 113: 167-177.</ref> Additionally, populations of ''Centrosema virginianum'' have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.<ref>Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref><ref>Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna</ins>, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Seasonal burning does not seem to negatively affect nitrogen fixation<ref name="hiers2003">Hiers, J. K., R. J. Mitchell, et al. (2003). "Legumes native to longleaf pine savannas exhibit capacity for high N2-fixation rates and negligible impacts due to timing of fire." New Phytologist 157: 327-338</ref>; a study describing the effects of a seasonal fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas found that ''C. virginianum'' produces the greatest number of flowers after instances without fire (6.8) and decreases after a late winter/early spring burn (5.7) and after a lightning-season burn (3.9).<ref>Hiers, J. K., et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.</ref> The study also found that the duration of synchronous flowering was greatest after instances without fire (73.0 days) and decreased after a late winter/early spring burn (67.3 days) and after a lightning-season burn (42.7 days).<ref>Hiers, J. K., et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.</ref>  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Seasonal burning does not seem to negatively affect nitrogen fixation<ref name="hiers2003">Hiers, J. K., R. J. Mitchell, et al. (2003). "Legumes native to longleaf pine savannas exhibit capacity for high N2-fixation rates and negligible impacts due to timing of fire." New Phytologist 157: 327-338</ref>; a study describing the effects of a seasonal fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas found that ''C. virginianum'' produces the greatest number of flowers after instances without fire (6.8) and decreases after a late winter/early spring burn (5.7) and after a lightning-season burn (3.9).<ref>Hiers, J. K., et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.</ref> The study also found that the duration of synchronous flowering was greatest after instances without fire (73.0 days) and decreased after a late winter/early spring burn (67.3 days) and after a lightning-season burn (42.7 days).<ref>Hiers, J. K., et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.</ref>  </div></td></tr>
</table>Mtimmshttp://coastalplainplants.org/wiki/index.php?title=Centrosema_virginianum&diff=94962&oldid=prevMtimms at 19:23, 19 July 20212021-07-19T19:23:42Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Fire ecology===<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Fire ecology===<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''C. virginianum'' has been found to thrive under fire.<ref name="cushwa"/> Hendricks observed that the Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge plots, which had been under a 4-year burning regime since 1966, each contained more than 10 times more ''C. virginianum'' individuals per hectare than the Oconee National Forest plots, which had no burning history.<ref name="hendricks">Hendricks, J. J. and L. R. Boring (1999). "N2-fixation by native herbaceous legumes in burned pine ecosystems of the southeastern United States." Forest Ecology and Management 113: 167-177.</ref>  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''C. virginianum'' has been found to thrive under fire.<ref name="cushwa"/> Hendricks observed that the Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge plots, which had been under a 4-year burning regime since 1966, each contained more than 10 times more ''C. virginianum'' individuals per hectare than the Oconee National Forest plots, which had no burning history.<ref name="hendricks">Hendricks, J. J. and L. R. Boring (1999). "N2-fixation by native herbaceous legumes in burned pine ecosystems of the southeastern United States." Forest Ecology and Management 113: 167-177<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ref> Additionally, populations of ''Centrosema virginianum'' have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.<ref>Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia</ins>.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Seasonal burning does not seem to negatively affect nitrogen fixation<ref name="hiers2003">Hiers, J. K., R. J. Mitchell, et al. (2003). "Legumes native to longleaf pine savannas exhibit capacity for high N2-fixation rates and negligible impacts due to timing of fire." New Phytologist 157: 327-338</ref>; a study describing the effects of a seasonal fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas found that ''C. virginianum'' produces the greatest number of flowers after instances without fire (6.8) and decreases after a late winter/early spring burn (5.7) and after a lightning-season burn (3.9).<ref>Hiers, J. K., et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.</ref> The study also found that the duration of synchronous flowering was greatest after instances without fire (73.0 days) and decreased after a late winter/early spring burn (67.3 days) and after a lightning-season burn (42.7 days).<ref>Hiers, J. K., et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.