http://coastalplainplants.org/wiki/index.php?title=Aristida_stricta&feed=atom&action=historyAristida stricta - Revision history2024-03-28T15:47:31ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.31.3http://coastalplainplants.org/wiki/index.php?title=Aristida_stricta&diff=100124&oldid=prevDduncan: /* Taxonomic notes */2023-05-22T13:23:42Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Taxonomic notes</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Synonyms: ''A. stricta'' var. stricta<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Synonyms: ''A. stricta'' var. stricta<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Varieties: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">none</del><ref name=weakley/>  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Varieties: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''A. beyrichiana'' Trinius & Ruprecht</ins><ref name=weakley/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description==  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description==  </div></td></tr>
</table>Dduncanhttp://coastalplainplants.org/wiki/index.php?title=Aristida_stricta&diff=100123&oldid=prevDduncan at 13:19, 22 May 20232023-05-22T13:19:08Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Aristida stricta'' from USDA NRCS [http://www.plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ARST5 Plants Database].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Aristida stricta'' from USDA NRCS [http://www.plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ARST5 Plants Database].</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Common names: Threeawn, Wiregrass</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Common names: Threeawn, Wiregrass<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, Carolina wiregrass, pineland three-awn</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Taxonomic notes==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Taxonomic notes==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Synonyms: ''A. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">beyrichiana</del>'' <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Trin. & Rupr</del>.<ref name=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</del>weakley<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</del>>Weakley, A.S. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2015</del>. Flora of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">southern and mid-atlantic states</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Working Draft </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">21 May 2015</del>. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></ref>; ''A. stricta'' var. ''beyrichiana''<ref>International Taxonomic Information System https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=41433#null</del></ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Synonyms: ''A. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">stricta</ins>'' <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">var</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">stricta</ins><ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2020</ins>. Flora of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Southeastern United States</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Edition </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">20 October 2020</ins>. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Varieties: none<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del><ref name=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</del>weakley<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.<</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ref</del>></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Varieties: none<ref name=weakley/>  </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description==  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description==  </div></td></tr>
</table>Dduncanhttp://coastalplainplants.org/wiki/index.php?title=Aristida_stricta&diff=95792&oldid=prevHaleighJoM: /* Ecology */2022-06-15T18:48:13Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Ecology</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:48, 15 June 2022</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Associated species: ''[[Pinus palustris]]'', ''Aristida rhizomophora'', ''Sorghastrum'' sp., ''Panicum'' sp., ''Andropogon'' sp., ''[[Sporobolus floridanus]]'', ''Ctenium'' sp., ''Sarracenia'' sp., ''Lachnanthes'' sp., ''Scleria'' sp., ''Rhynchospora'' sp., ''Eriogonum tomentosum'', ''Eupatorium capillifolium'', ''[[Licania michauxii]]'', ''[[Quercus geminata]]'', ''[[Quercus laevis]]'', ''[[Serenoa repens]]'', and ''[[Vaccinium arboreum]]''.<ref name= "Herbarium"/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Associated species: ''[[Pinus palustris]]'', ''Aristida rhizomophora'', ''Sorghastrum'' sp., ''Panicum'' sp., ''Andropogon'' sp., ''[[Sporobolus floridanus]]'', ''Ctenium'' sp., ''Sarracenia'' sp., ''Lachnanthes'' sp., ''Scleria'' sp., ''Rhynchospora'' sp., ''Eriogonum tomentosum'', ''Eupatorium capillifolium'', ''[[Licania michauxii]]'', ''[[Quercus geminata]]'', ''[[Quercus laevis]]'', ''[[Serenoa repens]]'', and ''[[Vaccinium arboreum]]''.<ref name= "Herbarium"/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, seed dispersal</del>, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''A. stricta'' can flower throughout the year<ref name=Panflora>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Panflora]: Plant database for the eastern United States with an emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida pandhandle. Accessed 5 DEC 2016.</ref>, although it typically flowers only following late spring-summer (April-August) fires, beginning in the late summer or autumn of the same year.<ref name=wund/> Flowering has also been observed to be induced by disturbances other than fire, including transplanting, partial damage to roots from ploughed firelines or track-laying vehicles, or defoliation (removal of leaves), but not defoliation alone.<ref name= Parrott> Parrott, R. T. (1967). A study of wiregrass (''Aristida stricta'' Mitchx.) with particular reference to fire, MA Thesis, Duke University: 137.</ref> The highest amount of inflorescence has been observed to occur in August and September following a May burn and after growing season fires.<ref name= Parrott/> <ref name= Jeff> Jeff S. Glitzenstein, D. R. S., William J. Platt (1995). Evaluating the effects of season burn on vegetation in longleaf pine savannas Tallahassee, Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Comission.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''A. stricta'' can flower throughout the year<ref name=Panflora>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Panflora]: Plant database for the eastern United States with an emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida pandhandle. Accessed 5 DEC 2016.</ref>, although it typically flowers only following late spring-summer (April-August) fires, beginning in the late summer or autumn of the same year.<ref name=wund/> Flowering has also been observed to be induced by disturbances other than fire, including transplanting, partial damage to roots from ploughed firelines or track-laying vehicles, or defoliation (removal of leaves), but not defoliation alone.<ref name= Parrott> Parrott, R. T. (1967). A study of wiregrass (''Aristida stricta'' Mitchx.) with particular reference to fire, MA Thesis, Duke University: 137.</ref> The highest amount of inflorescence has been observed to occur in August and September following a May burn and after growing season fires.<ref name= Parrott/> <ref name= Jeff> Jeff S. Glitzenstein, D. R. S., William J. Platt (1995). Evaluating the effects of season burn on vegetation in longleaf pine savannas Tallahassee, Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Comission.