Difference between revisions of "Commelina diffusa"
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==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat===<!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat===<!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | ''C. diffusa'' can be found at loamy lake shores; sandy loam of floodplains; seasonally flooded cypress domes; annually burned pine savannas; loamy sand in mesic flatwoods; wet margins of wax myrtle thickets; and pine-oak-beech-magnolia forests (FSU Herbarium). It has occurred in disturbed areas such as the banks of artificially filled lakes, lawns, roadsides, orange tree groves, unpaved parking lots, levees and ditches. It has been observed growing in loamy sand, sandy loam, oyster shell soil, and alluvial soils | + | ''C. diffusa'' can be found at loamy lake shores; sandy loam of floodplains; seasonally flooded cypress domes; annually burned pine savannas; loamy sand in mesic flatwoods; wet margins of wax myrtle thickets; and pine-oak-beech-magnolia forests (FSU Herbarium). It has occurred in disturbed areas such as the banks of artificially filled lakes, lawns, roadsides, orange tree groves, unpaved parking lots, levees and ditches. It has been observed growing in loamy sand, sandy loam, oyster shell soil, and alluvial soils.<ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: October 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, D. Burch, Mireya D. Correa, Dianne Hall, Ed Keppner, Lisa Keppner, R. Komarek, Horace Loftin, R.L. Lazor, Karen MacClendon, Travis MacClendon, R.A. Norris, Kim Ponzio, Dana Sakole, Cecil R. Slaughter, Edwin L. Tyson. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Brevard, Calhoun, Flagler, Franklin, Gadsden, Jackson, Jefferson, Lee, Leon, Madison, Nassau, Polk, Santa Rosa, St. Johns, Volusia, Wakulla. Georgia: Grady. Country: Panama. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy. Associated species include ''Alternanthera, Polygonum, Carex, Hypoxis curtissii, Paspalum, Panicum, Alternanthera, Ludwigia, Murdannia'', and ''Hydrolea''.</ref> |
===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | Flowers are actinomorphic, blue, and have three fertile stamen and two staminoids<ref name="Invasive"/>. Blooms April through October and fruits April through September | + | Flowers are actinomorphic, blue, and have three fertile stamen and two staminoids<ref name="Invasive"/>. Blooms April through October and fruits April through September.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"> |
===Seed dispersal=== | ===Seed dispersal=== | ||
| − | The fruit is a five seeded capsule with one seed indehiscent in the dorsal locule and two dehiscent seeds in the ventral locule ( | + | The fruit is a five seeded capsule with one seed indehiscent in the dorsal locule and two dehiscent seeds in the ventral locule.<ref name="Faden 1993">Faden, Robert B.. “The Misconstrued and Rare Species of Commelina (commelinaceae) in the Eastern United States”. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80.1 (1993): 208–218.</ref> |
<!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | <!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | ||
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
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===Pollination=== | ===Pollination=== | ||
| − | The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of ''Commelina diffusa'' at Archbold Biological Station | + | The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of ''Commelina diffusa'' at Archbold Biological Station.<ref name="Deyrup 2015">Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.</ref> |
Halictidae: ''Agapostemon splendens, Augochlorella gratiosa, Lasioglossum pectoralis'' | Halictidae: ''Agapostemon splendens, Augochlorella gratiosa, Lasioglossum pectoralis'' | ||
===Use by animals===<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.--> | ===Use by animals===<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.--> | ||
| − | The larva of the moth, ''Mouralia tinctoides'', has been observed developing on ''C. diffusa'' ( | + | The larva of the moth, ''Mouralia tinctoides'', has been observed developing on ''C. diffusa''.<ref name="Landolt 1993">Landolt, Peter J.. “Suitability of Six Species of Commelinaceae as Larval Hosts of Mouralia Tinctoides (lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Plusiinae)”. The Florida Entomologist 76.4 (1993): 572–576.</ref> |
===Diseases and parasites=== | ===Diseases and parasites=== | ||
| − | Larva from ''Liromyza commelinae'' infests ''C. diffusa'' by creating distinct serpentine mines on the upper surface of the leaves | + | Larva from ''Liromyza commelinae'' infests ''C. diffusa'' by creating distinct serpentine mines on the upper surface of the leaves.<ref name="Stegmaier 1966">Stegmaier, Carl E.. 1966. ''Liriomyza commelinae'', a leaf miner on ''Commelina'' in Florida (Diptera, Agromyzidae). The Florida Entomologist 49(3): 147–149.</ref> |
==Conservation and Management== | ==Conservation and Management== | ||
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==Cultivation and restoration== | ==Cultivation and restoration== | ||
| − | In the United States, it is a major weed in rice crops and reduces rice grain yields. It is abundant in late July and early August, after the first rice crop has been harvested and when the second crop is watered and fertilized, making it difficult to remove | + | In the United States, it is a major weed in rice crops and reduces rice grain yields. It is abundant in late July and early August, after the first rice crop has been harvested and when the second crop is watered and fertilized, making it difficult to remove.<ref name="Roy 1984">Roy J. Smith, Jr. 1984. Competition of spreading dayflower (''Commelina diffusa'') with rice (''Oryza sativa''). Weed Science 32(1): 116–119.</ref> It is also a weed in soybean crops <ref name="Invasive"/>. |
