Difference between revisions of "Agalinis divaricata"

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Common names: Pineland false foxglove; Little gerardia  
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Common names: pineland false foxglove, little gerardia, pineland agalinis
 
==Taxonomic notes==
 
==Taxonomic notes==
Synonym: ''Gerardia divaricata'' Chapm.
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Synonym: ''Gerardia divaricata'' Chapm.<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref>
  
 
==Description==  
 
==Description==  
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
  
It is an annual and flowers in the fall<ref name="hall">Hall, David W. Illustrated Plants of Florida and the Coastal Plain: based on the collections of Leland and Lucy Baltzell. 1993. A Maupin House Book. Gainesville. 341. Print.</ref>. It flowers summer to fall.<ref name="wunderlin">Wunderlin, Richard P. and Bruce F. Hansen. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida. Second edition. 2003. University Press of Florida: Gainesville/Tallahassee/Tampa/Boca Raton/Pensacola/Orlando/Miami/Jacksonville/Ft. Myers. 546. Print.</ref>
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It is an annual and flowers in the summer and fall.<ref name="hall">Hall, David W. Illustrated Plants of Florida and the Coastal Plain: based on the collections of Leland and Lucy Baltzell. 1993. A Maupin House Book. Gainesville. 341. Print.</ref><ref name="wunderlin">Wunderlin, Richard P. and Bruce F. Hansen. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida. Second edition. 2003. University Press of Florida: Gainesville/Tallahassee/Tampa/Boca Raton/Pensacola/Orlando/Miami/Jacksonville/Ft. Myers. 546. Print.</ref>
  
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
It is infrequent in central, north, and west Florida. Found from: West to Mississippi, east to Alabama<ref name="hall"/>. Listed as critically imperiled in Alabama and Georgia.<ref name="natureserve">[[http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Agalinis+divaricata]]NatureServe. Accessed: March 21, 2016</ref> On the Florida panhandle and northern peninsula, observations have been made from Santa Rosa county<ref name="Hammer 2016"/><ref name="Davis 2003">Observation by Kim Davis in Blackwater Forest and Garcon Point Nature Trail, Santa Rosa County, FL, September 19-28, 2003, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group September 20126.</ref>, eastward to Leon and Wakulla, and in Levy, Alachua, Marion, Citrus, and Hernando counties.<ref name="Hammer 2016"/>
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''Agalinus divartica'' is infrequent in central, north, and west Florida, but is endemic to Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida<ref name="hall"/>. It is listed as critically imperiled in Alabama and Georgia.<ref name="natureserve">[[http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Agalinis+divaricata]]NatureServe. Accessed: March 21, 2016</ref>
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On the Florida panhandle and northern peninsula, observations have been made from Santa Rosa county<ref name="Hammer 2016"/><ref name="Davis 2003">Observation by Kim Davis in Blackwater Forest and Garcon Point Nature Trail, Santa Rosa County, FL, September 19-28, 2003, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group September 20126.</ref>, eastward to Leon and Wakulla, and in Levy, Alachua, Marion, Citrus, and Hernando counties.<ref name="Hammer 2016"/>
  
 
==Ecology==
 
==Ecology==
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
It occurs primarily in well drained sands and loamy sands of pine-oak sandhill communities, sand dunes and interdune hollows (Entisols), and pine flatwoods communities (Spodosols). It thrives in frequently burned areas.<ref name="fsu">.Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Sidney McDaniel, Andre F. Clewell, Robert K. Godfrey, Paul O. Schallert, J. M. Canne, John Morrill, Loran C. Anderson, J. Hays, Robert Kral, Jean W. Wooten, H. E. Grelen, John C. Semple, L. Brouillet, Wilson Baker, H. Roth, V Craig, Bill Boothe, Marcia Boothe, R. A. Norris, and T. MacClendon. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Calhoun, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Levy, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington.</ref> It is found in dry, scrub pinelands.<ref name="hall"/> It is found in dry pine-oak savannas, sandhills, and mesic bog margins<ref name="wunderlin"/>. Found in dry loamy sands, well drained sands, deep coarse sands, and loamy sand areas.<ref name="fsu"/> ''A. divaricata'' is also fund in human disturbed areas such as pine plantations, old fields, and along roadside edges and ditches. It does well in high levels of light.
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''A. divaricata'' occurs primarily in well drained and loamy sands such as pine-oak sandhill communities, sand dunes, interdune hollows (Entisols), and pine flatwoods communities (Spodosols). It thrives in frequently burned areas,<ref name="fsu">.Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Sidney McDaniel, Andre F. Clewell, Robert K. Godfrey, Paul O. Schallert, J. M. Canne, John Morrill, Loran C. Anderson, J. Hays, Robert Kral, Jean W. Wooten, H. E. Grelen, John C. Semple, L. Brouillet, Wilson Baker, H. Roth, V Craig, Bill Boothe, Marcia Boothe, R. A. Norris, and T. MacClendon. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Calhoun, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Levy, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington.</ref> and in human disturbed areas such as pine plantations, old fields, along roadside edges and ditches where there are high levels of light.<ref name="fsu"/>
  