</ref></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''A. stricta'' is very flammable because of its highly fibrous leaf structure, vast amount of leaves, and duration of dead leaves which do not detach quickly.<ref name= AC/> ''A. stricta'' can withstand fire suppression for 20 or 40 years.<ref name= AC/> However, the sexual reproduction of ''A. stricta'' relies on fire for its persistence.<ref> Jennifer M. Fill, et al. (2012). The reproductive response of an endemic bunchgrass indicates historical timing of a keystone process. Ecosphere 3: 1-12.</ref> ''A. stricta'' grows up to 2.5 cm per day following fire,<ref name= Parrott/> and populations have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.<ref>Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref> Low intensity fires cause production of more culms (stems) per clump of ''A. stricta''.<ref name= Jeff/> The spatial variation of fire intensity may have a high impact on ''A. stricta'' recruitment patterns.<ref name= Jeff/> With the correct fire regime a population of ''A. stricta'' can survive indefinitely, possibly germinating from seeds thousands of years ago,<ref name= AC/> although they can be killed by unusually severe fires.<ref>Robertson, Kevin M. 2015. Unpublished data from the Pebble Hill Fire Plots (Pebble Hill Plantation, near Thomasville, Georgia) indicating death of some genetic individuals of ''A. stricta'' after a prescribed burn in June after five years without fire.</ref> One study observed when burns occurred during  growing season and seedlings were closer to mature plants, mortality among seedlings was higher.<ref name=kirk>Mulligan, M. K. and L. K. Kirkman (2002). "Burning influences on wiregrass (Aristida beyrichiana) restoration plantings:  natural seedling recruitment and survival." Restoration Ecology 10(2): 334-339.</ref> To establish successfully after germination, new seedlings have shown to need 1-2 years without growing season fires.<ref name=kirk/> However, growing season burns within the first 2 years have been observed to result in high inflorescence and seed production.<ref name=kirk/> Therefore for best rates of seedling survival, seeds can be produced with a growing season burn followed by 1-2 years without growing season fire to allow for seedling establishment.<ref name=kirk/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''A. stricta'' is very flammable because of its highly fibrous leaf structure, vast amount of leaves, and duration of dead leaves which do not detach quickly.<ref name= AC/> ''A. stricta'' can withstand fire suppression for 20 or 40 years.<ref name= AC/> However, the sexual reproduction of ''A. stricta'' relies on fire for its persistence.<ref> Jennifer M. Fill, et al. (2012). The reproductive response of an endemic bunchgrass indicates historical timing of a keystone process. Ecosphere 3: 1-12.</ref> ''A. stricta'' grows up to 2.5 cm per day following fire,<ref name= Parrott/> and populations have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.<ref>Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref> Low intensity fires cause production of more culms (stems) per clump of ''A. stricta''.<ref name= Jeff/> The spatial variation of fire intensity may have a high impact on ''A. stricta'' recruitment patterns.<ref name= Jeff/> With the correct fire regime a population of ''A. stricta'' can survive indefinitely, possibly germinating from seeds thousands of years ago,<ref name= AC/> although they can be killed by unusually severe fires.<ref>Robertson, Kevin M. 2015. Unpublished data from the Pebble Hill Fire Plots (Pebble Hill Plantation, near Thomasville, Georgia) indicating death of some genetic individuals of ''A. stricta'' after a prescribed burn in June after five years without fire.</ref> One study observed when burns occurred during  growing season and seedlings were closer to mature plants, mortality among seedlings was higher.<ref name=kirk>Mulligan, M. K. and L. K. Kirkman (2002). "Burning influences on wiregrass (Aristida beyrichiana) restoration plantings:  natural seedling recruitment and survival." Restoration Ecology 10(2): 334-339.</ref> To establish successfully after germination, new seedlings have shown to need 1-2 years without growing season fires.<ref name=kirk/> However, growing season burns within the first 2 years have been observed to result in high inflorescence and seed production.<ref name=kirk/> Therefore for best rates of seedling survival, seeds can be produced with a growing season burn followed by 1-2 years without growing season fire to allow for seedling establishment.<ref name=kirk/></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Pollination and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">use by animals</del>===<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.--></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><!--</ins>===Pollination<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===--></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===Herbivory </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">toxicology</ins>===<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.--></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A few weeks following fire, newly resprouted blades are palatable to cattle but afterwards become unappealing to grazers as they mature.<ref name= Parrott/><ref name= Lewis>Lewis, C. E. (1970). Responses to chopping and rock phosphate on south Florida ranges. Journal of Range Management 23: 276-282.</ref>  It consists of 2-5% of the diet of terrestrial birds, including Bachman's sparrows, in its community.<ref name= "Lady bird">[[https://www.wildflower.org/plants/search.php?search_field=&newsearch=true]] Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Accessed: March 15, 2019</ref><ref name= "Miller">Miller, J.H., and K.V. Miller. 1999. Forest plants of the southeast and their wildlife uses. Southern Weed Science Society.</ref> Deer are also known to browse the leaves.<ref name= "Lady bird"/> The planthopper ''Delphacodes andromeda'' (family Delphacidae) has been observed to use this species as a host.<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref>   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A few weeks following fire, newly resprouted blades are palatable to cattle but afterwards become unappealing to grazers as they mature.<ref name= Parrott/><ref name= Lewis>Lewis, C. E. (1970). Responses to chopping and rock phosphate on south Florida ranges. Journal of Range Management 23: 276-282.</ref>  It consists of 2-5% of the diet of terrestrial birds, including Bachman's sparrows, in its community.<ref name= "Lady bird">[[https://www.wildflower.org/plants/search.php?search_field=&newsearch=true]] Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Accessed: March 15, 2019</ref><ref name= "Miller">Miller, J.H., and K.V. Miller. 1999. Forest plants of the southeast and their wildlife uses. Southern Weed Science Society.</ref> Deer are also known to browse the leaves.<ref name= "Lady bird"/> The planthopper ''Delphacodes andromeda'' (family Delphacidae) has been observed to use this species as a host.<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref>   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><!--===Diseases and parasites===--></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><!--===Diseases and parasites===--></div></td></tr>