</ref>  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Seasonal burning does not seem to negatively affect nitrogen fixation<ref name="hiers2003">Hiers, J. K., R. J. Mitchell, et al. (2003). "Legumes native to longleaf pine savannas exhibit capacity for high N2-fixation rates and negligible impacts due to timing of fire." New Phytologist 157: 327-338</ref>; a study describing the effects of a seasonal fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas found that ''C. virginianum'' produces the greatest number of flowers after instances without fire (6.8) and decreases after a late winter/early spring burn (5.7) and after a lightning-season burn (3.9).<ref>Hiers, J. K., et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.</ref> The study also found that the duration of synchronous flowering was greatest after instances without fire (73.0 days) and decreased after a late winter/early spring burn (67.3 days) and after a lightning-season burn (42.7 days).<ref>Hiers, J. K., et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.</ref>  </div></td></tr>
</table>Mtimmshttp://coastalplainplants.org/wiki/index.php?title=Centrosema_virginianum&diff=94542&oldid=prevMtimms at 19:06, 23 June 20212021-06-23T19:06:02Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:06, 23 June 2021</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l51" >Line 51:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Fire ecology===<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Fire ecology===<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''C. virginianum'' has been found to thrive under fire.<ref name="cushwa"/> Hendricks observed that the Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge plots, which had been under a 4-year burning regime since 1966, each contained more than 10 times more ''C. virginianum'' individuals per <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ha </del>than the Oconee National Forest plots, which had no burning history.<ref name="hendricks">Hendricks, J. J. and L. R. Boring (1999). "N2-fixation by native herbaceous legumes in burned pine ecosystems of the southeastern United States." Forest Ecology and Management 113: 167-177.</ref> Seasonal burning does not seem to negatively affect nitrogen fixation<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del><ref name="hiers2003">Hiers, J. K., R. J. Mitchell, et al. (2003). "Legumes native to longleaf pine savannas exhibit capacity for high N2-fixation rates and negligible impacts due to timing of fire." New Phytologist 157: 327-338</ref> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A </del>study describing the effects of a seasonal fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas found that ''C. virginianum'' produces the greatest number of flowers after instances without fire (6.8) and decreases after a late winter/early spring burn (5.7) and after a lightning-season burn (3.9).<ref>Hiers, J. K., et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.</ref> The study also found that the duration of synchronous flowering was greatest after instances without fire (73.0 days) and decreased after a late winter/early spring burn (67.3 days) and after a lightning-season burn (42.7 days).<ref>Hiers, J. K., et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.</ref> Additionally, the peak flowering activity occurred earliest after instances without fire (216.7 Julian) and occurred later after a late winter/early spring burn (231.0 Julian) and after a lightning-season burn (246.0 Julian).<ref>Hiers, J. K., et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.</ref> ''C. virginianum''  has a mid-summer flowering peak<ref name="hiers2003"/> and was found to respond the best to March burns with respect to annual tissue inputs as well as nitrogen contribution.<ref name="hiers2003"/> One study found no evidence that increased flowering affects nitrogen-fixing capability.<ref name="hiers2003"/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''C. virginianum'' has been found to thrive under fire.<ref name="cushwa"/> Hendricks observed that the Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge plots, which had been under a 4-year burning regime since 1966, each contained more than 10 times more ''C. virginianum'' individuals per <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hectare </ins>than the Oconee National Forest plots, which had no burning history.<ref name="hendricks">Hendricks, J. J. and L. R. Boring (1999). "N2-fixation by native herbaceous legumes in burned pine ecosystems of the southeastern United States." Forest Ecology and Management 113: 167-177.</ref>  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Seasonal burning does not seem to negatively affect nitrogen fixation<ref name="hiers2003">Hiers, J. K., R. J. Mitchell, et al. (2003). "Legumes native to longleaf pine savannas exhibit capacity for high N2-fixation rates and negligible impacts due to timing of fire." New Phytologist 157: 327-338</ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; a </ins>study describing the effects of a seasonal fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas found that ''C. virginianum'' produces the greatest number of flowers after instances without fire (6.8) and decreases after a late winter/early spring burn (5.7) and after a lightning-season burn (3.9).