Difference between revisions of "Bidens alba"

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{{taxobox
 
{{taxobox
 
| name = Bidens alba
 
| name = Bidens alba
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| image = Insert.jpg
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| image = Bidens alba MMS1.jpg
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| image_caption =  
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| image_caption = Photo taken by Michelle Smith
 
| regnum = Plantae
 
| regnum = Plantae
 
| divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
 
| divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
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| binomial_authority = (L.) DC.
 
| binomial_authority = (L.) DC.
 
| range_map = bide_alba_dist.jpg
 
| range_map = bide_alba_dist.jpg
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| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Bidens alba'' from USDA NRCS [http://www.plants.usda.gov Plants Database].
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| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Bidens alba'' from USDA NRCS [http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=BIAL Plants Database].
 
}}
 
}}
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Common names: Romerillo; Beggarticks
 +
==Taxonomic notes==
 +
Synonyms: ''Bidens pilosa'' Linnaeus; ''B. alba'' (Linnaeus) A.P. de Candolle var. ''radiata'' (Schultz ‘Bipontinus’) Ballard ex T.E. Melchert; ''B. pilosa'' Linnaeus var. ''radiata'' (Schultz ‘Bipontinus’).<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref>
 +
 +
Varieties: ''Bidens alba'' (Linnaeus) A.P. de Candolle var. ''radiata'' (Schultz 'Bipontinus') Ballard ex T.E. Melchert.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref>
 +
 
==Description==  
 
==Description==  
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
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Common name: romerillo
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''B. alba'' is a weedy annual or a short lived perennial that has vertical roots.<ref name="Floridata">[[http://www.floridata.com/Plants/Asteraceae/Bidens%20alba/898 Floridata]] Accessed December 2, 2015</ref> <ref name="Eat">[[http://www.eattheweeds.com/spanish-needles-pitchfork-weed/ Eat the Weeds]] Accessed December 2, 2015</ref> Leaves are arranged opposite with depressed midveins.<ref name="Floridata"/>
  
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
 
==Ecology==
 
==Ecology==
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
−
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
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In the Coastal Plain in Florida, ''B. alba'' has been observed growing in loamy sand<ref name="FSU"></ref>  and can be found in pine-oak woodlands<ref name="FSU">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: October 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Ed Keppner, Lisa Keppner, R. Kral, Annie Schmidt, Kyle W. Shankle. States and Counties: Florida:  Bay, Gulf, Indian River, Leon, Liberty, Martin, Wakulla. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref> and is common in disturbed areas such as railroads, citrus orchards, soil dumps and empty lots.<ref name="Ramirez">Ramirez, A. H. M., A. J. Jhala, et al. (2012). "Germination and Emergence Characteristics of Common Beggar's-Tick (Bidens alba)." Weed Science 60(3): 374-378.</ref><ref name="FSU"></ref>
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===Seed dispersal===
 
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===Seed bank and germination===
 
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===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
 
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===Pollination===
 
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Mark Deyrup at Archbold Biological Station observed these Hymenoptera species on ''Bidens alba'':
 
  
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Apidae: Apis mellifera
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Associated species include ''Andropogon, Euphorbia,'' and ''Ambrosia.''<ref name="FSU"></ref>
  
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Apidae: Bombus impatiens
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===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
 +
Flowers January and May through November.<ref name="FSU"></ref> ''B. alba'' has been observed flowering in north Florida year round with peak inflorescence in February and May.<ref>Nelson, G.  [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/  Accessed: 7 DEC 2016</ref>
  
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Apidae: Bombus pennsylvanicus
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===Seed dispersal===
 +
The seed has two prongs that stick on to passing by animals, making dispersal zoochorous.<ref name="Eat"/>
  