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</table>HaleighJoMhttp://coastalplainplants.org/wiki/index.php?title=Aristida_stricta&diff=94948&oldid=prevMtimms: /* Fire ecology */2021-07-19T19:03:14Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Fire ecology</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Fire ecology===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Fire ecology===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''A. stricta'' is very flammable because of its highly fibrous leaf structure, vast amount of leaves, and duration of dead leaves which do not detach quickly.<ref name= AC/> ''A. stricta'' can withstand fire suppression for 20 or 40 years.<ref name= AC/> However, the sexual reproduction of ''A. stricta'' relies on fire for its persistence.<ref> Jennifer M. Fill, et al. (2012). The reproductive response of an endemic bunchgrass indicates historical timing of a keystone process. Ecosphere 3: 1-12.</ref> ''A. stricta'' grows up to 2.5 cm per day following fire<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del><ref name= Parrott/> Low intensity fires cause production of more culms (stems) per clump of ''A. stricta''.<ref name= Jeff/> The spatial variation of fire intensity may have a high impact on ''A. stricta'' recruitment patterns.<ref name= Jeff/> With the correct fire regime a population of ''A. stricta'' can survive indefinitely, possibly germinating from seeds thousands of years ago,<ref name= AC/> although they can be killed by unusually severe fires.<ref>Robertson, Kevin M. 2015. Unpublished data from the Pebble Hill Fire Plots (Pebble Hill Plantation, near Thomasville, Georgia) indicating death of some genetic individuals of ''A. stricta'' after a prescribed burn in June after five years without fire.</ref> One study observed when burns occurred during  growing season and seedlings were closer to mature plants, mortality among seedlings was higher.<ref name=kirk>Mulligan, M. K. and L. K. Kirkman (2002). "Burning influences on wiregrass (Aristida beyrichiana) restoration plantings:  natural seedling recruitment and survival." Restoration Ecology 10(2): 334-339.</ref> To establish successfully after germination, new seedlings have shown to need 1-2 years without growing season fires.<ref name=kirk/> However, growing season burns within the first 2 years have been observed to result in high inflorescence and seed production.<ref name=kirk/> Therefore for best rates of seedling survival, seeds can be produced with a growing season burn followed by 1-2 years without growing season fire to allow for seedling establishment.<ref name=kirk/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''A. stricta'' is very flammable because of its highly fibrous leaf structure, vast amount of leaves, and duration of dead leaves which do not detach quickly.<ref name= AC/> ''A. stricta'' can withstand fire suppression for 20 or 40 years.<ref name= AC/> However, the sexual reproduction of ''A. stricta'' relies on fire for its persistence.<ref> Jennifer M. Fill, et al. (2012). The reproductive response of an endemic bunchgrass indicates historical timing of a keystone process. Ecosphere 3: 1-12.</ref> ''A. stricta'' grows up to 2.5 cm per day following fire<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins><ref name= Parrott/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">> and populations have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.<ref>Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref</ins>> Low intensity fires cause production of more culms (stems) per clump of ''A. stricta''.<ref name= Jeff/> The spatial variation of fire intensity may have a high impact on ''A. stricta'' recruitment patterns.<ref name= Jeff/> With the correct fire regime a population of ''A. stricta'' can survive indefinitely, possibly germinating from seeds thousands of years ago,<ref name= AC/> although they can be killed by unusually severe fires.<ref>Robertson, Kevin M. 2015. Unpublished data from the Pebble Hill Fire Plots (Pebble Hill Plantation, near Thomasville, Georgia) indicating death of some genetic individuals of ''A. stricta'' after a prescribed burn in June after five years without fire.</ref> One study observed when burns occurred during  growing season and seedlings were closer to mature plants, mortality among seedlings was higher.<ref name=kirk>Mulligan, M. K. and L. K. Kirkman (2002). "Burning influences on wiregrass (Aristida beyrichiana) restoration plantings:  natural seedling recruitment and survival." Restoration Ecology 10(2): 334-339.</ref> To establish successfully after germination, new seedlings have shown to need 1-2 years without growing season fires.<ref name=kirk/> However, growing season burns within the first 2 years have been observed to result in high inflorescence and seed production.<ref name=kirk/> Therefore for best rates of seedling survival, seeds can be produced with a growing season burn followed by 1-2 years without growing season fire to allow for seedling establishment.<ref name=kirk/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Pollination and use by animals===<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.--></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Pollination and use by animals===<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.--></div></td></tr>
</table>Mtimmshttp://coastalplainplants.org/wiki/index.php?title=Aristida_stricta&diff=94788&oldid=prevAseibert at 13:06, 7 July 20212021-07-07T13:06:17Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:06, 7 July 2021</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Aristida stricta'' has been observed in dry and loamy sand in upland longleaf pine communities, including sandhills, flatwoods, glades, ridges, borders of swamps, scrub, and slightly disturbed areas.<ref name= "Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: March 2019. Collectors: Jame Amoroso, Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker, L. Baltzell, S. T. Cooper, A. H. Curtiss, R. A. Davidson, Patricia Elliot, J. P. Gillespie, R. K. Godfrey, Frank W. Gould, J. Hunter, Gary R. Knight, R. Komarek, R. Kral, Robert L. Lazor, Karen MacClendon, D. L. Martin, R. S. Mitchell, John Morrill, John B. Nelson, R. E. Perdue, Jr., D. Pheilps, Gwynn W. Ramsey, William Reese, Paul Redfearn, Cecil R. Slaughter, Brian Tan, R. F. Thorne, D. B. Ward, F. S. Ward, and G. Wilder. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Brevard, Calhoun, Columbia, Duval, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Indian River, Jackson, Jefferson, Lake, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Madison, Marion, Nassau, Osceola, Pasco, Pinellas, Polk, Putnam, Suwannee, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Georgia: Thomas.</ref> It is considered to be an indicator species for native plant communities of pine-grasslands in the Coastal Plain within its natural geographic and edaphic distribution due to its high sensitivity to soil disturbance.<ref name="oster"> Ostertag, T.E., and K.M. Robertson. 2007. A comparison of native versus old-field vegetation in upland pinelands managed with frequent fire, South Georgia, USA. Pages 109–120 in R.E. Masters and K.E.M. Galley (eds.). Proceedings of the 23rd Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference: Fire in Grassland and Shrubland Ecosystems.</ref>  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Aristida stricta'' has been observed in dry and loamy sand in upland longleaf pine communities, including sandhills, flatwoods, glades, ridges, borders of swamps, scrub, and slightly disturbed areas.<ref name= "Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: March 2019. Collectors: Jame Amoroso, Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker, L. Baltzell, S. T. Cooper, A. H. Curtiss, R. A. Davidson, Patricia Elliot, J. P. Gillespie, R. K. Godfrey, Frank W. Gould, J. Hunter, Gary R. Knight, R. Komarek, R. Kral, Robert L. Lazor, Karen MacClendon, D. L. Martin, R. S. Mitchell, John Morrill, John B. Nelson, R. E. Perdue, Jr., D. Pheilps, Gwynn W. Ramsey, William Reese, Paul Redfearn, Cecil R. Slaughter, Brian Tan, R. F. Thorne, D. B. Ward, F. S. Ward, and G. Wilder. