Agalinis fasciculata
| Agalinis fasciculata | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo was taken by Gil Nelson | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Orobancheaceae |
| Genus: | Agalinis |
| Species: | A. fasciculata |
| Binomial name | |
| Agalinis fasciculata (Elliott) Raf. | |
| |
| Natural range of Agalinis fasciculata from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common names: Beach false foxglove; Cluster-leaf gerardia
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: Gerardia fasciculata Elliott; A. fasciculata (Elliott) Rafinesque; Gerardia fasciculata ssp. typica – P; Gerardia fasciculata ssp. peninsularis (Pennell) Pennell
Description
Annual. Parasitic to the roots of grasses and other herbs. Leaves are opposite, linear to filiform, and sometimes will have tufts on the shoots. Flowers are showy, in terminal racemes; the calyx is 5-parted, the lobes are shorter than the tube; the corolla is 5-parted. The flowers are rose-lavender in color and are rarely white. There are usually 2 yellow lines and numerous purple spots in the throat on the tube. The tube is broad, campanulate, and the lobes are shorter than the tube. The throat is usually lanose at the base of the 2 upper corolla lobes. There are 4 stamens, didynamous, that include filaments and anthers that are also lanose. The stigmas are elongated. The capsules are globose or subglobose, loculicidal.[1]
The stems are similar to Agalinis purpurea, but instead are scabrous to scaberulous (not puberulent). Flowers August to October.[1]
Distribution
It is common in all of Florida. Found from: west to Texas, north to North Carolina[2]
Ecology
Habitat
It can be found in frequently burned pine sandhills (Entisols), flatwoods (Spodosols), upland pine communities and shortleaf pine-oak-hickory woodlands (Ultisols), as well as calcareous glades, sandhills, coastal scrubs, margins of ponds, lakes, depressions, marshes, and wet meadows, on the borders of dunes[1][3][4] and in pine rocklands.[5] It occurs on a wide range of soil types from deep sands to loamy clay. It requires high light provided by frequently burned areas. It can occur on very disturbed soils, such those in railroad and power line rights-of-way, clear-cut areas, disturbed roadsides, dredged up sand, and site-prepped pine forests. It appears to be somewhat salt tolerant given its proximity to salt marshes and co-existence with Spartina bakari and other brackish-salt water plants[4][3]
Associated species includes Bidens, Chrysopsis, Eupatorium, Schoenus nigricans, A. longespica, Houstonia nigricans, Rynchospora divergens, Scleria verticillata, Juniperus, Haplopappus, Rubus, Gnaphaluim, Eupatorium compositifolium, Baccharis, Andropogon, Xyris, Polygala, Solidago, Trichostema, Spartina bakeri, Myrica cerifera, Euthamia minor, Baccharis angustfolia, Hyptis, Lycopus, Drosera, and Pinus palustris.[3]
Phenology
It flowers summer to fall[6][7]; however in the southern peninsula of Florida, it can flower all year[8]. Numerous small capsules each carrying hundreds of brown honeycombed seeds mature in late autumn.[4]
Michelle Smith observed Agalinis fasciculata flowering along Piney Z Lake in Tallahassee, Florida in September 2015 & flowering at Pebble Hill Plantation in Grady County, GA in October 2015.
Agalinis fasciculata has been observed to flower in May and July to December, with peak inflorescence in September and October.[9]
Seed dispersal
This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity. [10]
Pollination
The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of Agalinis fasciculata at Archbold Biological Station:[11]
Colletidae: Hylaeus confluens
Halictidae: Augochlorella gratiosa
Megachilidae: Megachile albitarsis
Use by animals
Agalinis species, including this one, host larvae of the common buckeye butterfly (Junonia coenia) in Florida.[12]
Conservation and management
A. fasciculata is listed as endangered in the state of Maryland and is listed as rare in the state of New York. [13]
Cultivation and restoration
Photo Gallery
Agalinis fasciculata Photo by Michelle Smith
Leon County, FL
Leaves of Agalinis fasciculata Photo by Michelle Smith
Leon County, FL
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 960. Print.
- ↑ Hall, David W. Illustrated Plants of Florida and the Coastal Plain: based on the collections of Leland and Lucy Baltzell. 1993. A Maupin House Book. Gainesville. 341. Print.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: February 2019. Collectors: Frank Almeda, Loran C. Anderson, W Baker, Edwin L. Bridges, Jane Brockmann, Michael B. Brooks, L. Brouillet, J. M. Canne, Richard Carter, George R. Cooley, Richard J. Eaton, Mark A. Garland, R. K. Godfrey, J. M. Kane, Gary R. Knight, R. Komarek, R. Kral, O. Lakela, Robert L. Lazor, Sidney McDaniel, Richard S. Mitchell, Herbert Monoson, L. J. Musselman, Leon Neel, J. B. Nelson, Steve L. Orzell, James D. Ray, Jr., Paul O. Schallert, John C. Semple, and Cecil R Slaughter. States and counties: Florida: Bay, Bradford, Brevard, Calhoun, Collier, Dade, Duval, Escambia, Flagler, Franklin, Gulf, Hernando, Highlands, Hillsborough, Jackson, Lafayette, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Manatee, Monroe, Okaloosa, Putnam, Seminole, St Johns, Taylor, Wakulla, and Washington. Georgia: Grady and Thomas.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Musselman, L. J. and W. F. Mann, Jr (1979). "Agalinis fasciculata (Scrophulariaceae), a native parasitic weed on commercial tree species in the southeastern United States." American Midland Naturalist 101: 459-464.
- ↑ Observation by Jake Antonio Heaton in Everglades National Park, Homstead, FL, June 11th, 2016, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group June 12th, 2017.
- ↑ Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium Specimen database search.FSU's Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium
- ↑ Valdosta State University Herbarium database. Valdosta State University Herbarium
- ↑ Wunderlin, Richard P. and Bruce F. Hansen. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida. Second edition. 2003. University Press of Florida: Gainesville/Tallahassee/Tampa/Boca Raton/Pensacola/Orlando/Miami/Jacksonville/Ft. Myers. 546. Print.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed:12/7/16
- ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
- ↑ Deyrup, M.A. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowering plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.
- ↑ Observation by Roger Hammer in Silver Springs State Park, Marion County, FL. September 2016, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group August 4, 2017.
- ↑ USDA Plants Database URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ANGE
