Difference between revisions of "Symplocos tinctoria"
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| − | Common names: common sweetleaf <ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database | + | Common names: common sweetleaf<ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database </ref>,horsesugar <ref name= "atwood">Atwood, E. L. (1941). "White-tailed deer foods of the United States." The Journal of Wildlife Management 5(3): 314-332.</ref> |
<!-- Get the taxonomy information from the NRCS Plants database --> | <!-- Get the taxonomy information from the NRCS Plants database --> | ||
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==Description== | ==Description== | ||
| − | ''S. tinctoria'' is a perennial shrub/tree of the Symplocaceae family that is native to North America. <ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref> | + | ''S. tinctoria'' is a perennial shrub/tree of the Symplocaceae family that is native to North America.<ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref> |
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| − | ''S. tinctoria'' is found in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New York, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. <ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref> | + | ''S. tinctoria'' is found in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New York, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas.<ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref> |
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== | ===Habitat=== | ||
| − | Habitats for ''S. tinctoria'' include moist bottomland forest, pocosin edges, mesic forests, ridgetop forests, and sandhills. <ref name= "Weakley"> Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium.</ref> Specimens have been collected from moist soil of mixed hardwoods, dry woods, ravine above stream, slope near floodplains, open upland woodland, upland hammock, and mesic hammock. <ref name = "FSU herbarium"> URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, R.K. Godfrey, A.H. Curtiss, Richland S. Mitchell, Sidney McDaniel, Paul Redfearn, Gwynn Ramsey, K. Craddock Burks, Rodie White, R.A. Norris, R. Komarek, J.M. Kane, John B. Nelson, Bert Pittman, Kathy Boyle, Herrick Brown, Richard Carter, Ron Miller. States and counties: Florida (Escambia, Okaloosa, Duval, Calhoun, Liberty, Jackson, Holmes, Gadsden, Leon, Jefferson, Columbia, Suwannee, Santa Rosa, Washington, Wakulla) Georgia (Grady, Thomas, McIntosh) South Carolina (Richland, Berkeley)</ref> | + | Habitats for ''S. tinctoria'' include moist bottomland forest, pocosin edges, mesic forests, ridgetop forests, and sandhills.<ref name= "Weakley"> Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium.</ref> Specimens have been collected from moist soil of mixed hardwoods, dry woods, ravine above stream, slope near floodplains, open upland woodland, upland hammock, and mesic hammock.<ref name = "FSU herbarium"> URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, R.K. Godfrey, A.H. Curtiss, Richland S. Mitchell, Sidney McDaniel, Paul Redfearn, Gwynn Ramsey, K. Craddock Burks, Rodie White, R.A. Norris, R. Komarek, J.M. Kane, John B. Nelson, Bert Pittman, Kathy Boyle, Herrick Brown, Richard Carter, Ron Miller. States and counties: Florida (Escambia, Okaloosa, Duval, Calhoun, Liberty, Jackson, Holmes, Gadsden, Leon, Jefferson, Columbia, Suwannee, Santa Rosa, Washington, Wakulla) Georgia (Grady, Thomas, McIntosh) South Carolina (Richland, Berkeley)</ref> |
| − | Soils that are medum to coarse in texture are hospitable for ''S. tinctoria''. <ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref> | + | Soils that are medum to coarse in texture are hospitable for ''S. tinctoria''.<ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref> |
| − | This species is not tolerance of drought but is tolerant of shade. <ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref> | + | This species is not tolerance of drought but is tolerant of shade.<ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref> |
<!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
===Phenology=== | ===Phenology=== | ||
| − | ''S. tinctoria'' has been observed flowering January through June with peak inflorescence in March. <ref name= "Pan Flora"> Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 29 MAY 2018</ref> | + | ''S. tinctoria'' has been observed flowering January through June with peak inflorescence in March.<ref name= "Pan Flora"> Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 29 MAY 2018</ref> |
<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
<!--===Seed dispersal===--> | <!--===Seed dispersal===--> | ||
<!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | <!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | ||
<!--===Fire ecology===--> | <!--===Fire ecology===--> | ||