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Brevard, Calhoun, Columbia, Duval, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Indian River, Jackson, Jefferson, Lake, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Madison, Marion, Nassau, Osceola, Pasco, Pinellas, Polk, Putnam, Suwannee, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Georgia: Thomas.</ref> It is considered to be an indicator species for native plant communities of pine-grasslands in the Coastal Plain within its natural geographic and edaphic distribution due to its high sensitivity to soil disturbance.<ref name="oster"> Ostertag, T.E., and K.M. Robertson. 2007. A comparison of native versus old-field vegetation in upland pinelands managed with frequent fire, South Georgia, USA. Pages 109–120 in R.E. Masters and K.E.M. Galley (eds.). Proceedings of the 23rd Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference: Fire in Grassland and Shrubland Ecosystems.</ref>  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''A. stricta'' reduced its crown cover and biomass in response to heavy silvilculture and showed resistance to regrowth in reestablished native pine flatwoods in North Florida.<ref>Conde, L.F., B.F. Swindel, and J.E. Smith. (1986). Five Years of Vegetation Changes Following Conversion of Pine Flatwoods to ''Pinus elliottii'' Plantations. Forest Ecology and Management 15(4):295-300.</ref> Additionally, it has reduced occurrence in habitats disturbed by agricultural practices. It has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished longleaf pine communities that were disturbed by agriculture in southwest Georgia and North Carolina,<ref name="oster"/> making the plant an indicator of soil degradation in post agricultural habitats.<ref name=hedman>Hedman, C.W., S.L. Grace, and S.E. King. (2000). Vegetation composition and structure of southern coastal plain pine forests: an ecological comparison. Forest Ecology and Management 134:233-247.</ref><ref> Brudvig, L. A., J. L. Orrock, Damschen, C. D. Collins, P. G. Hahn, W. B. Mattingly, J. W. Veldman and J. L. Walker. 2014. Land-use history and contemporary management inform an ecological reference model for longleaf pine woodland undestory plant communities. PLoS ONE 9(1): e86604.</ref> ''A. stricta'' decreased its cover in response to soil disturbance by roller chopping in the Northwest Florida sandhills and south Florida<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. It has also shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished native sandhill communities after roller chopping</del>.<ref>Hebb, E.A. (1971). Site Preparation Decreases Game Food Plants in Florida Sandhills. The Journal of Wildlife Management 35(1):155-162.</ref><ref>Lewis, C.E. (1970). Responses to Chopping and Rock Phosphate on South Florida Ranges. Journal of Range Management 23(4):276-282.</ref> However, in some areas of north Florida ''A. stricta'' had mixed responses to roller chopping disturbance. Some cases were dependent upon the time since soil disturbance as the plant showed some regrowth in reestablished native pine communities.<ref>Lewis, C.E., G.W. Tanner, and W.S. Terry. (1988). Plant responses to pine management and deferred-rotation grazing in north Florida. Journal of Range Management 41(6):460-465.</ref> It is present in infertile sands such as inadequately drained flatwoods soils and exceptionally drained sandhill soils.<ref name= AC/><ref name=Outcalt90/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''A. stricta'' reduced its crown cover and biomass in response to heavy silvilculture and showed resistance to regrowth in reestablished native pine flatwoods in North Florida.<ref>Conde, L.F., B.F. Swindel, and J.E. Smith. (1986). Five Years of Vegetation Changes Following Conversion of Pine Flatwoods to ''Pinus elliottii'' Plantations. Forest Ecology and Management 15(4):295-300.</ref> Additionally, it has reduced occurrence in habitats disturbed by agricultural practices. It has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished longleaf pine communities that were disturbed by agriculture in southwest Georgia and North Carolina,<ref name="oster"/> making the plant an indicator of soil degradation in post agricultural habitats.<ref name=hedman>Hedman, C.W., S.L. Grace, and S.E. King. (2000). Vegetation composition and structure of southern coastal plain pine forests: an ecological comparison. Forest Ecology and Management 134:233-247.</ref><ref> Brudvig, L. A., J. L. Orrock, Damschen, C. D. Collins, P. G. Hahn, W. B. Mattingly, J. W. Veldman and J. L. Walker. 2014. Land-use history and contemporary management inform an ecological reference model for longleaf pine woodland undestory plant communities. PLoS ONE 9(1): e86604.</ref> ''A. stricta'' decreased its cover in response to soil disturbance by roller chopping in the Northwest Florida sandhills and south Florida.<ref>Hebb, E.A. (1971). Site Preparation Decreases Game Food Plants in Florida Sandhills. The Journal of Wildlife Management 35(1):155-162.</ref><ref>Lewis, C.E. (1970). Responses to Chopping and Rock Phosphate on South Florida Ranges. Journal of Range Management 23(4):276-282.</ref> However, in some areas of north Florida ''A. stricta'' had mixed responses to roller chopping disturbance. Some cases were dependent upon the time since soil disturbance as the plant showed some regrowth in reestablished native pine communities.<ref>Lewis, C.E., G.W. Tanner, and W.S. Terry. (1988). Plant responses to pine management and deferred-rotation grazing in north Florida. Journal of Range Management 41(6):460-465.</ref> It is present in infertile sands such as inadequately drained flatwoods soils and exceptionally drained sandhill soils.<ref name= AC/><ref name=Outcalt90/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Its biomass decreased in response to soil disturbance by chopping, disking, fertilization, and bedding in South Florida dry prairies, and it showed resistance to regrowth in reestablished prairies that were disturbed by these practices.<ref>Moore, W.H. and B.F. Swindel. (1981). Effects of Site Preparation on Dry Prairie Vegetation in South Florida. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 27(2)89-92.</ref> It also decreased its cover in response to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests. ''A. stricta'' was resistant to regrowth in the reestablished flatwood community post disturbance.<ref>Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.</ref> ''A. stricta'' decreased its cover in response to soil disturbance by double chopping with a double drum chopper, single chopping with a double drum chopper, and by application of hexazinone in the Central Florida sandhills. It also failed to reoccur in post disturbance areas.<ref>Outcalt, K.W. (1992). Factors affecting wiregrass (''Aristida stricta'' Michx.) cover on uncut and site prepared sandhills areas in Central Florida. Ecological Engineering 1(3):245-251.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Its biomass decreased in response to soil disturbance by chopping, disking, fertilization, and bedding in South Florida dry prairies, and it showed resistance to regrowth in reestablished prairies that were disturbed by these practices.<ref>Moore, W.H. and B.F. Swindel. (1981). Effects of Site Preparation on Dry Prairie Vegetation in South Florida. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 27(2)89-92.</ref> It also decreased its cover in response to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests. ''A. stricta'' was resistant to regrowth in the reestablished flatwood community post disturbance.<ref>Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.</ref> ''A. stricta'' decreased its cover in response to soil disturbance by double chopping with a double drum chopper, single chopping with a double drum chopper, and by application of hexazinone in the Central Florida sandhills. It also failed to reoccur in post disturbance areas.