Associated species: ''Myrica, Pinus, Quercus, Liatris, Pityopsis, Agalinis pulchella, Agalinis aphylla, Agalinis tenuifolia, Agalinis plukenetii, Quercus laevis, Aristida stricta, Andropogon spp.; Polygonella, Chrysopsis, Haplopappus, Opuntia, Eupatorium, Dicerandra, Trichostema, Liatris gracilis,'' and others.<ref name="fsu"/>
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''Agalinis divaricata'' is an indicator species for the Panhandle Silty Longleaf Woodlands community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).<ref>Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.</ref>
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Associated species include ''[[Morella cerifera]]'', ''[[Agalinis pulchella]]'', ''Agalinis aphylla'', ''[[Agalinis tenuifolia]]'', ''Agalinis plukenetii'', ''[[Quercus laevis]]'', ''[[Aristida stricta]]'', ''[[Liatris gracilis]]'', and others.<ref name="fsu"/>
  
 
===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
 
===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
''Agalinis divaricata'' has been observed to flower between September to December with the peak of inflorescence in October.<ref>Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 6 DEC 2016</ref> In dry, longleaf pine forests and savannas of the Florida panhandle and northern peninsular Florida, ''A. divaricata'' flower from September through October.<ref name="Hammer 2016"/>
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''Agalinis divaricata'' has been observed to flower between September to December with the peak of inflorescence in October.<ref>Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 6 DEC 2016</ref><ref name="Hammer 2016"/>
 
<!--===Seed dispersal===-->
 
<!--===Seed dispersal===-->
 
<!--===Seed bank and germination===-->
 
<!--===Seed bank and germination===-->
  
 
===Fire ecology===<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
 
===Fire ecology===<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
It thrives in frequently burned areas; and occurs in areas with extremely xeric conditions (such as sand dunes) which limit competition with other vegetation.<ref name="fsu"/>
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It thrives in frequently burned areas.<ref name="fsu"/>
<!--===Pollination===-->  
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<!--==Pollination===-->
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===Herbivory and toxicology===<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->
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Like other ''Agalinis'' species, ''A. divaricata'' hosts larvae of the common buckeye butterfly (''Junonia coenia'') in Florida.<ref name="Hammer 2016">Observation by Roger Hammer in Silver Springs State Park, Marion County, FL. September 2016, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group August 4, 2017.</ref>
  
===Use by animals===<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->
 
''Agalinis'' species, including this one, host larvae of the common buckeye butterfly (''Junonia coenia'') in Florida.<ref name="Hammer 2016">Observation by Roger Hammer in Silver Springs State Park, Marion County, FL. September 2016, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group August 4, 2017.</ref>
 
 
<!--===Diseases and parasites===-->
 
<!--===Diseases and parasites===-->
  
==Conservation and management==
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==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration==
 
''A. divaricata'' requires fire or other vegetation-removing disturbance to maintain high light levels in the habitat which also reduces competition. It does not appear to be common in areas with a great deal of soil disturbance, although it occurs along roadsides and ditches.<ref name="fsu"/> This species is highly threatened by land-use conversion, habitat fragmentation and forest management practices.<ref name="natureserve"/>
 
