Difference between revisions of "Paronychia chartacea"
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===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
Flowers August through November and fruits in October (FSU Herbarium). | Flowers August through November and fruits in October (FSU Herbarium). | ||
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===Seed bank and germination=== | ===Seed bank and germination=== | ||
Germination of ''P. chartacea ssp. chartacea'' is highest in intact scrubs because invertebrate predators may use the low shrub cover of the rosemary scrubs to hide from carnivorous predators which are less likely to forage in degraded scrubs(Stephens et al. 2012). Schafer et al. 2010 found it to be one of the most abundant species in the rosemary scrub seedbank. It is an annual and obligate seeder with germination frequency increasing post-burn (Weekley and Menges 2003). Seedlings have been observed to germinate over a broad range of months (Hawkes and Menges 2003). | Germination of ''P. chartacea ssp. chartacea'' is highest in intact scrubs because invertebrate predators may use the low shrub cover of the rosemary scrubs to hide from carnivorous predators which are less likely to forage in degraded scrubs(Stephens et al. 2012). Schafer et al. 2010 found it to be one of the most abundant species in the rosemary scrub seedbank. It is an annual and obligate seeder with germination frequency increasing post-burn (Weekley and Menges 2003). Seedlings have been observed to germinate over a broad range of months (Hawkes and Menges 2003). | ||
Revision as of 14:42, 16 February 2016
| Paronychia chartacea | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by Shirley Denton (copyrighted, use by photographer’s permission only), Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Caryophyllaceae |
| Genus: | Paronychia |
| Species: | P. chartacea |
| Binomial name | |
| Paronychia chartacea Fernald | |
| |
| Natural range of Paronychia chartacea from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common name: paper nailwort
Contents
Description
A description of Paronychia chartacea is provided in The Flora of North America.
Distribution
There are two isolated subspecies. P. chartacea ssp. chartacea can be found in scrub habitats of the Florida peninsula, this subspecies has been observed as a short-lived perennial. P. chartacea ssp. minima is found in the karst region of the northwest Florida panhandle, it has been described as somewhat less pubescent than P. chartacea ssp. chartacea, and is annual subspecies [1][2]. Much of the distinction between the two subspecies is minimal (Anderson 1991).
Ecology
Habitat
FSU Herbarium specimen have documented P. chartacea to be found in sand pine scrubs with Hypericum cumulicola, herbarium labels do not specify what subspecies these specimen are. It can be inferred that the individuals growing in this habitat are of P. chartacea ssp. chartacea based on previous knowledge of the distribution of the two subspecies. P. chartacea ssp. chartacea is restricted to the Lake Wales Ridge in Highlands, Polk, Osceola, Orange and Lake Counties. Within this range, it is found growing in sand pine scrubs and Florida rosemary scrubs[2]. Soils of this area include those of St. Lucie and Archbold soil types (Abrahamson et al. 1984). It is a gap specialist, occurring at greater densities in areas of open bare sand, and is one of the most abundant species in the rosemary scrub seedbank (Schafer et al. 2010).
P. chartacea ssp. minima is found in nearly pure stands in the karst region of the Florida panhandle (Washington and Bay counties). It has been observed growing with Amphicarpum muhlenbergianum, Bulbostylis barbata, B. ciliatifolia, Chrysopsis lanuginosa, Eriocaulon lineare and Hypericum lissophloeus [2].
Phenology
Flowers August through November and fruits in October (FSU Herbarium).
Seed bank and germination
Germination of P. chartacea ssp. chartacea is highest in intact scrubs because invertebrate predators may use the low shrub cover of the rosemary scrubs to hide from carnivorous predators which are less likely to forage in degraded scrubs(Stephens et al. 2012). Schafer et al. 2010 found it to be one of the most abundant species in the rosemary scrub seedbank. It is an annual and obligate seeder with germination frequency increasing post-burn (Weekley and Menges 2003). Seedlings have been observed to germinate over a broad range of months (Hawkes and Menges 2003).
Fire ecology
P. chartacea ssp. chartacea is a gap specialist, and can be found in high densities in gaps of rosemary scrubs. Rosemary scrubs experience fire in intervals of 10 to 100 years Florida rosemary (Ceratiola ericoides) leaches allelopathic chemicals from its roots which can inhibit germination and kill neighboring P. chartacea ssp. chartacea individuals. It has been observed that the frequency increases post-fire, this is possibly due to C. ericoides species being killed by fire (Weekley and Menges 2003). Occurrence and density of P. chartacea ssp. chartacea declined with time since fire in rosemary scrubs (Schafer et al. 2010) this is possibly due to the increase of C. ericoides.
Pollination
The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of Paronychia chartacea at Archbold Biological Station (Deyrup 2015):
Halictidae: Lasioglossum miniatulus, L. nymphalis, L. placidensis
Pompilidae: Anoplius semirufus, Episyron conterminus posterus
Sphecidae: Tachysphex apicalis, T. similis
Vespidae: Leptochilus krombeini, Parancistrocerus salcularis rufulus
Conservation and Management
P. chartacea ssp. chartacea is limited to the Lake Wales Ridge, which is threatened due to fragmentation from urban and agricultural development. The loss of the scrub habitat is the primary reason this subspecies is threatened[2]. By 1980, more than two-thirds of the historic scrub habitat was destroyed (Christman 1988). Fire suppression is also threatening to this species.
Photo Gallery
References and notes
Abrahamson, W., A. Johnson, J. Layne, and P. Peroni. 1984. Vegetation of the Archbold Biological Station, Florida: An example of the Southern Lake Wales Ridge. Florida Scientist. 47(4):209-250.
Anderson, L. 1991. Paronychia chartacea ssp. minima (Caryophyllaceae): a new subspecies of a rare Florida endemic. Sida 14(3): 435-441.
Christman, S. 1988. Endemism and Florida’s interior sand pine scrub. Final project report, project no. GFC-84-101. Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission; Tallahassee, Florida Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.
Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: October 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker, L.J. Brass, Angus Gholson, Robert K. Godfrey, Ann Johnson, Beverly Judd, Walter Judd, Olga Lakela, Eric S. Menges, Susan Wallace, D.B. Ward. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Highlands, Polk, Washington. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
Hawkes, C. V. and E. S. Menges (2003). "Effects of Lichens on Seedling Emergence in a Xeric Florida Shrubland." Southeastern Naturalist 2(2): 223-234.
Molly, E. H. and E. S. Menges (2002). "Allelopathic Effects and Root Distribution of Ceratiola ericoides (Empetraceae) on Seven Rosemary Scrub Species." American Journal of Botany 89(7): 1113-1118.
Schafer, J. L., E. S. Menges, et al. (2010). "Effects of Time-Since-Fire and Microhabitat on the Occurrence and Density of the Endemic Paronychia chartacea ssp. chartacea in Florida Scrub and Along Roadsides." The American Midland Naturalist 163(2): 294-310.
Stephens, E. L., L. U. Z. Castro-Morales, et al. (2012). "Post-Dispersal Seed Predation, Germination, and Seedling Survival of Five Rare Florida Scrub Species in Intact and Degraded Habitats." The American Midland Naturalist 167(2): 223-239
Weekley, C. W. and E. S. Menges (2003). "Species and Vegetation Responses to Prescribed Fire in a Long-Unburned, Endemic-Rich Lake Wales Ridge Scrub." The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 130(4): 265-282.