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Apidae: Mellisodes communis
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===Seed bank and germination===
 +
Under cooler conditions, newly added seeds in the seed bank have a slightly higher germination rates than seeds that have resided in the seed bank for a longer time.<ref name="Ramirez"></ref> Germination has also been observed at a wide range of temperatures, pH and salt concentrations; however, is inhibited at highly acidic and moderately alkaline soils and extreme water stress.<ref name="Ramirez"></ref> Germination is not sensitive to light.<ref name="Ramirez"></ref> Germination can be enhanced by splitting the end of the seed.<ref>Hall D. W. 1991. The Joy of Weeds Common Beggar's-tick. Palmetto 11(1):15</ref>
  
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Apidae: Mellisodes comptoides
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<!--===Fire ecology===--> <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
  
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Apidae: Nomada fervida
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===Pollination===
 +
''Bidens alba'' has been observed at the Archbold Biological Station to be visited by bees from the Apidae family such as ''Apis mellifera, Bombus impatiens, B. pennsylvanicus, Mellisodes communis, M. comptoides,'' and ''Nomada fervida'', sweat bees from the Halictidae family such as ''Agapostemon splendens, Augochlora pura, Augochlorella aurata, A. gratiosa, Augochloropsis metallica, Dieunomia heteropoda, Halictus poeyi,'' and ''Lasioglossum pectoralis'', leafcutting bees from the Megachilidae family such as ''Anthidiellum notatum rufomaculatum, A. perplexum, Coelioxys dolichos, C. modesta, C. octodentata, C. sayi, Dolichostelis louisae, Heriades leavitti, Megachile albitarsis, M. brevis pseudobrevis, M. exilis parexilis, M. inimica, M. mendica, M. petulans, M. rugifrons,'' and ''M. xylocopoides'', thread-waisted wasps from the Sphecidae family such as ''Ammophila pictipennis, A. urnaria, Bicyrtes capnoptera, Cerceris blakei, Isodontia exornata, Microbembex monodonta,'' and ''Philanthus ventilabris'', and wasps from the Vespidae family such as  ''Eumenes smithii, Pachodynerus erynnis'' and ''Stenodynerus fundatiformis''.<ref>Deyrup, M.A. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.</ref> Additionally, this species has been observed to be visited by members of the Apidae family such as ''Apis dorsata'' and ''A. florea'', ladybugs such as ''Cycloneda sanguinea'' and ''Scymnus sp.'', and treehoppers such as ''Acutalis tartarea'' (family Membracidae).<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref>
  
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Halictidae: Agapostemon splendens
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Beggar's-tick is a favorite nectaring flower of many species of butterflies.<ref>Hall D. W. 1991. The Joy of Weeds Common Beggar's-tick. Palmetto 11(1):15</ref>
 +
''Bidens alba'' is visited by the bees ''Apis dorsata, A. florea'' (family Apidae), ''Hypanthidioides panamensis, Megachile albitarsis, M. mendica'' (family Magachilidae).<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org]</ref>
  
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Halictidae: Augochlora pura
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===Herbivory and toxicology===
 +
''Bidens alba'' is host to the ladybugs ''Cycloneda sanguinea'' and ''Scymnus'' spp. (family Coccinellidae), leafhopper ''Acutalis tartarea'' (family Membracidae), and mealybugs ''Penacoccus citri'' and ''P. nipae'' (family Pseudoccoccidae).<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org]</ref>
  
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Halictidae: Augochlorella aurata
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===Diseases and parasites===
−
 
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''Crypticerya genistae'' is an invasive scale insect native to Brazil and is found in association with ''B. alba.''<ref>Hodges, G. S., Hodges, A. C., & Unruh, C. M.. (2008). A New Exotic Pest for Florida's Natural Areas: Crypticerya genistae (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae). The Florida Entomologist, 91(2), 335–337. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20065981</ref>
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Halictidae: Augochlorella gratiosa
 
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Halictidae: Augochloropsis metallica
 
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Halictidae: Dieunomia heteropoda
 
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Halictidae: Halictus poeyi
 
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Halictidae: Lasioglossum pectoralis
 
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Megachilidae: Anthidiellum notatum rufomaculatum
 
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Megachilidae: Anthidiellum perplexum
 