<ref>Hiers, J. K., et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.</ref> The study also found that the duration of synchronous flowering was greatest after instances without fire (73.0 days) and decreased after a late winter/early spring burn (67.3 days) and after a lightning-season burn (42.7 days).<ref>Hiers, J. K., et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.</ref>  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Additionally, the peak flowering activity occurred earliest after instances without fire (216.7 Julian) and occurred later after a late winter/early spring burn (231.0 Julian) and after a lightning-season burn (246.0 Julian).<ref>Hiers, J. K., et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.</ref> ''C. virginianum''  has a mid-summer flowering peak<ref name="hiers2003"/> and was found to respond the best to March burns with respect to annual tissue inputs as well as nitrogen contribution.<ref name="hiers2003"/> One study found no evidence that increased flowering affects nitrogen-fixing capability.<ref name="hiers2003"/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Pollination and use by animals===  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Pollination and use by animals===  </div></td></tr>
</table>Mtimmshttp://coastalplainplants.org/wiki/index.php?title=Centrosema_virginianum&diff=94540&oldid=prevMtimms at 19:03, 23 June 20212021-06-23T19:03:07Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:03, 23 June 2021</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l35" >Line 35:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Centrosema virginianum'' is a legume with one of the highest nitrogen-fixing potentials.<ref name="cathey">Cathey, S. E., L. R. Boring, et al. (2010). "Assessment of N2 fixation capability of native legumes from the longleaf pine-wiregrass ecosystem." Environmental and Experimental Botany 67: 444-450.</ref> Because of this, it may be able to help restore N lost from fire.<ref name="hainds">Hainds, M. J., R. J. Mitchell, et al. (1999). "Distribution of native legumes (Leguminoseae) in frequently burned longleaf pine (Pinaceae)-wiregrass (Poaceae) ecosystems." American Journal of Botany 86: 1606-1614.</ref> By mid-season in June and July, a maximum nitrogen-fixing rate was observed.<ref name="cathey"/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Centrosema virginianum'' is a legume with one of the highest nitrogen-fixing potentials.<ref name="cathey">Cathey, S. E., L. R. Boring, et al. (2010). "Assessment of N2 fixation capability of native legumes from the longleaf pine-wiregrass ecosystem." Environmental and Experimental Botany 67: 444-450.</ref> Because of this, it may be able to help restore N lost from fire.<ref name="hainds">Hainds, M. J., R. J. Mitchell, et al. (1999). "Distribution of native legumes (Leguminoseae) in frequently burned longleaf pine (Pinaceae)-wiregrass (Poaceae) ecosystems." American Journal of Botany 86: 1606-1614.</ref> By mid-season in June and July, a maximum nitrogen-fixing rate was observed.<ref name="cathey"/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Habitat===<!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Habitat===<!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">It </del>is found in a wide range of natural and disturbed conditions, including frequently burned sandhills, upland longleaf-wiregrass and old-field pinelands<ref name="hainds"/><ref name="cushwa">Cushwa, C. T. (1966). The response of herbaceous vegetation to prescribed burning. Asheville, USDA Forest Service.</ref> and flatwoods, coastal island dunes and shorelines, open areas within mangrove swamps, wooded floodplains and edges of hardwood forests, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">bogs .  It can be found in </del>loblolly pine communities.<ref name="cushwa"/> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">It can also be found in longleaf pine-wiregrass communities.</del><ref name="hainds"/> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">As well, </del>''C. virginianum'' is a characteristic species of the shortleaf pine-oak-hickory community.<ref name= "Clewell">Clewell, A. F. (2013). "Prior prevalence of shortleaf pine-oak-hickory woodlands in the Tallahassee red hills." Castanea 78(4): 266-276<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ref> It is tolerant of overstory canopies that decrease the light level to about half the ambient (i.e., it can live in partially shaded areas and its nitrogen-fixing capability won't be significantly affected).<ref name="cathey"/> It grows in highly disturbed areas, but it is also ubiquitous in high quality native longleaf pine uplands and sandhills. It occurs in soils ranging from deep sands (Entisols) to sandy loams (Ultisols). ''C. virginianum'' increased its occurrence in response to soil disturbance by agriculture in the coastal plains of South Carolina. It has also shown regrowth in reestablished longleaf pine woodlands that were disturbed by agricultural practices, making it an indicator species of post-agricultural woodland.<ref>Brudvig, L.A. and E.I. Damchen. (2011). Land-use history, historical connectivity, and land management interact to determine longleaf pine woodland understory richness and composition. Ecography 34: 257-266.