<ref>Outcalt, K.W. (1992). Factors affecting wiregrass (''Aristida stricta'' Michx.) cover on uncut and site prepared sandhills areas in Central Florida. Ecological Engineering 1(3):245-251.</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>Aseiberthttp://coastalplainplants.org/wiki/index.php?title=Aristida_stricta&diff=94787&oldid=prevAseibert at 13:03, 7 July 20212021-07-07T13:03:52Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:03, 7 July 2021</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Aristida stricta'' has been observed in dry and loamy sand in upland longleaf pine communities, including sandhills, flatwoods, glades, ridges, borders of swamps, scrub, and slightly disturbed areas.<ref name= "Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: March 2019. Collectors: Jame Amoroso, Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker, L. Baltzell, S. T. Cooper, A. H. Curtiss, R. A. Davidson, Patricia Elliot, J. P. Gillespie, R. K. Godfrey, Frank W. Gould, J. Hunter, Gary R. Knight, R. Komarek, R. Kral, Robert L. Lazor, Karen MacClendon, D. L. Martin, R. S. Mitchell, John Morrill, John B. Nelson, R. E. Perdue, Jr., D. Pheilps, Gwynn W. Ramsey, William Reese, Paul Redfearn, Cecil R. Slaughter, Brian Tan, R. F. Thorne, D. B. Ward, F. S. Ward, and G. Wilder. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Brevard, Calhoun, Columbia, Duval, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Indian River, Jackson, Jefferson, Lake, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Madison, Marion, Nassau, Osceola, Pasco, Pinellas, Polk, Putnam, Suwannee, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Georgia: Thomas.</ref> It is considered to be an indicator species for native plant communities of pine-grasslands in the Coastal Plain within its natural geographic and edaphic distribution due to its high sensitivity to soil disturbance.<ref name="oster"> Ostertag, T.E., and K.M. Robertson. 2007. A comparison of native versus old-field vegetation in upland pinelands managed with frequent fire, South Georgia, USA. Pages 109–120 in R.E. Masters and K.E.M. Galley (eds.). Proceedings of the 23rd Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference: Fire in Grassland and Shrubland Ecosystems.</ref>  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Aristida stricta'' has been observed in dry and loamy sand in upland longleaf pine communities, including sandhills, flatwoods, glades, ridges, borders of swamps, scrub, and slightly disturbed areas.<ref name= "Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: March 2019. Collectors: Jame Amoroso, Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker, L. Baltzell, S. T. Cooper, A. H. Curtiss, R. A. Davidson, Patricia Elliot, J. P. Gillespie, R. K. Godfrey, Frank W. Gould, J. Hunter, Gary R. Knight, R. Komarek, R. Kral, Robert L. Lazor, Karen MacClendon, D. L. Martin, R. S. Mitchell, John Morrill, John B. Nelson, R. E. Perdue, Jr., D. Pheilps, Gwynn W. Ramsey, William Reese, Paul Redfearn, Cecil R. Slaughter, Brian Tan, R. F. Thorne, D. B. Ward, F. S. Ward, and G. Wilder. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Brevard, Calhoun, Columbia, Duval, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Indian River, Jackson, Jefferson, Lake, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Madison, Marion, Nassau, Osceola, Pasco, Pinellas, Polk, Putnam, Suwannee, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Georgia: Thomas.</ref> It is considered to be an indicator species for native plant communities of pine-grasslands in the Coastal Plain within its natural geographic and edaphic distribution due to its high sensitivity to soil disturbance.<ref name="oster"> Ostertag, T.E., and K.M. Robertson. 2007. A comparison of native versus old-field vegetation in upland pinelands managed with frequent fire, South Georgia, USA. Pages 109–120 in R.E. Masters and K.E.M. Galley (eds.). Proceedings of the 23rd Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference: Fire in Grassland and Shrubland Ecosystems.</ref>  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''A. stricta'' reduced its crown cover and biomass in response to heavy silvilculture and showed resistance to regrowth in reestablished native pine flatwoods in North Florida.<ref>Conde, L.F., B.F. Swindel, and J.E. Smith. (1986). Five Years of Vegetation Changes Following Conversion of Pine Flatwoods to ''Pinus elliottii'' Plantations. Forest Ecology and Management 15(4):295-300.</ref> Additionally, it has reduced occurrence in habitats disturbed by agricultural practices. It has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished longleaf pine communities that were disturbed by agriculture in southwest Georgia and North Carolina,<ref name="oster"/> making the plant an indicator of soil degradation in post agricultural habitats.<ref>Hedman, C.W., S.L. Grace, and S.E. King. (2000). Vegetation composition and structure of southern coastal plain pine forests: an ecological comparison. Forest Ecology and Management 134:233-247.</ref><ref> Brudvig, L. A., J. L. Orrock, Damschen, C. D. Collins, P. G. Hahn, W. B. Mattingly, J. W. Veldman and J. L. Walker. 2014. Land-use history and contemporary management inform an ecological reference model for longleaf pine woodland undestory plant communities. PLoS ONE 9(1): e86604.</ref> ''A. stricta'' decreased its cover in response to soil disturbance by roller chopping in the Northwest Florida sandhills and south Florida. It has also shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished native sandhill communities after roller chopping.<ref>Hebb, E.A. (1971). Site Preparation Decreases Game Food Plants in Florida Sandhills. The Journal of Wildlife Management 35(1):155-162.</ref><ref>Lewis, C.E. (1970). Responses to Chopping and Rock Phosphate on South Florida Ranges. Journal of Range Management 23(4):276-282.</ref> However, in some areas of north Florida ''A. stricta'' had mixed responses to roller chopping disturbance. Some cases were dependent upon the time since soil disturbance as the plant showed some regrowth in reestablished native pine communities.<ref>Lewis, C.E., G.W. Tanner, and W.S. Terry. (1988). Plant responses to pine management and deferred-rotation grazing in north Florida. Journal of Range Management 41(6):460-465.</ref> It is present in infertile sands such as inadequately drained flatwoods soils and exceptionally drained sandhill soils.<ref name= AC/><ref name=Outcalt90/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''A. stricta'' reduced its crown cover and biomass in response to heavy silvilculture and showed resistance to regrowth in reestablished native pine flatwoods in North Florida.<ref>Conde, L.F., B.F. Swindel, and J.E. Smith. (1986). Five Years of Vegetation Changes Following Conversion of Pine Flatwoods to ''Pinus elliottii'' Plantations. Forest Ecology and Management 15(4):295-300.</ref> Additionally, it has reduced occurrence in habitats disturbed by agricultural practices. It has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished longleaf pine communities that were disturbed by agriculture in southwest Georgia and North Carolina,<ref name="oster"/> making the plant an indicator of soil degradation in post agricultural habitats.<ref <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">name=hedman</ins>>Hedman, C.W., S.L. Grace, and S.E. King. (2000). Vegetation composition and structure of southern coastal plain pine forests: an ecological comparison. Forest Ecology and Management 134:233-247.</ref><ref> Brudvig, L. A., J. L. Orrock, Damschen, C. D. Collins, P. G. Hahn, W. B. Mattingly, J. W. Veldman and J. L. Walker. 2014. Land-use history and contemporary management inform an ecological reference model for longleaf pine woodland undestory plant communities. PLoS ONE 9(1): e86604.