| − | It has been found that this species increased in production after a prescribed burn. <ref name= "lay" >Lay, D. W. (1967). "Browse palatability and the effects of prescribed burning in southern pine forests." Journal of Forestry 65: 826-828.</ref> | + | It has been found that this species increased in production after a prescribed burn.<ref name= "lay" >Lay, D. W. (1967). "Browse palatability and the effects of prescribed burning in southern pine forests." Journal of Forestry 65: 826-828.</ref> |
<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
<!--===Pollination===--> | <!--===Pollination===--> | ||
===Use by animals=== | ===Use by animals=== | ||
| − | This species is a common food source for the white tailed deer. <ref name= "atwood">Atwood, E. L. (1941). "White-tailed deer foods of the United States." The Journal of Wildlife Management 5(3): 314-332.</ref> | + | This species is a common food source for the white tailed deer.<ref name= "atwood">Atwood, E. L. (1941). "White-tailed deer foods of the United States." The Journal of Wildlife Management 5(3): 314-332.</ref> |
<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.--> | <!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.--> | ||
===Diseases and parasites=== | ===Diseases and parasites=== | ||
| − | Galls due to a fungus has been observed on a plant in northeast Pensacola, Fl | + | Galls due to a fungus has been observed on a plant in northeast Pensacola, Fl.<ref name ="FFE">Observation by Steve Gallagher in Pensacola, Fl. March 12, 2018, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group March 12, 2018. </ref> |
==Conservation and Management== | ==Conservation and Management== | ||
Revision as of 15:23, 21 May 2021
Common names: common sweetleaf[1],horsesugar [2]
| Symplocos tinctoria | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by John Gwaltney hosted at Southeastern Flora.com | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicots |
| Order: | Ebenales |
| Family: | Symplocaceae |
| Genus: | Symplocos |
| Species: | S. tinctoria |
| Binomial name | |
| Symplocos tinctoria (L.) L'Her. | |
| |
| Natural range of Symplocos tinctoria from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Contents
Taxonomic Notes
Variations: S. tinctoria var. pygmaea (Fernald), S. tinctoria var. ashei (Harbison).[3]
Description
S. tinctoria is a perennial shrub/tree of the Symplocaceae family that is native to North America.[1]
Distribution
S. tinctoria is found in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New York, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas.[1]
Ecology
Habitat
Habitats for S. tinctoria include moist bottomland forest, pocosin edges, mesic forests, ridgetop forests, and sandhills.[4] Specimens have been collected from moist soil of mixed hardwoods, dry woods, ravine above stream, slope near floodplains, open upland woodland, upland hammock, and mesic hammock.[5]
Soils that are medum to coarse in texture are hospitable for S. tinctoria.[1]
This species is not tolerance of drought but is tolerant of shade.[1]
Phenology
S. tinctoria has been observed flowering January through June with peak inflorescence in March.[6] It has been found that this species increased in production after a prescribed burn.[7]
Use by animals
This species is a common food source for the white tailed deer.[2]
Diseases and parasites
Galls due to a fungus has been observed on a plant in northeast Pensacola, Fl.[8]
Conservation and Management
Cultivation and restoration
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "USDA" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "USDA" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "USDA" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "USDA" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Atwood, E. L. (1941). "White-tailed deer foods of the United States." The Journal of Wildlife Management 5(3): 314-332.
- ↑ Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draf of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium.
- ↑ URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, R.K. Godfrey, A.H. Curtiss, Richland S. Mitchell, Sidney McDaniel, Paul Redfearn, Gwynn Ramsey, K. Craddock Burks, Rodie White, R.A. Norris, R. Komarek, J.M. Kane, John B. Nelson, Bert Pittman, Kathy Boyle, Herrick Brown, Richard Carter, Ron Miller. States and counties: Florida (Escambia, Okaloosa, Duval, Calhoun, Liberty, Jackson, Holmes, Gadsden, Leon, Jefferson, Columbia, Suwannee, Santa Rosa, Washington, Wakulla) Georgia (Grady, Thomas, McIntosh) South Carolina (Richland, Berkeley)
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 29 MAY 2018
- ↑ Lay, D. W. (1967). "Browse palatability and the effects of prescribed burning in southern pine forests." Journal of Forestry 65: 826-828.
- ↑ Observation by Steve Gallagher in Pensacola, Fl. March 12, 2018, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group March 12, 2018.