  
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Megachilidae: Coelioxys dolichos
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Morgan and Overholt (2005) found that the Brazilian pepper tree (''Schinus terebinthifolius'') had aqueous extracts that negatively affected the the growth of ''B. alba''.<ref>Morgan, E. C., & Overholt, W. A.. (2005). Potential Allelopathic Effects of Brazilian Pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, Anacardiaceae) Aqueous Extract on Germination and Growth of Selected Florida Native Plants. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, 132(1), 11–15. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20063740
 +
</ref>
  
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Megachilidae: Coelioxys modesta
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==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration==
  
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Megachilidae: Coelioxys octodentata
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==Cultural use==
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Megachilidae: Coelioxys sayi
 
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Megachilidae: Dolichostelis louisae
 
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Megachilidae: Heriades leavitti
 
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Megachilidae: Megachile albitarsis
 
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Megachilidae: Megachile brevis pseudobrevis
 
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Megachilidae: Megachile exilis parexilis
 
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Megachilidae: Megachile inimica
 
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Megachilidae: Megachile mendica
 
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Megachilidae: Megachile petulans
 
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Megachilidae: Megachile rugifrons
 
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Megachilidae: Megachile xylocopoides
 
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Sphecidae: Ammophila pictipennis
 
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Sphecidae: Ammophila urnaria
 
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Sphecidae: Bicyrtes capnoptera
 
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Sphecidae: Cerceris blakei
 
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Sphecidae: Isodontia exornata
 
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Sphecidae: Microbembex monodonta
 
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Sphecidae: Philanthus ventilabris
 
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Vespidae: Eumenes smithii
 
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Vespidae: Pachodynerus erynnis
 
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Vespidae: Stenodynerus fundatiformis
 
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===Use by animals=== <!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->
 
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===Diseases and parasites===
 
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==Conservation and Management==
 
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==Cultivation and restoration==
 
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 +
<gallery widths=180px>
 +
File:Bidens alba MMS.jpg| <center> ''Bidens alba'' with seeds <p> Photo by Michelle Smith </p>
 +
</nowiki></gallery>
 
==References and notes==
 
==References and notes==

Latest revision as of 16:00, 15 June 2022

Bidens alba
Bidens alba MMS1.jpg
Photo taken by Michelle Smith
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae ⁄ Compositae
Genus: Bidens
Species: B. alba
Binomial name
Bidens alba
(L.) DC.
Bide alba dist.jpg
Natural range of Bidens alba from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Common names: Romerillo; Beggarticks

Taxonomic notes

Synonyms: Bidens pilosa Linnaeus; B. alba (Linnaeus) A.P. de Candolle var. radiata (Schultz ‘Bipontinus’) Ballard ex T.E. Melchert; B. pilosa Linnaeus var. radiata (Schultz ‘Bipontinus’).[1]

Varieties: Bidens alba (Linnaeus) A.P. de Candolle var. radiata (Schultz 'Bipontinus') Ballard ex T.E. Melchert.[1]

Description

B. alba is a weedy annual or a short lived perennial that has vertical roots.[2] [3] Leaves are arranged opposite with depressed midveins.[2]

Distribution

Ecology

Habitat

In the Coastal Plain in Florida, B. alba has been observed growing in loamy sand[4] and can be found in pine-oak woodlands[4] and is common in disturbed areas such as railroads, citrus orchards, soil dumps and empty lots.[5][4]

Associated species include Andropogon, Euphorbia, and Ambrosia.[4]

Phenology

Flowers January and May through November.[4] B. alba has been observed flowering in north Florida year round with peak inflorescence in February and May.[6]

Seed dispersal

The seed has two prongs that stick on to passing by animals, making dispersal zoochorous.[3]

Seed bank and germination

Under cooler conditions, newly added seeds in the seed bank have a slightly higher germination rates than seeds that have resided in the seed bank for a longer time.[5] Germination has also been observed at a wide range of temperatures, pH and salt concentrations; however, is inhibited at highly acidic and moderately alkaline soils and extreme water stress.[5] Germination is not sensitive to light.[5] Germination can be enhanced by splitting the end of the seed.[7]