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
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==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
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Revision as of 18:48, 12 June 2016
| Commelina diffusa | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by Keith Bradley, Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Liliopsida – Monocotyledons |
| Order: | Commelinales |
| Family: | Commelinaceae |
| Genus: | Commelina |
| Species: | C. diffusa |
| Binomial name | |
| Commelina diffusa Burm. f. | |
| |
| Natural range of Commelina diffusa from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common name: climbing dayflower
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonym: Commelina diffusa; C. longicaulis Jacquin; C. diffusa var. diffusa
Description
A description of Commelina diffusa is provided in The Flora of North America
C. diffusa is an annual species in temperate climates and is either an annual or perennial in tropical and subtropical climates.[1] Species of the genera Commelina can be separated from those of Tradescantia by having unequal petals, one is distinctly smaller.[2] Leaves are alternately arranged and develop along the nodes.[3] Flowers are actinomorphic, blue, and have three fertile stamens and two staminoids[1]
Distribution
Distribution is not limited to the Southeastern United States, it can also be found in Africa, Asia, South America, Australia, and South Asian islands .[4]
Ecology
Habitat
C. diffusa can be found at loamy lake shores; sandy loam of floodplains; seasonally flooded cypress domes; annually burned pine savannas; loamy sand in mesic flatwoods; wet margins of wax myrtle thickets; and pine-oak-beech-magnolia forests (FSU Herbarium). It has occurred in disturbed areas such as the banks of artificially filled lakes, lawns, roadsides, orange tree groves, unpaved parking lots, levees and ditches. It has been observed growing in loamy sand, sandy loam, oyster shell soil, and alluvial soils.[5]
Phenology
Flowers are actinomorphic, blue, and have three fertile stamen and two staminoids[1]. Blooms April through October and fruits April through September.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag
Fire ecology
Following a fire, adults will resprout basally [6].
Pollination
The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of Commelina diffusa at Archbold Biological Station.[7]
Halictidae: Agapostemon splendens, Augochlorella gratiosa, Lasioglossum pectoralis
Use by animals
The larva of the moth, Mouralia tinctoides, has been observed developing on C. diffusa.[8]
Diseases and parasites
Larva from Liromyza commelinae infests C. diffusa by creating distinct serpentine mines on the upper surface of the leaves.[9]
Conservation and Management
Stolons can be cut into small pieces and easily regenerate, making it difficult to control. Herbicide has been observed to have a relatively low effect on Commelina[1].
Cultivation and restoration
In the United States, it is a major weed in rice crops and reduces rice grain yields. It is abundant in late July and early August, after the first rice crop has been harvested and when the second crop is watered and fertilized, making it difficult to remove.[10] It is also a weed in soybean crops [1].
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 [Invasive species compendium]Accessed: December 9, 2015
- ↑ Wunderlin, Richard P. and Bruce F. Hansen. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida. Second edition. 2003. University Press of Florida: Gainesville/Tallahassee/Tampa/Boca Raton/Pensacola/Orlando/Miami/Jacksonville/Ft. Myers. 412-13.
- ↑ [Go botany] Accessed: December 9, 2015
- ↑ Holm LG, Plucknett DL, Pancho JV, Herberger JP, 1977. The World's Worst Weeds. Distribution and Biology. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: University Press of Hawaii.
- ↑ Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: October 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, D. Burch, Mireya D. Correa, Dianne Hall, Ed Keppner, Lisa Keppner, R. Komarek, Horace Loftin, R.L. Lazor, Karen MacClendon, Travis MacClendon, R.A. Norris, Kim Ponzio, Dana Sakole, Cecil R. Slaughter, Edwin L. Tyson. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Brevard, Calhoun, Flagler, Franklin, Gadsden, Jackson, Jefferson, Lee, Leon, Madison, Nassau, Polk, Santa Rosa, St. Johns, Volusia, Wakulla. Georgia: Grady. Country: Panama. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy. Associated species include Alternanthera, Polygonum, Carex, Hypoxis curtissii, Paspalum, Panicum, Alternanthera, Ludwigia, Murdannia, and Hydrolea.
- ↑ [Fire Responses of Commelina diffusa]Accessed: December 9, 2015
- ↑ Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.
- ↑ Landolt, Peter J.. “Suitability of Six Species of Commelinaceae as Larval Hosts of Mouralia Tinctoides (lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Plusiinae)”. The Florida Entomologist 76.4 (1993): 572–576.
- ↑ Stegmaier, Carl E.. 1966. Liriomyza commelinae, a leaf miner on Commelina in Florida (Diptera, Agromyzidae). The Florida Entomologist 49(3): 147–149.
- ↑ Roy J. Smith, Jr. 1984. Competition of spreading dayflower (Commelina diffusa) with rice (Oryza sativa). Weed Science 32(1): 116–119.