</ref> ''A. stricta'' decreased its cover in response to soil disturbance by roller chopping in the Northwest Florida sandhills and south Florida. It has also shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished native sandhill communities after roller chopping.<ref>Hebb, E.A. (1971). Site Preparation Decreases Game Food Plants in Florida Sandhills. The Journal of Wildlife Management 35(1):155-162.</ref><ref>Lewis, C.E. (1970). Responses to Chopping and Rock Phosphate on South Florida Ranges. Journal of Range Management 23(4):276-282.</ref> However, in some areas of north Florida ''A. stricta'' had mixed responses to roller chopping disturbance. Some cases were dependent upon the time since soil disturbance as the plant showed some regrowth in reestablished native pine communities.<ref>Lewis, C.E., G.W. Tanner, and W.S. Terry. (1988). Plant responses to pine management and deferred-rotation grazing in north Florida. Journal of Range Management 41(6):460-465.</ref> It is present in infertile sands such as inadequately drained flatwoods soils and exceptionally drained sandhill soils.<ref name= AC/><ref name=Outcalt90/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Its biomass decreased in response to soil disturbance by chopping, disking, fertilization, and bedding in South Florida dry prairies, and it showed resistance to regrowth in reestablished prairies that were disturbed by these practices.<ref>Moore, W.H. and B.F. Swindel. (1981). Effects of Site Preparation on Dry Prairie Vegetation in South Florida. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 27(2)89-92.</ref> It also decreased its cover in response to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests. ''A. stricta'' was resistant to regrowth in the reestablished flatwood community post disturbance.<ref>Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.</ref> ''A. stricta'' decreased its cover in response to soil disturbance by double chopping with a double drum chopper, single chopping with a double drum chopper, and by application of hexazinone in the Central Florida sandhills. It also failed to reoccur in post disturbance areas.<ref>Outcalt, K.W. (1992). Factors affecting wiregrass (''Aristida stricta'' Michx.) cover on uncut and site prepared sandhills areas in Central Florida. Ecological Engineering 1(3):245-251.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Its biomass decreased in response to soil disturbance by chopping, disking, fertilization, and bedding in South Florida dry prairies, and it showed resistance to regrowth in reestablished prairies that were disturbed by these practices.<ref>Moore, W.H. and B.F. Swindel. (1981). Effects of Site Preparation on Dry Prairie Vegetation in South Florida. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 27(2)89-92.</ref> It also decreased its cover in response to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests. ''A. stricta'' was resistant to regrowth in the reestablished flatwood community post disturbance.<ref>Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.</ref> ''A. stricta'' decreased its cover in response to soil disturbance by double chopping with a double drum chopper, single chopping with a double drum chopper, and by application of hexazinone in the Central Florida sandhills. It also failed to reoccur in post disturbance areas.<ref>Outcalt, K.W. (1992). Factors affecting wiregrass (''Aristida stricta'' Michx.) cover on uncut and site prepared sandhills areas in Central Florida. Ecological Engineering 1(3):245-251.</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>Aseiberthttp://coastalplainplants.org/wiki/index.php?title=Aristida_stricta&diff=94385&oldid=prevMtimms at 14:30, 23 June 20212021-06-23T14:30:52Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:30, 23 June 2021</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l44" >Line 44:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Additionally, ''A. stricta'' decreased its cover in response to burning, BSW blading, double chopping, chopping, double disking, rootraking with disking, and bedding disturbance in North Florida longleaf pine ecosystems. It also showed resistance to regrowth after the disturbed longleaf pine ecosystem was reestablished. However, the plant did not respond to burning with rootraking in the North Florida longleaf pine community.<ref name=Outcalt90/>   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Additionally, ''A. stricta'' decreased its cover in response to burning, BSW blading, double chopping, chopping, double disking, rootraking with disking, and bedding disturbance in North Florida longleaf pine ecosystems. It also showed resistance to regrowth after the disturbed longleaf pine ecosystem was reestablished. However, the plant did not respond to burning with rootraking in the North Florida longleaf pine community.<ref name=Outcalt90/>   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Associated species: ''[[Pinus palustris]]'', ''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Aristida rhizomophora<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>'', ''Sorghastrum'' sp., ''Panicum'' sp., ''Andropogon'' sp., ''[[Sporobolus floridanus]]'', ''Ctenium'' sp., ''Sarracenia'' sp., ''Lachnanthes'' sp., ''Scleria'' sp., ''Rhynchospora'' sp., ''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Eriogonum tomentosum<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>'', ''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Eupatorium capillifolium<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>'', ''[[Licania michauxii]]'', ''[[Quercus geminata]]'', ''[[Quercus laevis]]'', ''[[Serenoa repens]]'', and ''[[Vaccinium arboreum]]''.<ref name= "Herbarium"/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Associated species: ''[[Pinus palustris]]'', ''Aristida rhizomophora'', ''Sorghastrum'' sp., ''Panicum'' sp., ''Andropogon'' sp., ''[[Sporobolus floridanus]]'', ''Ctenium'' sp., ''Sarracenia'' sp., ''Lachnanthes'' sp., ''Scleria'' sp., ''Rhynchospora'' sp., ''Eriogonum tomentosum'', ''Eupatorium capillifolium'', ''[[Licania michauxii]]'', ''[[Quercus geminata]]'', ''[[Quercus laevis]]'', ''[[Serenoa repens]]'', and ''[[Vaccinium arboreum]]''.<ref name= "Herbarium"/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->  </div></td></tr>
</table>Mtimmshttp://coastalplainplants.org/wiki/index.php?title=Aristida_stricta&diff=94139&oldid=prevMtimms at 18:44, 22 June 20212021-06-22T18:44:57Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:44, 22 June 2021</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l44" >Line 44:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Additionally, ''A. stricta'' decreased its cover in response to burning, BSW blading, double chopping, chopping, double disking, rootraking with disking, and bedding disturbance in North Florida longleaf pine ecosystems. It also showed resistance to regrowth after the disturbed longleaf pine ecosystem was reestablished. However, the plant did not respond to burning with rootraking in the North Florida longleaf pine community.<ref name=Outcalt90/>   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Additionally, ''A. stricta'' decreased its cover in response to burning, BSW blading, double chopping, chopping, double disking, rootraking with disking, and bedding disturbance in North Florida longleaf pine ecosystems. It also showed resistance to regrowth after the disturbed longleaf pine ecosystem was reestablished. However, the plant did not respond to burning with rootraking in the North Florida longleaf pine community.<ref name=Outcalt90/>   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Associated species: ''Pinus palustris'', ''Aristida rhizomophora'', ''Sorghastrum'' sp., ''Panicum'' sp., ''Andropogon'' sp., ''Sporobolus floridanus'', ''Ctenium'' sp., ''Sarracenia'' sp., ''Lachnanthes'' sp., ''Scleria'' sp., ''Rhynchospora'' sp., ''Eriogonum tomentosum'', ''Eupatorium capillifolium'', ''Licania michauxii'', ''Quercus geminata'', ''Quercus laevis'', ''Serenoa repens'', and ''Vaccinium arboreum''.