''A. divaricata'' requires fire or other vegetation-removing disturbance to maintain high light levels in the habitat which also reduces competition. It does not appear to be common in areas with a great deal of soil disturbance, although it occurs along roadsides and ditches.<ref name="fsu"/> This species is highly threatened by land-use conversion, habitat fragmentation and forest management practices.<ref name="natureserve"/>
  
==Cultivation and restoration==
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==Cultural use==
==Photo Gallery==
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==Photo gallery==
 
<gallery widths=180px>
 
<gallery widths=180px>
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
 
==References and notes==
 
==References and notes==

Latest revision as of 13:48, 17 May 2023

Agalinis divaricata
Agalinis divaricata MMS Torreya SP Oct 2015.jpg
Photo by Michelle Smith at Torreya State Park
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons
Order: Lamiales
Family: Orobancheaceae
Genus: Agalinis
Species: A. divaricata
Binomial name
Agalinis divaricata
(Chapm.) Pennell
AGAL DIVA dist.jpg
Natural range of Agalinis divaricata from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Common names: pineland false foxglove, little gerardia, pineland agalinis

Taxonomic notes

Synonym: Gerardia divaricata Chapm.[1]

Description

It is an annual and flowers in the summer and fall.[2][3]

Distribution

Agalinus divartica is infrequent in central, north, and west Florida, but is endemic to Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida[2]. It is listed as critically imperiled in Alabama and Georgia.[4]

On the Florida panhandle and northern peninsula, observations have been made from Santa Rosa county[5][6], eastward to Leon and Wakulla, and in Levy, Alachua, Marion, Citrus, and Hernando counties.[5]

Ecology

Habitat

A. divaricata occurs primarily in well drained and loamy sands such as pine-oak sandhill communities, sand dunes, interdune hollows (Entisols), and pine flatwoods communities (Spodosols). It thrives in frequently burned areas,[7] and in human disturbed areas such as pine plantations, old fields, along roadside edges and ditches where there are high levels of light.[7]

Agalinis divaricata is an indicator species for the Panhandle Silty Longleaf Woodlands community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).[8]

Associated species include Morella cerifera, Agalinis pulchella, Agalinis aphylla, Agalinis tenuifolia, Agalinis plukenetii, Quercus laevis, Aristida stricta, Liatris gracilis, and others.[7]

Phenology

Agalinis divaricata has been observed to flower between September to December with the peak of inflorescence in October.[9][5]

Fire ecology

It thrives in frequently burned areas.[7]


Herbivory and toxicology

Like other Agalinis species, A. divaricata hosts larvae of the common buckeye butterfly (Junonia coenia) in Florida.[5]


Conservation, cultivation, and restoration

A. divaricata requires fire or other vegetation-removing disturbance to maintain high light levels in the habitat which also reduces competition. It does not appear to be common in areas with a great deal of soil disturbance, although it occurs along roadsides and ditches.[7] This species is highly threatened by land-use conversion, habitat fragmentation and forest management practices.[4]

Cultural use

Photo gallery

References and notes

  1. Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Hall, David W. Illustrated Plants of Florida and the Coastal Plain: based on the collections of Leland and Lucy Baltzell. 1993. A Maupin House Book. Gainesville. 341. Print.
  3. Wunderlin, Richard P. and Bruce F. Hansen. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida. Second edition. 2003. University Press of Florida: Gainesville/Tallahassee/Tampa/Boca Raton/Pensacola/Orlando/Miami/Jacksonville/Ft. Myers. 546. Print.
  4. 4.0 4.1 [[1]]NatureServe. Accessed: March 21, 2016
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Observation by Roger Hammer in Silver Springs State Park, Marion County, FL. September 2016, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group August 4, 2017.
  6. Observation by Kim Davis in Blackwater Forest and Garcon Point Nature Trail, Santa Rosa County, FL, September 19-28, 2003, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group September 20126.
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 .Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Sidney McDaniel, Andre F. Clewell, Robert K. Godfrey, Paul O. Schallert, J. M. Canne, John Morrill, Loran C. Anderson, J. Hays, Robert Kral, Jean W. Wooten, H. E. Grelen, John C. Semple, L. Brouillet, Wilson Baker, H. Roth, V Craig, Bill Boothe, Marcia Boothe, R. A. Norris, and T. MacClendon. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Calhoun, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Levy, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington.
  8. Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.
  9. Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 6 DEC 2016