</ref><ref>Brudvig, L.A., E Grman, C.W. Habeck, and J.A. Ledvina. (2013). Strong legacy of agricultural land use on soils and understory plant communities in longleaf pine woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management 310: 944-955.</ref> It does not respond to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests.<ref>Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218</del>.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''C. virginianum'' </ins>is found in a wide range of natural and disturbed conditions, including frequently burned sandhills, upland longleaf-wiregrass and old-field pinelands<ref name="hainds"/><ref name="cushwa">Cushwa, C. T. (1966). The response of herbaceous vegetation to prescribed burning. Asheville, USDA Forest Service.</ref> and flatwoods, coastal island dunes and shorelines, open areas within mangrove swamps, wooded floodplains and edges of hardwood forests<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, bogs</ins>, and loblolly pine communities.<ref name="cushwa"/><ref name="hainds"/> ''C. virginianum'' is a characteristic species of the shortleaf pine-oak-hickory community.<ref name= "Clewell">Clewell, A. F. (2013). "Prior prevalence of shortleaf pine-oak-hickory woodlands in the Tallahassee red hills." Castanea 78(4): 266-276.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Associated species includes Blackberry Bramble, turkey oak, longleaf pine, ''Galactia, Strophostyles, Smilax, Penstemon, Lechea, Chrysopsis, Brumelia, Centrosema, Euphorbia, Cassia, Serenoa repens, Quercus incana, Quercus chapmanii, Diospyros, Aristida, Andropogon,'' bahia grass, ''Rubus,'' cloverleaf, ''Pinus taeda, Liquidambar styraciflua'', and others.<ref name="fsu"/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This species is tolerant of overstory canopies that decrease the light level to about half the ambient (i.e., it can live in partially shaded areas and its nitrogen-fixing capability won't be significantly affected).<ref name="cathey"/> It can grow highly disturbed areas, but it is ubiquitous in high quality native longleaf pine uplands and sandhills, occurring in soil types ranging from deep sands (Entisols) to sandy loams (Ultisols). ''C. virginianum'' increased its occurrence in response to soil disturbance by agriculture in the coastal plains of South Carolina. It has also shown regrowth in reestablished longleaf pine woodlands that were disturbed by agricultural practices, making it an indicator species of post-agricultural woodland.<ref>Brudvig, L.A. and E.I. Damchen. (2011). Land-use history, historical connectivity, and land management interact to determine longleaf pine woodland understory richness and composition. Ecography 34: 257-266.</ref><ref>Brudvig, L.A., E Grman, C.W. Habeck, and J.A. Ledvina. (2013). Strong legacy of agricultural land use on soils and understory plant communities in longleaf pine woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management 310: 944-955.</ref> It does not respond to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests.<ref>Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Associated species includes Blackberry Bramble, turkey oak, longleaf pine, ''Galactia, Strophostyles, Smilax, Penstemon, Lechea, Chrysopsis, Brumelia, Centrosema, Euphorbia, Cassia, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Serenoa repens<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Quercus incana<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Quercus chapmanii<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>, Diospyros, Aristida, Andropogon,'' bahia grass, ''Rubus,'' cloverleaf, ''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Pinus taeda<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Liquidambar styraciflua<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>'', and others.<ref name="fsu"/></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->  </div></td></tr>
</table>Mtimmshttp://coastalplainplants.org/wiki/index.php?title=Centrosema_virginianum&diff=94538&oldid=prevMtimms: /* Ecology */2021-06-23T18:58:57Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Ecology</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:58, 23 June 2021</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">It </del>is a legume <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">that has </del>one of the highest nitrogen-fixing potentials.<ref name="cathey">Cathey, S. E., L. R. Boring, et al. (2010). "Assessment of N2 fixation capability of native legumes from the longleaf pine-wiregrass ecosystem." Environmental and Experimental Botany 67: 444-450.</ref> Because of this, it may be able to help restore N lost from fire.<ref name="hainds">Hainds, M. J., R. J. Mitchell, et al. (1999). "Distribution of native legumes (Leguminoseae) in frequently burned longleaf pine (Pinaceae)-wiregrass (Poaceae) ecosystems." American Journal of Botany 86: 1606-1614.</ref> By mid-season in June and July, a maximum nitrogen-fixing rate was observed.<ref name="cathey"/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''Centrosema virginianum'' </ins>is a legume <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">with </ins>one of the highest nitrogen-fixing potentials.