<ref name= "Herbarium"/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Associated species: ''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Pinus palustris<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>'', ''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Aristida rhizomophora<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>'', ''Sorghastrum'' sp., ''Panicum'' sp., ''Andropogon'' sp., ''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Sporobolus floridanus<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>'', ''Ctenium'' sp., ''Sarracenia'' sp., ''Lachnanthes'' sp., ''Scleria'' sp., ''Rhynchospora'' sp., ''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Eriogonum tomentosum<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>'', ''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Eupatorium capillifolium<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>'', ''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Licania michauxii<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>'', ''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Quercus geminata<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>'', ''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Quercus laevis<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>'', ''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Serenoa repens<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>'', and ''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Vaccinium arboreum<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>''.<ref name= "Herbarium"/></div></td></tr>
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</table>Mtimmshttp://coastalplainplants.org/wiki/index.php?title=Aristida_stricta&diff=93677&oldid=prevGprintiss at 16:43, 21 June 20212021-06-21T16:43:24Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Pollination and use by animals===<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.--></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Pollination and use by animals===<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.--></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A few weeks following fire, newly resprouted blades are palatable to cattle but afterwards become unappealing to grazers as they mature.<ref name= Parrott/><ref name= Lewis>Lewis, C. E. (1970). Responses to chopping and rock phosphate on south Florida ranges. Journal of Range Management 23: 276-282.</ref>  It consists of 2-5% of the diet of terrestrial birds, including Bachman's sparrows, in its community.<ref name= "Lady bird">[[https://www.wildflower.org/plants/search.php?search_field=&newsearch=true]] Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Accessed: March 15, 2019</ref><ref name= "Miller">Miller, J.H., and K.V. Miller. 1999. Forest plants of the southeast and their wildlife uses. Southern Weed Science Society.</ref> Deer are also known to browse the leaves.<ref name= "Lady bird"/> The <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">insect </del>''Delphacodes andromeda'' (family Delphacidae) has been observed to use this species as a host.<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref>   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A few weeks following fire, newly resprouted blades are palatable to cattle but afterwards become unappealing to grazers as they mature.<ref name= Parrott/><ref name= Lewis>Lewis, C. E. (1970). Responses to chopping and rock phosphate on south Florida ranges. Journal of Range Management 23: 276-282.</ref>  It consists of 2-5% of the diet of terrestrial birds, including Bachman's sparrows, in its community.<ref name= "Lady bird">[[https://www.wildflower.org/plants/search.php?search_field=&newsearch=true]] Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Accessed: March 15, 2019</ref><ref name= "Miller">Miller, J.H., and K.V. Miller. 1999. Forest plants of the southeast and their wildlife uses. Southern Weed Science Society.</ref> Deer are also known to browse the leaves.<ref name= "Lady bird"/> The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">planthopper </ins>''Delphacodes andromeda'' (family Delphacidae) has been observed to use this species as a host.<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref>   </div></td></tr>
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</table>Gprintisshttp://coastalplainplants.org/wiki/index.php?title=Aristida_stricta&diff=93564&oldid=prevAseibert at 13:10, 21 June 20212021-06-21T13:10:54Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Aristida stricta'' has been observed in dry and loamy sand in upland longleaf pine communities, including sandhills, flatwoods, glades, ridges, borders of swamps, scrub, and slightly disturbed areas.<ref name= "Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: March 2019. Collectors: Jame Amoroso, Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker, L. Baltzell, S. T. Cooper, A. H. Curtiss, R. A. Davidson, Patricia Elliot, J. P. Gillespie, R. K. Godfrey, Frank W. Gould, J. Hunter, Gary R. Knight, R. Komarek, R. Kral, Robert L. Lazor, Karen MacClendon, D. L. Martin, R. S. Mitchell, John Morrill, John B. Nelson, R. E. Perdue, Jr., D. Pheilps, Gwynn W. Ramsey, William Reese, Paul Redfearn, Cecil R. Slaughter, Brian Tan, R. F. Thorne, D. B. Ward, F. S. Ward, and G. Wilder. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Brevard, Calhoun, Columbia, Duval, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Indian River, Jackson, Jefferson, Lake, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Madison, Marion, Nassau, Osceola, Pasco, Pinellas, Polk, Putnam, Suwannee, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Georgia: Thomas.</ref> It is considered to be an indicator species for native plant communities of pine-grasslands in the Coastal Plain within its natural geographic and edaphic distribution due to its high sensitivity to soil disturbance.<ref name="oster"> Ostertag, T.E., and K.M. Robertson. 2007. A comparison of native versus old-field vegetation in upland pinelands managed with frequent fire, South Georgia, USA. Pages 109–120 in R.E. Masters and K.E.M. Galley (eds.). Proceedings of the 23rd Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference: Fire in Grassland and Shrubland Ecosystems.</ref>  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Aristida stricta'' has been observed in dry and loamy sand in upland longleaf pine communities, including sandhills, flatwoods, glades, ridges, borders of swamps, scrub, and slightly disturbed areas.<ref name= "Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: March 2019. Collectors: Jame Amoroso, Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker, L. Baltzell, S. T. Cooper, A. H. Curtiss, R. A. Davidson, Patricia Elliot, J. P. Gillespie, R. K. Godfrey, Frank W. Gould, J. Hunter, Gary R. Knight, R. Komarek, R. Kral, Robert L. Lazor, Karen MacClendon, D. L. Martin, R. S. Mitchell, John Morrill, John B. Nelson, R. E. Perdue, Jr., D. Pheilps, Gwynn W. Ramsey, William Reese, Paul Redfearn, Cecil R. Slaughter, Brian Tan, R. F. Thorne, D. B. Ward, F. S. Ward, and G. Wilder. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Brevard, Calhoun, Columbia, Duval, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Indian River, Jackson, Jefferson, Lake, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Madison, Marion, Nassau, Osceola, Pasco, Pinellas, Polk, Putnam, Suwannee, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Georgia: Thomas.</ref> It is considered to be an indicator species for native plant communities of pine-grasslands in the Coastal Plain within its natural geographic and edaphic distribution due to its high sensitivity to soil disturbance.<ref name="oster"> Ostertag, T.E., and K.M. Robertson. 