Pollination

Bidens alba has been observed at the Archbold Biological Station to be visited by bees from the Apidae family such as Apis mellifera, Bombus impatiens, B. pennsylvanicus, Mellisodes communis, M. comptoides, and Nomada fervida, sweat bees from the Halictidae family such as Agapostemon splendens, Augochlora pura, Augochlorella aurata, A. gratiosa, Augochloropsis metallica, Dieunomia heteropoda, Halictus poeyi, and Lasioglossum pectoralis, leafcutting bees from the Megachilidae family such as Anthidiellum notatum rufomaculatum, A. perplexum, Coelioxys dolichos, C. modesta, C. octodentata, C. sayi, Dolichostelis louisae, Heriades leavitti, Megachile albitarsis, M. brevis pseudobrevis, M. exilis parexilis, M. inimica, M. mendica, M. petulans, M. rugifrons, and M. xylocopoides, thread-waisted wasps from the Sphecidae family such as Ammophila pictipennis, A. urnaria, Bicyrtes capnoptera, Cerceris blakei, Isodontia exornata, Microbembex monodonta, and Philanthus ventilabris, and wasps from the Vespidae family such as Eumenes smithii, Pachodynerus erynnis and Stenodynerus fundatiformis.[8] Additionally, this species has been observed to be visited by members of the Apidae family such as Apis dorsata and A. florea, ladybugs such as Cycloneda sanguinea and Scymnus sp., and treehoppers such as Acutalis tartarea (family Membracidae).[9]

Beggar's-tick is a favorite nectaring flower of many species of butterflies.[10] Bidens alba is visited by the bees Apis dorsata, A. florea (family Apidae), Hypanthidioides panamensis, Megachile albitarsis, M. mendica (family Magachilidae).[11]

Herbivory and toxicology

Bidens alba is host to the ladybugs Cycloneda sanguinea and Scymnus spp. (family Coccinellidae), leafhopper Acutalis tartarea (family Membracidae), and mealybugs Penacoccus citri and P. nipae (family Pseudoccoccidae).[12]

Diseases and parasites

Crypticerya genistae is an invasive scale insect native to Brazil and is found in association with B. alba.[13]

Morgan and Overholt (2005) found that the Brazilian pepper tree (Schinus terebinthifolius) had aqueous extracts that negatively affected the the growth of B. alba.[14]

Conservation, cultivation, and restoration

Cultural use

Photo Gallery

  • Bidens alba with seeds

    Photo by Michelle Smith

References and notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 [Floridata] Accessed December 2, 2015
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 [Eat the Weeds] Accessed December 2, 2015
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: October 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Ed Keppner, Lisa Keppner, R. Kral, Annie Schmidt, Kyle W. Shankle. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Gulf, Indian River, Leon, Liberty, Martin, Wakulla. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Ramirez, A. H. M., A. J. Jhala, et al. (2012). "Germination and Emergence Characteristics of Common Beggar's-Tick (Bidens alba)." Weed Science 60(3): 374-378.
  6. ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 7 DEC 2016
  7. ↑ Hall D. W. 1991. The Joy of Weeds Common Beggar's-tick. Palmetto 11(1):15
  8. ↑ Deyrup, M.A. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.
  9. ↑ Discoverlife.org [1]
  10. ↑ Hall D. W. 1991. The Joy of Weeds Common Beggar's-tick. Palmetto 11(1):15
  11. ↑ Discoverlife.org [2]
  12. ↑ Discoverlife.org [3]
  13. ↑ Hodges, G. S., Hodges, A. C., & Unruh, C. M.. (2008). A New Exotic Pest for Florida's Natural Areas: Crypticerya genistae (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae). The Florida Entomologist, 91(2), 335–337. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20065981
  14. ↑ Morgan, E. C., & Overholt, W. A.. (2005). Potential Allelopathic Effects of Brazilian Pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, Anacardiaceae) Aqueous Extract on Germination and Growth of Selected Florida Native Plants. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, 132(1), 11–15. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20063740
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