<ref name="cathey">Cathey, S. E., L. R. Boring, et al. (2010). "Assessment of N2 fixation capability of native legumes from the longleaf pine-wiregrass ecosystem." Environmental and Experimental Botany 67: 444-450.</ref> Because of this, it may be able to help restore N lost from fire.<ref name="hainds">Hainds, M. J., R. J. Mitchell, et al. (1999). "Distribution of native legumes (Leguminoseae) in frequently burned longleaf pine (Pinaceae)-wiregrass (Poaceae) ecosystems." American Journal of Botany 86: 1606-1614.</ref> By mid-season in June and July, a maximum nitrogen-fixing rate was observed.<ref name="cathey"/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Habitat===<!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Habitat===<!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is found in a wide range of natural and disturbed conditions, including frequently burned sandhills, upland longleaf-wiregrass and old-field pinelands<ref name="hainds"/><ref name="cushwa">Cushwa, C. T. (1966). The response of herbaceous vegetation to prescribed burning. Asheville, USDA Forest Service.</ref> and flatwoods, coastal island dunes and shorelines, open areas within mangrove swamps, wooded floodplains and edges of hardwood forests, and bogs .  It can be found in loblolly pine communities.<ref name="cushwa"/> It can also be found in longleaf pine-wiregrass communities.<ref name="hainds"/> As well, ''C. virginianum'' is a characteristic species of the shortleaf pine-oak-hickory community.<ref name= "Clewell">Clewell, A. F. (2013). "Prior prevalence of shortleaf pine-oak-hickory woodlands in the Tallahassee red hills." Castanea 78(4): 266-276.</ref> It is tolerant of overstory canopies that decrease the light level to about half the ambient (i.e., it can live in partially shaded areas and its nitrogen-fixing capability won't be significantly affected).<ref name="cathey"/> It grows in highly disturbed areas, but it is also ubiquitous in high quality native longleaf pine uplands and sandhills. It occurs in soils ranging from deep sands (Entisols) to sandy loams (Ultisols). ''C. virginianum'' increased its occurrence in response to soil disturbance by agriculture in the coastal plains of South Carolina. It has also shown regrowth in reestablished longleaf pine woodlands that were disturbed by agricultural practices, making it an indicator species of post-agricultural woodland.<ref>Brudvig, L.A. and E.I. Damchen. (2011). Land-use history, historical connectivity, and land management interact to determine longleaf pine woodland understory richness and composition. Ecography 34: 257-266.</ref><ref>Brudvig, L.A., E Grman, C.W. Habeck, and J.A. Ledvina. (2013). Strong legacy of agricultural land use on soils and understory plant communities in longleaf pine woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management 310: 944-955.</ref> It does not respond to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests.<ref>Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is found in a wide range of natural and disturbed conditions, including frequently burned sandhills, upland longleaf-wiregrass and old-field pinelands<ref name="hainds"/><ref name="cushwa">Cushwa, C. T. (1966). The response of herbaceous vegetation to prescribed burning. Asheville, USDA Forest Service.</ref> and flatwoods, coastal island dunes and shorelines, open areas within mangrove swamps, wooded floodplains and edges of hardwood forests, and bogs .  It can be found in loblolly pine communities.<ref name="cushwa"/> It can also be found in longleaf pine-wiregrass communities.<ref name="hainds"/> As well, ''C. virginianum'' is a characteristic species of the shortleaf pine-oak-hickory community.<ref name= "Clewell">Clewell, A. F. (2013). "Prior prevalence of shortleaf pine-oak-hickory woodlands in the Tallahassee red hills." Castanea 78(4): 266-276.</ref> It is tolerant of overstory canopies that decrease the light level to about half the ambient (i.e., it can live in partially shaded areas and its nitrogen-fixing capability won't be significantly affected).<ref name="cathey"/> It grows in highly disturbed areas, but it is also ubiquitous in high quality native longleaf pine uplands and sandhills. It occurs in soils ranging from deep sands (Entisols) to sandy loams (Ultisols). ''C. virginianum'' increased its occurrence in response to soil disturbance by agriculture in the coastal plains of South Carolina. It has also shown regrowth in reestablished longleaf pine woodlands that were disturbed by agricultural practices, making it an indicator species of post-agricultural woodland.<ref>Brudvig, L.A. and E.I. Damchen. (2011). Land-use history, historical connectivity, and land management interact to determine longleaf pine woodland understory richness and composition. Ecography 34: 257-266.</ref><ref>Brudvig, L.A., E Grman, C.W. Habeck, and J.A. Ledvina. (2013). Strong legacy of agricultural land use on soils and understory plant communities in longleaf pine woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management 310: 944-955.</ref> It does not respond to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests.<ref>Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>Mtimms