2007. A comparison of native versus old-field vegetation in upland pinelands managed with frequent fire, South Georgia, USA. Pages 109–120 in R.E. Masters and K.E.M. Galley (eds.). Proceedings of the 23rd Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference: Fire in Grassland and Shrubland Ecosystems.</ref>  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''A. stricta'' reduced its crown cover and biomass in response to heavy silvilculture and showed resistance to regrowth in reestablished native pine flatwoods in North Florida.<ref>Conde, L.F., B.F. Swindel, and J.E. Smith. (1986). Five Years of Vegetation Changes Following Conversion of Pine Flatwoods to ''Pinus elliottii'' Plantations. Forest Ecology and Management 15(4):295-300.</ref> Additionally, it has reduced occurrence in habitats disturbed by agricultural practices<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, and it </del>has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished longleaf pine communities that were disturbed by agriculture in southwest Georgia and North Carolina<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del><ref name="oster"/> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Thereby </del>making the plant an indicator of soil degradation in post agricultural habitats.<ref>Hedman, C.W., S.L. Grace, and S.E. King. (2000). Vegetation composition and structure of southern coastal plain pine forests: an ecological comparison. Forest Ecology and Management 134:233-247.</ref><ref> Brudvig, L. A., J. L. Orrock, Damschen, C. D. Collins, P. G. Hahn, W. B. Mattingly, J. W. Veldman and J. L. Walker. 2014. Land-use history and contemporary management inform an ecological reference model for longleaf pine woodland undestory plant communities. PLoS ONE 9(1): e86604.</ref> ''A. stricta'' decreased its cover in response to soil disturbance by roller chopping in the Northwest Florida sandhills and south Florida. It has also shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished native sandhill communities after roller chopping.<ref>Hebb, E.A. (1971). Site Preparation Decreases Game Food Plants in Florida Sandhills. The Journal of Wildlife Management 35(1):155-162.</ref><ref>Lewis, C.E. (1970). Responses to Chopping and Rock Phosphate on South Florida Ranges. Journal of Range Management 23(4):276-282.</ref> However, in some areas of north Florida ''A. stricta'' had mixed responses to roller chopping disturbance. Some cases were dependent upon the time since soil disturbance as the plant showed some regrowth in reestablished native pine communities.<ref>Lewis, C.E., G.W. Tanner, and W.S. Terry. (1988). Plant responses to pine management and deferred-rotation grazing in north Florida. Journal of Range Management 41(6):460-465.</ref> It is present in infertile sands such as inadequately drained flatwoods soils and exceptionally drained sandhill soils.<ref name= AC/><ref name=Outcalt90/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''A. stricta'' reduced its crown cover and biomass in response to heavy silvilculture and showed resistance to regrowth in reestablished native pine flatwoods in North Florida.<ref>Conde, L.F., B.F. Swindel, and J.E. Smith. (1986). Five Years of Vegetation Changes Following Conversion of Pine Flatwoods to ''Pinus elliottii'' Plantations. Forest Ecology and Management 15(4):295-300.</ref> Additionally, it has reduced occurrence in habitats disturbed by agricultural practices<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. It </ins>has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished longleaf pine communities that were disturbed by agriculture in southwest Georgia and North Carolina<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins><ref name="oster"/> making the plant an indicator of soil degradation in post agricultural habitats.<ref>Hedman, C.W., S.L. Grace, and S.E. King. (2000). Vegetation composition and structure of southern coastal plain pine forests: an ecological comparison. Forest Ecology and Management 134:233-247.</ref><ref> Brudvig, L. A., J. L. Orrock, Damschen, C. D. Collins, P. G. Hahn, W. B. Mattingly, J. W. Veldman and J. L. Walker. 2014. Land-use history and contemporary management inform an ecological reference model for longleaf pine woodland undestory plant communities. PLoS ONE 9(1): e86604.</ref> ''A. stricta'' decreased its cover in response to soil disturbance by roller chopping in the Northwest Florida sandhills and south Florida. It has also shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished native sandhill communities after roller chopping.<ref>Hebb, E.A. (1971). Site Preparation Decreases Game Food Plants in Florida Sandhills. The Journal of Wildlife Management 35(1):155-162.</ref><ref>Lewis, C.E. (1970). Responses to Chopping and Rock Phosphate on South Florida Ranges. Journal of Range Management 23(4):276-282.</ref> However, in some areas of north Florida ''A. stricta'' had mixed responses to roller chopping disturbance. Some cases were dependent upon the time since soil disturbance as the plant showed some regrowth in reestablished native pine communities.<ref>Lewis, C.E., G.W. Tanner, and W.S. Terry. (1988). Plant responses to pine management and deferred-rotation grazing in north Florida. Journal of Range Management 41(6):460-465.</ref> It is present in infertile sands such as inadequately drained flatwoods soils and exceptionally drained sandhill soils.<ref name= AC/><ref name=Outcalt90/></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Its biomass decreased in response to soil disturbance by chopping, disking, fertilization, and bedding in South Florida dry prairies, and it showed resistance to regrowth in reestablished prairies that were disturbed by these practices.<ref>Moore, W.H. and B.F. Swindel. (1981). Effects of Site Preparation on Dry Prairie Vegetation in South Florida. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 27(2)89-92.</ref> It also decreased its cover in response to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests. ''A. stricta'' was resistant to regrowth in the reestablished flatwood community post disturbance.<ref>Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.</ref> ''A. stricta'' decreased its cover in response to soil disturbance by double chopping with a double drum chopper, single chopping with a double drum chopper, and by application of hexazinone in the Central Florida sandhills. It also failed to reoccur in post disturbance areas.<ref>Outcalt, K.W. (1992). Factors affecting wiregrass (''Aristida stricta'' Michx.) cover on uncut and site prepared sandhills areas in Central Florida. Ecological Engineering 1(3):245-251.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Its biomass decreased in response to soil disturbance by chopping, disking, fertilization, and bedding in South Florida dry prairies, and it showed resistance to regrowth in reestablished prairies that were disturbed by these practices.<ref>Moore, W.H. and B.F. Swindel. (1981). Effects of Site Preparation on Dry Prairie Vegetation in South Florida. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 27(2)89-92.</ref> It also decreased its cover in response to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests. ''A. stricta'' was resistant to regrowth in the reestablished flatwood community post disturbance.<ref>Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.</ref> ''A. stricta'' decreased its cover in response to soil disturbance by double chopping with a double drum chopper, single chopping with a double drum chopper, and by application of hexazinone in the Central Florida sandhills. It also failed to reoccur in post disturbance areas.<ref>Outcalt, K.W. (1992). Factors affecting wiregrass (''Aristida stricta'' Michx.) cover on uncut and site prepared sandhills areas in Central Florida. Ecological Engineering 1(3):245-251.</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>Aseibert